語法專題 第二部分

考點(diǎn)一名詞Ⅰ.語法填空考點(diǎn)聚焦考向1名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)1．Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed，theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案days解析few用來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，故答案為days。everyfewdays每隔幾天。2．Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案studies解析根據(jù)后面的謂語動(dòng)詞show可知，主語應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。3．Anysmellmightattractnatural(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.(2016·四川)答案enemies解析句意為：任何氣味都可能引來天敵——它們會(huì)吃掉熊貓寶寶的。天敵不止一個(gè)，故用復(fù)數(shù)形式enemies。4．I’dskippednearbyGuilin，adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthatarepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese(painting)．(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案paintings解析many用于修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，故填該名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式paintings。考向2詞形變換之名詞1．Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires，Asia’sbiggestbuilding，andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme，pandasareitstop(attract)．(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案attraction解析空格前有形容詞和物主代詞，因此要用名詞形式。2．Then，handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof(achieve)．(2016·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案achievement解析介詞of后要用名詞作賓語。固定表達(dá)asenseofachievement成就感。3．SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，wholivedfromroughly551to479B．C.，influencedthe(develop)ofchopsticks.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ)答案development解析空前有冠詞，此處應(yīng)用名詞作動(dòng)詞的賓語。4．Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案ability解析形容詞性物主代詞their之后應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞，故將able轉(zhuǎn)化為其名詞形式ability。Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)聚焦(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)考向1形容詞或動(dòng)詞與名詞詞性混淆1．Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessiseq\f(honest,honesty).(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析考查名詞作表語。由句意“他成功的關(guān)鍵是誠(chéng)信”可知應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞形式。2．Thismadefortheeq\f(grow,growth)intheporcelainindustry.(2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)解析定冠詞the后面應(yīng)跟名詞形式，故grow應(yīng)改為growth。3．Hehasruinedhiseq\f(healthy,health).(2013·遼寧)解析在形容詞性物主代詞后應(yīng)用名詞，所以應(yīng)把healthy改為health?？枷?不可數(shù)名詞與可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式錯(cuò)誤1．Ifwegoonatripabroad，wecanbroadenourviewandgaineq\f(knowledges,knowledge)wecannotgetfrombooks.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅱ)解析knowledge為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。2．Theteenageeq\f(year,years)from13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ)解析此處指13～19歲的年齡，故用復(fù)數(shù)。3．Momhasafull-timejob，butshehastodomostoftheeq\f(houseworks,housework).(2016·四川)解析housework是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。4．Theeq\f(airs,air)webreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析由后面的定語從句webreathein可知，此處先行詞的意思是“空氣”，air當(dāng)“空氣”講時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。故airs改為air。5．AsItoldyoulasttime，Imadethreeneweq\f(friend,friends)here.(2015·四川)解析名詞friend為可數(shù)名詞，其前有three修飾，需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故把friend改成friends。6．Myoldclassroomwasinterestingbecausethreeeq\f(side,sides)oftheclassroomweremadeofglass.(2015·浙江)解析前面有three修飾，故side要用復(fù)數(shù)形式sides?？枷?修飾詞的使用錯(cuò)誤1.eq\f(Much,Many)rareanimalsaredyingout.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析animals為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，所以用many修飾；much只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞。