注意英漢對比提高學習效率課件

開展英漢對比研究，

提高語言學習效率呂叔相（1947）〈中國人學英語〉“我相信，對于中國學生最有用的幫助是讓他認識英語和漢語的差別，在每一個具體問題-----詞形、詞義、語法范疇、句子結構上，都盡可能用漢語的情況來跟英語比較，讓他通過這種比較得到更深刻的領會?！?/p>

音、詞、句0。文字視語言和聽語言字三位一體，字就是語言（看得出意義,字不能聽，方言。字記載文化,筆，山英語對應的文字不是語言，只是記錄語言的符號。pen,mountainChinesesyllables:411個常用14個：de,shi,yi,bu,you,zhi,le,ji,zhe,wo,ren,li,ta,dao.次常用33個,zhong,zi,guo,shang,ge,men,he,wei,ye,du,gong,jiu,jian,xiang,zhu,lai,sheng,di,zai,ni,xiao,ke,yao,wu,yu,jie,jin,chan,zuo,jia,xian,quan,shuo.。再次常用62個。這三類共109個，但在語言中的出現(xiàn)率占總數(shù)的75%。東邊日出西邊雨，道是無晴卻有晴。海水朝朝朝朝朝朝朝落浮云長長長長長長長消海水潮，朝朝潮，朝潮朝落浮云漲，長長漲，長漲長消Ad:還你領袖風采（洗衣粉）雞不可失（賣雞）一件鐘情/百衣百順（賣衣服）隨心所?。ㄙu熱水器）保你享瘦（賣減肥藥）組合方式:v,cv,vc,cvc.英語：拼音文字，有意義的音節(jié)達到10000個以上。音節(jié)組合方式有20多種。英語構詞音節(jié)長短不一，其中2-3個音節(jié)占大多數(shù)。4個音節(jié)：po-pu-la-tion,comfortable,unfortunate5個音節(jié)：consideration,satisfactory,interdependence6個音節(jié)：inferiority,indistinguishable,per-so-ni-fi-ca-tionThereisabeautifulsightatourconstructionsite.Moresunandairforyoursonandheir.I.語音1.intonationlanguagevs.

tonelanguage

yi衣移椅義jia家夾假價ma媽麻馬罵mai買賣埋，jiao交膠郊嬌tanzhi

毯子癱子壇子探子shiye失業(yè)實業(yè)始業(yè)事業(yè)1.

fallinpitch,2.

riseinpitch,3.slightriseinpitch,4.fallinpitchfollowedbearise,5.riseinpitchfollowedbyafall.Butsomesaythereare11patterns

5extrahigh,4high,3mid,2low,1extralow高升調(diào)、低升調(diào)、高降調(diào)、低降調(diào)、高降升調(diào)低降升調(diào)、高升降調(diào)、低升降調(diào)、高平調(diào)、低平調(diào)。漢語調(diào)值：平調(diào)55、升調(diào)35、曲折調(diào)214、降調(diào)51（54321---高中低）54321陰平(第一聲)55高平陽平(第二聲)35高升上聲(第三聲)214低降升去聲(第四聲)51高降英語調(diào)值：低降31、高降41、低升13、高升24、降升413、升降241、中平3。11patterns平調(diào)55---中平33（exited）低平11升調(diào)35---低升13、高升24曲折調(diào)214---降升413、升降241，升降升3513降調(diào)51-----低降31、高降412.syllable-timedlanguagevs.stress-timedlanguage《靜夜思》ThoughtsonaSilentNight床前明月光，Beforemybedisapoolofmoonlight;疑是地上霜。Canitbefrostupontheground?舉頭望明月，Eyesraised,Iseethemoonsobright;低頭思故鄉(xiāng)。Headbent,inhomesicknessI’mdrowned.

footfootfootfootSPWWPSWSPWWWPSWThisisthe‘housethat‘Jack‘builtTheman’shere/Themanager’shereBreak,break,break,(3syllables)Onthecoldgreystones,Osea(7syllables)Ithinkhewantstogo

(6syllables)Ithinkitwasanexcellent

affair.(10syllables)

.staccato斷奏

延安[yan+an]，

itcannotberead[yanan]likeEnglish.葉南。恩愛[en+ai]---[enai]恩愛PauseisfunctionalinChinese下雨天/留客天留人不留。美/國/會極力阻止通過這個動議。男人沒有了/女人/就活不下去。legato連奏,likeplayingviolin,neverheartheclearlinebetweenwords.Forexampleit︶is︶an︶egg/How︶old︶i︶she?

heis/theyare/seeoff/stayup/goaway/howold/whoelsesureof/careof/hearit/moreandmore/forinstanceideaof,lawandorder,II詞匯ThesizeofvocabularyTheOxfordEnglishDictionary詞50萬Merriam-Webster’s45萬

《英漢大詞典》詞條20萬英語整個詞匯超過200萬（汪榕培）（COLLINSCOBUILDENGLISHDICTIONARY）把語言交際中的高頻詞分成五個等級，這五類詞共計14700個，為英語單詞使用頻率的95%?，F(xiàn)代漢語常用字3500（為現(xiàn)代漢語用字率99。9%

），其中常用字2500（97。97%），次常用字1000。英語高頻詞14700個，為英語單詞使用頻率的95%。漢語：3500-99．9%，英語：14700-95%《毛澤東選集》一至四卷總漢字數(shù)為660273個，用了2951個不同的漢字?！睹珴蓶|選集》第四卷英譯本，用了7859個不同的英語詞（派生詞為一個詞，動詞、名詞、形容詞的變化形式只算一個。）丘吉爾一生用了90，000不同的英語詞。機：收音機，電話機，拖拉機，手機、打印機，傳真機radio,telephone,tractor,mobilephone,printer,fax車：火車，貨車，拖車，馬車，機車，出租車，手推車，自行車，獨輪車，油罐車，機動車，救護車。train,van,trailer,carriage,locomotive,taxi,barrow,bicycle,monocycle,tanker,vehicle,ambulance.meeting（一般會議）,meet（運動會）,congress（代表大會）conference（討論會）,assembly（集會）,convention（大會）,session（正式會議）,panel（小組會）,seminar（專題討論會）air（空氣），atmosphere（大氣），temperament（脾氣）,luck（運氣），fury（怒氣），vitality(生氣)，morale（士氣），gas（煤氣）,discouragement（泄氣）,unhealthytrend（邪氣），badluck(霉氣)視：怒視、斜視、窺視、呆視、凝視笑：大笑、微笑、譏笑、嘲笑、傻笑、死：殺死、淹死、毒死、吊死、悶死glare,squint,peep,gawk.gazechortle,smile,sneer,mock,gigglekill,drown,poison,hang,suffocateThelessons1.varietyMoreandmorefamilieswhobecomemoreandmorerichcanbuymoreandmoreTVsets.WemustencourageinvestortoinvestinwestChinaCulturesindifferentcountriesaredifferent.楊達復（2000：127）對(LOB)語料庫中128179個詞篇幅（主要是新聞報道、社論，評論等文章）抽樣調(diào)查和對中國四所大學（北京外國語大學、廣東外貿(mào)大學、中山大學、上海交通大學）英語專業(yè)高年級學生的271篇議論文（涉及人文社會12不同的題目）總共128168個詞的統(tǒng)計，發(fā)現(xiàn)前者的詞匯重復類是13.92，而后者高達17.60。Theforeignresearchscholarusuallyisolateshimselfinthelaboratoryasameansofprotection….Boththevisitingprofessorandhisstudentslackbackgroundineachother’sculture.SomeconceptofwhatisalreadyinthemindsofAmericanstudentsisrequiredbytheforeignprofessor.Whilehelpinghimtoadapthimselftohisnewenvironment,theuniversitymustalsomakecertainadjustmentsinordertotakefulladvantageofwhatthenewcomercanoffer.Itisn’talwaysknownhowtomakecreativeuseofforeignfaculty,especiallyatsmallercolleges.Thisisthoughttobeafieldwherefurtherstudyiscalledfor.近年來，使用英語的國家經(jīng)濟是很發(fā)達的，這就是英語能夠傳播的重要的物質(zhì)條件。其他民族的表音文字之所以消亡，或者沒有英語在世界上傳播得廣泛，不是這些語言文字本身的問題，或有什么致命的缺陷，而是在經(jīng)濟上的成就沒有使用英語的國家發(fā)達。和英語相比，德語、法語、西班牙語都有很大的優(yōu)勢，它們沒有英語傳播得廣泛，就是它們經(jīng)濟成就沒有英美國家發(fā)達而已。（朱魯子《走火入魔的英語》P84）Haveafullappreciationof,HaveaperspectiveonGainaninsightinto4)payattentiontoattachmuchimportancetoplaceagreatemphasis/stressongivemuchprioritytopayincreasedattentionto5)useemploymakeuseoftakeadvantageofharness/drewon6)takepartin;participatein;joinin;beengagedin;getinvolvedinsports7)todealwith/copewith/handle/tackle/addresstheproblem/situation8)toadapt/adjust/gear/accommodateoneselftoanew(different/altered)situation/environment/society/culture9)moreandmorepeopleinincreasingnumbersincreasinglycomfortable/difficultCheating/violenceisontheriseknowledgeCOCNUSCLECGain1.950.92Obtain2.60Get1.955.99acquire3.250.46COCNUSCLECDo123650Get86256Give83154Make147206Take1293042.CollocationMoreexact/precisewhenconceptualizethings在。。。上on/up/over/abovethehill，在。。。里in/inside/withinthecase在。。。旁by/at/besidethetree在。。。下under/beneath/belowsth在。。。前before/infrontofsth她常在我們中間sheisoftenamong/between/withus.我見墻上有個洞Icanseeaholeinthewall。墻上貼了許多新畫newpicturesareputonthewall，“空的”