故將Much改為Many。2．Wedon’tneedtodosoeq\f(many,much)homework.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)解析homework是不可數(shù)名詞，修飾不可數(shù)名詞用much不用many?？枷?名詞所有格的使用錯(cuò)誤WhenIfinallyarrivedatmyeq\f(friend,friend’s)helentmelotsofclothes.(2011·新課標(biāo)全國(guó))解析根據(jù)句意可知，當(dāng)我最后到達(dá)“我朋友的家”(myfriend’s)時(shí)，他借給我許多衣服。故friend應(yīng)改為friend’s。考點(diǎn)二形容詞Ⅰ.語法填空考點(diǎn)聚焦考向1詞形變換之形容詞1．Shewasavery(care)mother.For25days，sheneverleftherbaby，noteventofindsomethingtoeat！Shewouldnotletanyotherpandascomenear.Shelickedthebabyconstantlytokeepitclean.(2016·四川)答案caring/careful解析空格處修飾名詞mother，故用形容詞。care的形容詞是caring(照料他人的)或careful(細(xì)心的)。在此，兩個(gè)形容詞在語意上都能講得通。2．As(nature)architects，thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案natural解析修飾名詞architects，故要用形容詞形式。3．Whilethereare(1)(amaze)storiesofinstanttransformation，formostofusthechangesaregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork，likecleaningupapollutedriver.Justbe(2)(patience)．(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案(1)amazing(2)patient解析(1)此處用形容詞修飾名詞stories。amaze的形容詞有兩個(gè)：amazing令人驚訝的，令人吃驚的，一般主語為物；amazed吃驚的，驚奇的，一般主語為人。修飾物(stories)當(dāng)然用amazing。(2)此處用形容詞作be的表語。名詞patience(耐心)的形容詞形式是patient(有耐心的)。4．Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand(disappoint)．(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案disappointed解析本句的主語是someofthem，此處and連接兩個(gè)并列成分，再結(jié)合前面的形容詞anxious可知，此處也應(yīng)該填一個(gè)形容詞。故此處用disappointed表示“他們中有些人感到失望”。5．Icannotcontrolmybodywell.Mylegsbecome(pain)．(2014·遼寧)答案painful解析become是系動(dòng)詞，后面需要接形容詞作表語。名詞pain的形容詞形式是painful?？枷?形容詞的比較等級(jí)1．Ifyoufeelstressedbyresponsibilitiesatwork，youshouldtakeastepbackandidentify(識(shí)別)thoseof(great)andlessimportance.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案greater解析根據(jù)后面的andless可知，此處也要用比較級(jí)形式。2．Finally，thathardworkpaidoffandnowthewaterintheriveris(clean)thanever.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案cleaner解析從后面的than可知此處要用比較級(jí)，因此要用cleaner。Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)聚焦(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)考向1副詞與形容詞詞性混淆1．Atonetime，Ievenfeltmyparentscouldn’tunderstandmesoIhopedIcouldbeeq\f(freely,free)fromthem.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ)解析此處應(yīng)用形容詞作表語。2．Lotsofstudieshaveshownthatglobalwarminghasalreadybecomeaveryeq\f(seriously,serious)problem.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析名詞前應(yīng)該用形容詞作定語。故seriously應(yīng)改為serious。3．Ithoughtthebiscuitswerereallyeq\f(well,good).(2015·陜西)解析本句句意為：我認(rèn)為餅干真的很好。good作形容詞，意為“好的”，而well作形容詞意為“健康的，適宜的”。由句意可知此處應(yīng)用good。4．Theteachersherearekindandeq\f(helpfully,helpful).(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)解析由and連接兩個(gè)并列成分可知，helpful與kind為形容詞作表語?？枷?形容詞的比較等級(jí)的使用錯(cuò)誤1．Theywerealsothebestandeq\f(worse,worst)yearsinmylife.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ)解析與前面的best并列，此處應(yīng)用最高級(jí)。2．ThedishesthatIcookedwereMom’seq\f(favoritest,favorite).(2016·四川)解析favorite沒有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。3．Mymummakestheeq\f(better,best)biscuitsintheworld，soIdecidedtoaskherforhelp.(2015·陜西)解析后面有表示范圍的intheworld，所以應(yīng)該用形容詞的最高級(jí)。故better改為best?？枷?名詞或動(dòng)詞與形容詞詞性混淆1．Thefruitsaresmallinsize，butjuicyandeq\f(taste,tasty).(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析句中的small，juicy與taste并列，所以應(yīng)該都用形容詞，故將taste改為tasty。2．Inoticedthatthecarriagewaseq\f(noise,noisy)andfilledwithpeople.(2014·浙江)解析由and連接兩個(gè)并列成分，詞性要一致，及后面的filled可知，要將noise改為noisy?？键c(diǎn)三副詞Ⅰ.語法填空考點(diǎn)聚焦考向1修飾動(dòng)詞(短語)的副詞1．