empty，bare,vacant，hollow大：big,large,great肉:flesh,meat,pork（豬肉）,beef（牛肉）,mutton（羊肉）“課”：class,course,lesson。約會：date,appointment“顧客”

customer，client標準”

standard,norm,criterion,yardstick律師”

lawyer,counsellor,attorney,barrister,solicitor。小冊子”

brochure,pamphlet,handbook等這是中國從幾十年的建設中得出的經(jīng)驗。Thatistheexperiencewehavegainedinthedecadesofeconomicdevelopment.我們應當從這里得出一條經(jīng)驗,就是不要被假象所迷惑。Weshoulddrawalessonhere:Don’tbemisledbyfalseappearances.改革開放是一個新事物，沒有現(xiàn)成的經(jīng)驗可以照辦。Reformandopeningarenewundertakings,sowehavenoprecedenttogoby.“副”有“第二位的”、“輔助的”、“附帶的”意思。因此有副主席、副總統(tǒng)，副經(jīng)理，副教授，副司令、副食品，副業(yè)、副作用，副標題vicepresident,deputymanager,associateprofessor,assistantcommandingofficer,non-staplefood,sideline,sideeffects，subheading假牙、假花、假肢、假鈔、假畫、假證件、假警察、假醫(yī)生，假象、假話、假意。falseteeth,artificialflowers，artificiallimbs；：counterfeitmoney，fakepictures,fakecredentials；fakepolicemen,phoney/quackdoctors；自然環(huán)境，社會環(huán)境，舒適環(huán)境naturalenvironment,socialcircumstances,comfortablesurroundings。打開電視、打開箱子、打開敲門、打開零結，打開信件，打開奧秘，打開抽斗，打開包裹。turnontheTV.，openthebox,answerthedoor,loosenthetie,unfoldtheletter,discoverthesecrets。putoutthedrawer,unitethebundle,,學習知識，學習講英語，學習榜樣，pursueknowledge,learntospeakEnglish,followtheexample。

BigLOB:rocks，man,car,hand,house,school,countryCLEC:cat,building,smile,noise,school,moon,river,burden,family,hope。LOB:broadsmile,loudnoise,fullmoon,heavyburden,besthope。GreatLOB:deal,importance,variety,majority,interest,pleasure,hospital,detail,help,influence,care,danger,value,change。CLEC:burden,LargeLOB：scale，number，quantities，sums，majority，audience，proportion，amount，supply，buildings，school,country，CLEC:amount,sum,number,scale,population,money,costs,progress,areas,school,mistake,part,improvement,country,attention,harm,knowledge,practice,blem。LOB:majorproblem,markedimprovement,extensiveknowledge,dramaticchange,seriousmistake,highcosts,alotofpractice。3.lexicalization張繼東等（2005）對24所高校的1040篇6分到14分的（滿分為15分）英語四、六級考生的作文分析，其中“make+object+complement”的使役結構出現(xiàn)的頻類達到453例。AstablejobmakesyousatisfiedandfeelsafeAstableworkmaymakeourlifecomfortableAwomanbuysomeoiltomakeherskinFakewinewillmakebrighteyesdimDoingthingstoohurrywillmakeyoucarelessFakecommoditiesalsocanmakeusangrymakeapersongetmoremakehimshowhisabilityhimdothejobmoreandmoreefficientlymakemedothejobmuchbetterthanmakemefeelpleasuremakemelivemorecomfortabletofoul和

tomakesth.dirty，

“奶”和“給……喂奶”

他收費太高HechargedmetoomuchHeoverchargedmeTalmy（1985）認為，現(xiàn)代漢語已發(fā)展為典型的“附屬框架語”，即漢語中一個“動作”的完成情況（如結果、方式等）從動詞中分離出來，通過附加語來完成。也就是說，一個動詞只表示“動作”，并不表示“結果”或“方式”。要表示“結果”或“方式”必須用另外的詞或詞素，形成動補結構。而英語的單純詞發(fā)達，“動作”和“結果”或“方式”可以被概念化一個整體，在一個單純動詞中完成，體現(xiàn)了綜合性表達。raise=舉+起 impede=阻+止 squeeze=夾+住 cure治+好,blacken=弄+黑 devaluate=貶+低 flatten=弄+平

unscrew=旋+松drown：dieinwaterorkillinthisway.poison：killorharmsb./sth.withpoisonhang：killsb./oneselfbyhangingfromaropearoundtheneck.shoot：killorwoundsb./sth.withabullet,anarrow,etcdrown=淹+死、poison=毒+死、hang=吊+死、shoot=射+死 施事致使受事方式結果他他戰(zhàn)爭一棵樹地震把將讓導致造成獎品學生這男孩火車百人放分進口袋成小組成為孤兒出軌死亡HeHeThewarAtreeTheearthquakepockedgroupedorphanedderailedclaimedallwinningsthepupilstheboythetrainhundredsoflives表“說”的動詞stammer結結巴巴說exclaim大聲說howl孔叫著說guffaw大笑著說blurt脫口而出snap厲聲說bet打賭說gasp氣喘吁吁說mutter含糊說，咕噥mumble含糊說whisper低聲說babble喋喋不休表“笑”的動詞sneer輕蔑地笑beam眉開眼笑chortle哈哈大笑表示“叫”的動詞scream尖聲叫brawl高聲叫clamor大聲叫blubber碴碴哭叫表示“看”的動詞stare目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看peep偷偷看peer凝視blink驚鄂地看glare怒視表示“移動”動詞creep躡手躡腳走creep躡手躡腳走tiptoe踮腳走stumble,步履艱難走shuffle拖著腳走trudge吃力地走stagger跌跌撞撞走stalk度著方步走2．3動賓關系包含要帶定語的賓語enjoy享受……的樂趣drain排去……的水locate確定……的地點enlist謀取……的支持imply含有……意思disarm解除……的武裝shuck剝?nèi)ァ臍calp剝?nèi)ァ念^皮discredit損害……的名聲afford負擔得起……的費用patent獲得……的專利權overtake遭受……的突然截擊