Fromtomorrow，IwillbetheirUKambassador.Thetitlewillbe(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案officially解析修飾謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用副詞。2．Foodinsmallpiecescouldbeeateneasilywithtwigswhich(gradual)turnedintochopsticks.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ)答案gradually解析此處應(yīng)用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞。3．Thegiantpandaislovedbypeoplethroughouttheworld.Chinesescientists(recent)hadachancetostudyawildfemalepandawithanewbornbaby.(2016·四川)答案recently解析空格處修飾動(dòng)詞短語hadachance，應(yīng)用副詞。recent的副詞是recently。4．Abercrombie&Kent，atravelcompanyinHongKong，saysit(regular)arrangesquickgetawayshereforpeoplelivinginShanghaiandHongKong.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案regularly解析空格處修飾謂語動(dòng)詞arrange，要用其副詞形式。故填regularly。5．Wallsmadeofadobetakeintheheatfromthesunonhotdaysandgiveoutthatheat(slow)duringcoolnights，thuswarmingthehouse.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案slowly解析由土坯制成的墻壁在炎熱的白天吸收太陽的熱量并在涼爽的夜間慢慢將熱量釋放出來。修飾謂語動(dòng)詞giveout，因此要用副詞形式。6．Theriverwassopollutedthatit(actual)caughtfireandburned.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案actually解析空格處修飾動(dòng)詞caught和burned，故用副詞形式actually。7．Everyoneonthebusbegantalkingaboutwhattheboyhaddone，andthecrowdofstrangers(sudden)becamefriendlytooneanother.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案suddenly解析由空格后面的動(dòng)詞became可知，此處應(yīng)用sudden的副詞形式來修飾動(dòng)詞，因此填suddenly。考向2修飾句子以及修飾形容詞的副詞1．Heownedafarm，whichlookedalmostabandoned.(lucky)，healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkeveryday.(2015·廣東)答案Luckily解析句意為：幸運(yùn)的是，他還有一頭奶牛，每天都能產(chǎn)奶。luckily副詞，幸運(yùn)的是，這里用副詞形式修飾整個(gè)句子。2．Whenwewerewonderingwhattodo，themanagercameout.Shewas(surprise)helpful.(2014·廣東)答案surprisingly解析此處是動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞。helpful為形容詞，要由副詞來修飾。surprise先轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞surprising，再轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞surprisingly?？枷?副詞的比較等級(jí)1．Afterourplanelanded，wewenttothehotel.Wehadmadeourreservationsixmonths(early)，butthemanatthefrontdesksaidtherehadbeenamistake.(2014·廣東)答案earlier解析由hadmade可知該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在到達(dá)旅館之前，故應(yīng)該是早在六個(gè)月之前我們就已經(jīng)預(yù)訂了，故用比較級(jí)earlier。2．The(hard)youtrytobeathim，themorelikelyyouwillgethit.(2014·遼寧)答案harder解析這里是“the＋比較級(jí)．..，the＋比較級(jí)．..”句式，表示“越……就越……”。故填harder。Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)聚焦(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)考向1形容詞與副詞詞性混淆1．Instead，hehopesthathisbusinesswillgroweq\f(steady,steadily).(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析修飾謂語動(dòng)詞用副詞。2．DadandIwereeq\f(terrible,terribly)worried.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)解析worried為形容詞化了的過去分詞，修飾形容詞應(yīng)該用副詞，所以將terrible改為terribly。3．Ontheleft-handsideoftheclass，Icouldeq\f(easy,easily)seethefootballfield.(2015·浙江)解析修飾動(dòng)詞see要用副詞，故將easy改為easily?？枷?易混淆副詞的錯(cuò)用1．WhenIwasaveryyoungchild，myfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearseq\f(late,later).(2016·浙江)解析late是形容詞“遲的”，或副詞“遲地”，但是“一段時(shí)間后面應(yīng)該接later”，表示“……時(shí)間以后”。故late改成later。2．Nearlyfiveyearseq\f(before,ago)，andwiththehelpofourfather，mysisterandIplantedsomecherrytomatoes(圣女果)inourbackgarden.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析相對(duì)于說話時(shí)以前用ago；相對(duì)于過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前才用before。故before改為ago。3．Asaresult，theplantsaregrowingeq\f(somewhere,everywhere).(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析somewhere意為“某處”，而句意為“植物到處生長(zhǎng)”，故somewhere應(yīng)改為everywhere?？枷?