包含直接賓語entitle給……權利ply不斷供給……飲食impress給……深刻印象personify給……人性

何善芬（2000：135）指出：“中國學生在用母語即漢語表達時，大多數(shù)情況下習慣采用分析型表達，只偶爾用一用復合詞，這是語言的形態(tài)使然。但這種定式對用英語表達相應的漢語意義時選擇表達法干擾甚大，而英語動詞本身的情況（詞化程度高的單純詞占絕大多數(shù)）則要求中國學生在用英語表達時不能只使用或太多太濫地使用分析型表達法，必須采用一些綜合型表達法來表達用分析型表達法來表達的一些漢語意義。否則，不可能學會比較地道、簡練的英語，無法做到盡可能縮小中國式英語和地道英語間的差距?！闭埧聪旅娴谋磉_效果就不一樣：Settingofffirecrackersmightmakepeople’slivesdangerous.Settingofffirecrackersmightendangerpeople’slives.Thepresentsituationsmakeushavethereasontobeoptimistic.

Thepresentsituationsjustifyouroptimism.Mostfamiliesstillhavenotenoughmoneytobuyacar.Mostpeoplecouldnotaffordacar.Thefloodcausedsome500peopletolosetheirlives.Thefloodclaimedsome500lives.

Thephenomenonmakesusunabletoexplain.Thephenomenoneludesourexplanation.4.specificwords上義詞和下義詞的關系是類/種概念和屬概念的關系。animal，cat,dog,tiger,lion,sheepplant，bush,tree,shrub,flower筆能借一下嗎？writinginstrument，Haveyougotapen/pencil/ballpen？下義詞wine（葡萄酒）,whisky,bear,blandy,rum,“狗叫”、“貓叫”、“雞叫”、“鳥叫”和“老虎叫”，adogbarks,acatmews,agoatbleats,ahorseneighs,anoxmoos,atigerroars,abeargrowls,awolfhowls,ahencackle,aroostercrows,aduckquacks,abirdchirps,acrowcaws,amosquitobuzzes,asnakesizzes.。?！澳阏J識那個人嗎？”

Doyouknowthatman/woman”?！叭藗兊膽B(tài)度”、“人們的夢想”theattitudesofmenandwomen,thedreamofmenandwomen?！帮埑赃^嗎？”

Doyouhavebreakfast/lunch/supper/dinner?“哪座山？“Whichmountain?”或“Whichhill?”“給我挑幾個杯子?！眊lass（玻璃杯）,或cup（茶杯）,或tumbler（平底大玻璃杯）,或mug（有柄的大杯）等。Heisaworker.Teacher,cashier,clerkMoney:tip,tuition,fee,interest,pension,stipend,allowance,scholarshipWorker:teacher,doctor,lawyer,cashier,Shop:supermarket,mall,grocery,hardwarestore,drugstoreSay:exclaim,stammer,snap,mutter,whisperWalk:stroll,march,stride,pace,tiptoe,shuffle,

IV句法1.Chinese:bamboo-likesentencestructureEnglish:tree-likesentencestructurewithdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchestothetrunkline.Englishlanguagedependsonsubordination厚古薄今stressthepasttotheneglectofthepresent舍車保帥makeminorsacrificetoinsuremajorinterest深入淺出Explaintheprofoundinsimpleterms新仇舊恨NewhatredpiledanoldBecauseofthisEnglishbackgroundofcivilconflict,English-speakingAmerica,wheretherewerenoreligiouswar,isoftendescribedasalandofrefugetowhichmenandwomencameinordertoenjoythereligiousandpoliticalfreedomwhichwasdeniedthemintheirhomeland.英國國內(nèi)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不斷。在這種背景下，美洲就成了被人們描述的流亡的樂土。因為美洲沒有宗教戰(zhàn)爭，又是講英語的。人們來到這里追求宗教和政治自由。而這些自由在他們國家里是得不道的農(nóng)村距離遠，交通工具又缺乏，使得它與外界社會隔絕。而信息的不通暢使這種隔絕更為嚴重。Theisolationoftheruralareabecauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilitiesiscompoundedbythedifficultaccesstoinformation.Theruralareaisfarfromthecity,andlackstransportfacilities.Thismakesitisolatedfromtheoutsideworld.Andbecauseitisdifficulttoaccessinformationthisisolationiscompounded.DorineS.Houston(毛榮貴：25)OneofthehardestsentencepatternsforChineselearnersofEnglishtograsp,itseemstome,issubordination.MatureEnglishwrithingisheavilysubordinatedinmultiplelayers;coordinationisthoughtofasthesentencepatternofthechildandthepoorlyeducated.

中國學生不善于使用復合句，不善于構筑樹型結構的現(xiàn)象得到了許多研究中國學生英語作文的學者的證實。馬廣惠（2002）的研究顯示“美國學生的英語作文主要在三種從句上顯著多于中國學生的英語作文------because引導的狀語從句、that引導的賓語從句和that引導的定語從句?！?/p>

a)Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyareencouragedbytheirpeersandoftenresorttosmokinglikeadult.Butsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.b)Teenagers,pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,oftenresorttosmokinglikeadults,thoughtheyfeelalittleguilty.Naturalresourcesareverylimited.Theywillbeexhaustedinthenearfuture.Thisideamaynotbetrue.Butpeopleovertheworldaremuchconcernedaboutit.Thereisamajorconcernovertheworldabouttheexhaustionoflimitednaturalresourcesinthenearfuture,thoughitisunlikelytobetrue.Thecompanywasfoundedin1961.Itisdedicatedtoprovidingjobopportunitiesforstudentsfreshfromcolleges.Thecompany,foundedin1961,isdedicatedtoprovidingjobopportunitiesforstudentsfreshfromcolleges.

上海的字面意思是“位于海之上”，它位于黃浦江岸，是長江流入大海之前的最后一條支流。

Shanghai,whichmeans“above”thesea,isontheHuangpuRiver,thelowertributaryatthemouthoftheYangtze.這五年，首先是農(nóng)村改革帶來許多新的變化，農(nóng)作物大幅度增產(chǎn)，農(nóng)民收入大幅度增加，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)異軍突起。Duringthosefiveyears,ruralreformbroughtaboutmanychanges:agreatincreaseincropproduction，andinfarmers’incomeaswellastheriseofruralenterprisesasanewforce.我們的國家大，人口眾多，經(jīng)濟落后，農(nóng)業(yè)要搞上去，最重要的還是要依靠一系列正確的政策調(diào)動農(nóng)民的積極性，自力更生，艱苦奮斗。AgricultureadvanceinsovastacountrywithsuchalargepopulationandbackwardeconomyasinChina,requiresaboveallmotivatingthefarmerstoworkhardandself-reliantlybymeansofaseriescorrectpolicies.2.Chinese:naturalorderinarranginginformationEnglish:salientorderinarranginginformation志同道合，友誼才會持久。Friendshipwilllastonlyifitisbasedonacommongoal.Onlyiffriendshipisbasedonacommongoal,itwilllast.天下雨，運動會延期了。Thesportsmeetwaspostponedbecauseofrain.Becauseofrain,thesportsmeetwaspostponed從杭州坐旅游車向西南方向走大約二小時可以到達一個叫瑤林的旅游勝地。ThereisatouristattractioncalledYaolinwhichyoucanreachinabouttwohoursbygoingsouthwestbytouristbusfromHangzhou.HehadflowninjustthedaybeforefromGeorgiawherehehadspendhisvacationbaskinginCaucasiansunafterthecompletionoftheconstructionjobinwhichhehadbeenengagedintheSouth.他先前在南方參加某項工程建設。完工后，就去喬治度假。在那里他享受了高加索的陽光.。他是昨天才回來的.Theeraofopendiscriminationendedinthe1960sthroughthecourageousactionsofthousandsofblacksparticipatinginpeacefulmarchestoforceSouthernstatestoimplementtheFederaldesegregationlawsinschoolsandpublicplaces60年代，數(shù)以萬計的黑人參加了和平示威游行。他們的勇敢行動迫使南方各洲執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦政府關于在學校和公共場所廢除種族隔離的法律。這樣就結束了公開歧視黑人的時代