特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中的副詞錯(cuò)用Helikeditsoverymuchthathequicklywalkedintotheshop.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)解析此處為so...that...句式，所以much前用副詞so修飾。故刪除very。一、名詞、形容詞和副詞在語法填空中的考查在語法填空中，對(duì)于名詞的考查主要涉及可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)、名詞的所有格以及詞形變換；形容詞和副詞相關(guān)的詞形變換以及形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)考查較為頻繁。應(yīng)對(duì)策略1．首先要弄清名詞的數(shù)與格，即名詞是否該用復(fù)數(shù)，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有關(guān)名詞的構(gòu)詞法，即有關(guān)名詞的詞形變換。2．作表語(系動(dòng)詞之后)、定語(修飾名詞)或賓語補(bǔ)足語(表性質(zhì)狀態(tài))時(shí)，通常用形容詞形式。注意?？紕?dòng)詞分詞的形容詞化，其形容詞的形式有：-ing結(jié)尾的和-ed結(jié)尾的兩種。3．若括號(hào)中所給的是形容詞或副詞，有可能考查其比較等級(jí)或最高級(jí)；注意than或比較級(jí)的修飾詞等標(biāo)志性詞或上下文中暗含的比較；其次還要注意一些特殊句式，如：the＋比較級(jí)．..，the＋比較級(jí)．..，“否定詞(can’t/couldn’t)＋比較級(jí)”表示最高級(jí)等。二、名詞、形容詞和副詞在短文改錯(cuò)中的考查短文改錯(cuò)中對(duì)于名詞的考查最可能考查名詞的數(shù)與格；其次名詞的考查還會(huì)涉及詞形變換方面的錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)于形容詞和副詞的考查主要涉及詞性混亂或錯(cuò)用(含-ed形容詞與-ing形容詞之間的誤用)、修飾詞錯(cuò)用或多余以及比較等級(jí)的誤用等方面。應(yīng)對(duì)策略1．遇到名詞首先注意區(qū)分它是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞；其次還可以根據(jù)名詞前的修飾語或謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來判斷。此外，還要注意名詞的所有格以及名詞的句法功能，判斷是否存在詞性轉(zhuǎn)換方面的錯(cuò)誤。2．對(duì)于形容詞和副詞的考查，注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)作定語、表語、補(bǔ)語，用形容詞；(2)作狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、全句，用副詞；(3)注意比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)的比較對(duì)象或范圍；單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)前，不可再加more；(4)注意many，much，(a)few，(a)little；very，so，(n)ever，hardly等修飾詞的用法。專題1名詞◆名詞的分類普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示單個(gè)人或物的名詞集體名詞表示若干個(gè)人或物的名詞不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)、材料的名詞抽象名詞表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、行為、情感、心理等抽象概念的名詞專有名詞表示洲、國(guó)、地、人名等表示團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、節(jié)日、報(bào)刊、朝代等的名稱◆名詞的核心考點(diǎn)1．可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)這里主要講其不規(guī)則變化。(1)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工廠)。(2)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boyfriend→boyfriends，go-between→go-betweens(中間人)，grown-up→grown-ups。(3)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。此類名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示“衣服”、“工具”等的總稱，不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾，也不能加不定冠詞a/an，但可以用apairof/twopairsof，many等修飾。如：clothes衣服，tights緊身褲，jeans牛仔褲，pajamas睡衣，pants(長(zhǎng))褲子，shorts短褲，socks短襪，stockings長(zhǎng)襪，trousers褲子，glasses眼鏡，chopsticks筷子，compasses圓規(guī)，pincers鉗子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一類總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾，也不能用a/an，apairof等修飾，只能用many，agreatmany,alotof等修飾。如：belongings所有物，congratulations祝賀，contents目錄，earnings收入，fireworks煙火，goods商品，leavings剩余物，pains辛勞，spirits情緒，savings積蓄，stairs樓梯，surroundings環(huán)境，wages工資，arms武器等。(4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people，cattle，police；有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看作整體，復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個(gè)成員。如：Thecrewislarge.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。Thecrewarealltired.船員們都累壞了(指?jìng)€(gè)體)。2．不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(1)一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí)，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：①抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。抽象名詞(不可數(shù))具體化(表達(dá)個(gè)體概念時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞)insurprise驚訝地asurprise一件令人驚訝的事winsuccess獲得成功asuccess一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)winhonour贏得榮譽(yù)anhonour一個(gè)(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失敗afailure一個(gè)失敗者/一件失敗的事byexperience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)anexperience一次經(jīng)歷withpleasure樂意apleasure一件樂事②抽象名詞與a(n)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim，bath，talk)withme?Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.(2)有些物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如：somecoffee一些咖啡，acoffee一杯咖啡，threecoffees三杯咖啡；somedrink一些飲料，adrink一杯飲料，threedrinks三杯飲料；hishair他的頭發(fā)，afewgreyhairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，aglass一只玻璃杯。3．名詞所有格(1)-’s所有格theboy’smother，thechildren’stoys，theteachers’books，LucyandLily’sbedroom(共用)，Lucy’sandLily’sbedrooms(各自的)(2)“of＋名詞”所有格theroofofthehouse，thecoverofthebook，thenameofthegirl，apictureofmyfather(3)雙重所有格afriendofmybrother’s(＝oneofmybrother’sfriends)，apictureofmyfather’s(＝oneofmyfather’spictures)(4)-’s所有格的特殊表示形式有：①用于表示人的名詞或表集體、機(jī)構(gòu)的名詞后，如：Tom’shome，thedoctor’s，thecompany’snewfactory等。②用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后，如：today’snewspaper，fiveminutes’walk(drive)，fivepounds’weight，tendollars’worthofcoffee。③用于表示國(guó)家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后，如：theworld’spopulation，China’sindustry，NewYork’sparks。(5)所有格的句法功能①表所有關(guān)系Jack’sbrother②表主謂關(guān)系MrWang’spraise③表動(dòng)賓關(guān)系thefamousstar’sadmirers④表修飾關(guān)系adoctor’sdegree⑤表同位關(guān)系(只用of所有格)thecityofBeijing4．名詞的功能(1)可作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語Maryistomeetyouattheairport.Mybrotherisaworker.Heboughtanewbook.Wemadehimmonitorofourclass.(2)作定語英語中有些名詞沒有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞。①分類意義airpollution空氣污染boyfriend男朋友coffeecup咖啡杯bodylanguage身體語言roadaccident交通事故theNobelPrize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)②時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等DoctorJack杰克醫(yī)生ProfessorLi李教授eveningschool夜校wintersleep冬眠③表目的、來源、材料、所屬意義receptiondesk接待臺(tái)sportsfield田徑場(chǎng)stonetable石桌colorTV彩電(3)作狀語名詞作狀語多為表時(shí)間或距離等概念的名詞。Thewarlastedeightyears.(4)作同位語Tom，ourmonitor，leftschoollastyear.題組訓(xùn)練Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Hehadwitnessedtoomanydeaths(die)andwoundsattheBattleofSolferinoinItalyfouryearsearlier，inwhich40,000peoplewerekilled，woundedormissing.2．Apple’snewmachine，theLisa，provedtobeanexpensivefailure(fail)．3．Iranintomyneighbor，Dennis，yesterdayafternoon.HeaskedifIwantedtwoticketstothetheater.Hehadseasonticketsbutcouldn’tgotothisperformance(perform)．4．Tourismshouldalsoadvancethewealthandhappiness(happy)oflocalinhabitants.5．Thesepeoplehavemadegreatcontributions(contribute)toChinawiththeirwork.6．Theygetadvicefrom“strangers(strange)”．Whentheyneedadvice，theydon’tusuallygotopeopletheyknow.7．Myfirstimpression(impress)ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.8．Thosewhosufferfromheadachewillfindtheygetrelief(relieve)fromthismedicine.9．—Whydoyouchoosetoworkinaninternationaltravelagency?—Well，youknow，Englishismystrength(strong)．Soitismybestchoice.10．Imadeadecision(decide)tolookattheflightmonitorstoseeiftherewasanearlierflighttoSanFrancisco.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)1．Withinthenextfeweq\f(minute,minutes)，mygrandfatheralsocaughtafish.2．Youtoldmetheeq\f(name,names)ofdifferentplantsandtheircharacteristics.3．Mom，IknowIhaveneverexpressedmyeq\f(thank,thanks)toyoubefore.4．Thefoodwaswonderfulwithreasonableprices，andweenjoyedseverallocaleq\f(dish,dishes).5．Anotherwayistowatchoureverydayuseofwaterandeq\f(electric,electricity)athome.6．FromthetimeIwasaboutfouruntilIwasaboutsix，Idestroyedeachofmyeq\f(toy,toys).7．We，aswellaseq\f(animal,animals)，cannotlivewithoutwaterandneitheragriculturenorindustrycangowithoutit.8．