反對我國改革開放的敵人對中國散布了種種造謠毀謗的煙幕。作者在這本書里都把它們一一揭穿了。對于他作出的這一功績，世界上千千萬萬的人們都要感謝的。MillionsofpeoplethroughouttheworldareindebttotheauthorfortheserviceherenderedinthatbookbytearingasidethecurtainofliesandslandersaboutChinaputupbytheenemyofChinesereforms.考慮到上屆政府遺留下來的危機重重的局面，我們在過去五年里所能取得的成績也就尤其顯著，這是沒有人可以否認的。Noonewilldenythatwhatwehavebeenabletodointhepastfiveyearsisespeciallystrikingintheviewofthecrisiswhichweinheritedfromthepreviousgovernment(1a)Nevertheless,recentalarmsaboutthisproblem

causedwidepublicconcern.Thisisunderstandable.(1b)Nevertheless,recentalarmsaboutthisproblemhaveunderstandablycausedwidepublicconcern(2a)Yetitisapparentthatmillionsofpeoplewhoarerunningtheredlightwouldneverthinkofthemselvesaslawbreakers.Thefactispainful.(2b)Yetitispainfullyapparentthatmillionsofpeoplewhoarerunningtheredlightwouldneverthinkofthemselvesaslawbreakers,(3a)TobaccoaddictsremainblindtosignsthatsayNOSMOKING..Theyarehopeless.(3b)TobaccoaddictsremainhopelesslyblindtosignsthatsayNOSMOKING.3.Chinese:verb-prominentwithsentenceorientationEnglish:noun-prominentwithphraseorientation

路面結冰，又很滑，加上能見度很低，因而導致了這場交通事故。a)Theroadwasfrozenandslipperyandonecouldhardlyseeclearly,sotheroadaccidentwascaused.b)Icyroadandpoorvisibilityledtotheaccident.2a)Toachievethegoal,weneedtoexplorenewwaysboldlyandtrytocarryoutreformscontinuously.2b)Thegoaldemandsboldexplorationofnewwaysandcontinuouseffortstocarryoutreforms生產(chǎn)率低下，政策又不當，加上自身努力不夠是造成農(nóng)村地區(qū)貧窮的主要原因。Lowproductivity,inappropriatepoliciesandinadequateeffortcontributemainlytopovertyinruralareas.但有人建議降低政府開支,提高教師工資。Butsomesuggestedlowergovernmentspendingandhigherwagesforteachers.我所認識的人中數(shù)她最會記仇SheisthebesthaterI’veeverknown.由于高樓耗電厲害，人們對高樓的態(tài)度發(fā)生了變化People’sattitudetowardstheskyscraper,aheavyconsumerofelectricity,haschanged.1A)Themayorsaidthathewasverygratefulbecausetheconstructionworkerswereverydedicatedandcompetent.1b)Themayorexpressedhisappreciationofthededicationandcompetenceoftheconstructionworkers.(2a)Ifwedon’trecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulation,wewillmakeabigmistake.(2b)Failuretorecognizetheseriousnessofgrowingpopulationwillleadtoabigmistake.(3a)Ifyoucomparetwowaysoflifecarefully,youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter.(3b)Carefulcomparisonoftwowaysoflifewillshow

thesuperiorityoftheformeroverthelatter.(4a)Sure,everyonewantstobe

comfortablewhenitcomestomoney(4b)Sure,everyonewantstobefinanciallycomfortable.(5a)AslongasImighthaveenoughmoney,Iwouldmoveoutanyway.(5b)Aslongasitwasfinanciallyfeasible,Iwouldmoveoutanyway.(6a)Now,divorcehasbecomeacceptedbysociety.(6b)Now,divorcehasbecomesociallyacceptable.4.Chinese:Paratactic(mean