InearlyJanuarythisyear，therateofUFOreportswassteady，aroundthreepereq\f(weeks,week).9．Tomwashavingmucheq\f(troubles,trouble)gettingupinthemorningandwasalwayslateforwork.10．Ifeltverystrangetotravelwithoutanyeq\f(luggages,luggage).Ⅲ.語法填空(名詞專練)BornonAugust23,1988inAmerica，JeremyShu-HowLinisaprofessionalbasketball1.player(play)withtheHustonRockets2.oftheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)．But，tosomedegree，manyChinesefansand3.coaches(coach)takehimasaChineseguyoratleastarewillingtoimaginehimas4.aChinesejustbecausehehasatypicalChinesefaceandhisparentswereborninChina.JeremyLinhasrecentlybecome5.asuccessandattractedtheworld’sattention，whichgivesChinesepeoplealotof6.imagination(imagine)and7.pride(proud)．Asweknow，inmost8.people’s(people)eyes，Jeremyisamiracle.InJune,2012，whenJeremytookhisthirdtriptoChina，alargecrowdcametomeethim，amongwhomtherewerevariousfansincludingsome9.families(family)，somechildrenandevensome10.women(woman)players.◆書面表達(dá)中名詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦1．書面表達(dá)中對(duì)于復(fù)數(shù)名詞易疏漏-s或-es(誤)I’dlovetomakefriendwithyou.(誤)Allthepicturedisplayedareofgreatvalue.2．部分名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化錯(cuò)誤如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，womandoctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3．部分詞性易混作名詞動(dòng)詞誤作名詞形容詞誤作名詞動(dòng)詞名詞形容詞名詞succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4.可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞混淆不可數(shù)可數(shù)takeactiontakemeasuressomeadvicesomesuggestionstakeexerciseeyeexercisesmakeprogressmakemistakesinformationcontributions專題2形容詞和副詞◆形容詞和副詞的功能1．形容詞的功能：形容詞主要是用來修飾名詞或代詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)，在句中：①作定語修飾名詞或代詞，說明其性質(zhì)、特征等；②作表語與連系動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征；③作補(bǔ)足語說明賓語或主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或特征；④作狀語主要表示原因、伴隨等。⑤作獨(dú)立成分。2．副詞的功能：副詞作狀語說明動(dòng)作性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的特征，常用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語及整個(gè)句子等。◆形容詞和副詞的核心考點(diǎn)1．形容詞和副詞的位置形容詞是用來修飾名詞的，常被放在名詞前作定語，或放在系動(dòng)詞后面作表語。而副詞則是用來修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞、其他副詞或者句子的，一般位于形容詞之前，動(dòng)詞之后或句子之首。以下屬幾種特殊情況，須牢記：(1)形容詞短語作定語，須后置。ataskdifficulttofinish(2)表語形容詞(afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive等)作定語，須后置，如amanalive。有些表身體健康狀況的形容詞如well，faint，ill只作表語；sick既可作表語又可作定語。ill如果不是表示身體或精神上“不適的”“不健康的”“有病的”等，而是表示類似bad(不好的)的意思時(shí)，通常只作定語。He’sbeenillsincethen.Byillluck，myflighthadbeencancelled.(3)形容詞用作定語，修飾由不定代詞one，no，any，some和every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如anything，something等時(shí)，通常后置。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.(4)else常用作疑問代詞和不定代詞的后置定語。(5)enough修飾名詞前置或后置均可；修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞或副詞時(shí)，必須后置。(6)幾個(gè)副詞并列作狀語時(shí)，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式→地點(diǎn)→時(shí)間。WehadagoodtimetogetheroutdoorslastSunday.(7)頻度副詞如often，always，usually等放在be動(dòng)詞后，行為動(dòng)詞前。(8)副詞作定語，須后置。Thepersonthereiswaitingforyou.(9)幾個(gè)并列的形容詞作定語，其語序通常為：限定詞(包括冠詞、所有格、人稱代詞、指示代詞、數(shù)詞等)＋觀點(diǎn)詞(品質(zhì)、狀態(tài)，即表示好、壞、美、丑等的詞)＋形狀或樣式詞(大小、長(zhǎng)短或高低詞)＋年齡或新舊詞＋顏色詞＋產(chǎn)地或來源詞＋材料或種類詞＋用途詞＋名詞。aheavyblackChinesesteelumbrella(10)以-ly結(jié)尾的詞性辨析。①下列單詞以-ly結(jié)尾，但卻是形容詞而非副詞：lively，lonely，lovely，deadly，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely等。②表原意(無-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副詞：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(deep深,deeply深入地))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(wide寬廣,widely廣泛地))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(high高,highly高度地))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(low位置低,lowly地位卑微))③有無-ly意義大不相同的副詞：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(dead完全，絕對(duì)bedeadasleep,deadly非常bedeadlytired))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(pretty相當(dāng)beprettycertainthat...,prettily漂亮地beprettilydressed))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(close近Don’tsitclose.,closely密切地Watchclosely！))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(late晚，遲arrivelate，comelate,lately最近Ihaven’tseenhimlately.))2．形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)(1)原級(jí)的構(gòu)成和用法。構(gòu)成：形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)即本身。用法：表示雙方在程度、性質(zhì)、特征等某方面相等時(shí)，用“as＋原級(jí)形容詞/副詞＋as”的結(jié)構(gòu)；表示雙方不相等時(shí)，用“notso/as＋原級(jí)形容詞/副詞＋as”的結(jié)構(gòu)；表示一方是另一方的若干倍時(shí)，用“倍數(shù)＋as＋原級(jí)形容詞/副詞＋as”的結(jié)構(gòu)。XiaoWangisastallasXiaoYu.Thisbuildinglooksnotso/ashighasthatone.MissXuspeaksEnglishasfluentlyasyou.Thisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.(2)比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成。掌握比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化規(guī)則，熟記少數(shù)不符合規(guī)則的特殊形容詞和副詞。(3)比較級(jí)的用法。①表示一方超過另一方時(shí)，用“比較級(jí)＋than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。Thispictureismorebeautifulthanthatone.②表示一方不及另一方時(shí)，用“l(fā)ess＋原級(jí)＋than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.③表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí)，可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語，如even，alot，abit，alittle，still，much，far，yet，byfar等修飾。Heworksevenharderthanbefore.注意：(A)英語的比較級(jí)前如無even，still或yet等時(shí)，譯成漢語時(shí)可用“較”或“……一些”或不譯出，一般不可用“更”。Sheisbetterthanshewasyesterday.她今天身體好些了。Pleasecomeearliertomorrow.請(qǐng)明天早點(diǎn)來。(B)byfar通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí)，一般放在比較級(jí)的后面，如在前面，應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.④表示一方隨另一方的程度而變化時(shí)，用“the＋比較級(jí)(主語＋謂語)，the＋比較級(jí)(主語＋謂語)”的結(jié)構(gòu)(意為“越……就越……”)。Theharderheworks，thehappierhefeels.⑤不與其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改變時(shí)，用“比較級(jí)＋and＋比較級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。Theweatherisgettingcolderandcolder.⑥某些以-ior結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用to代替than。這些詞有inferior(劣等的，次的)，superior(較好的，優(yōu)于……)，junior(資歷較淺的)，senior(資格較老的)，prior(在……之前)等。HeissuperiortoMr.Zhanginchemistry.⑦在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)，我們通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物，one既可指人又可指物。that可代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthat(或theone)onthedesk.Aboxmadeofsteelisstrongerthanonemadeofwood.⑧倍數(shù)表達(dá)法。(A)Aisthree(four，etc.)timesthesize(height，length，etc.)ofB.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.(B)Aisthree(four，etc.)timesasbig(high，long，etc.)asB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.(C)Aisthree(four，etc.)timesbigger(higher，longer，etc.)thanB.Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.注意：用times表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上，兩倍可以用twice或double。(4)最高級(jí)的用法。①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度時(shí)，用“the＋最高級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比較范圍的介詞短語。ZhangHuaisthetallestofthethree.Heworks(the)hardestinhisclass.②最高級(jí)可被序數(shù)詞以及much，byfar，nearly，almost，bynomeans，notquite，notreally等詞語所修飾。Thishatisbyfar/much/nearly/almost/notreally/bynomeans/notquitethebiggest.③表示“最高程度”的形容詞，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，沒有最高級(jí)，也不能用比較級(jí)。④形容詞最高級(jí)修飾作表語或介詞賓語的名詞、代詞時(shí)，被修飾的詞往往省略。Heisthetallest(boy)inhisclass.⑤作狀語的副詞最高級(jí)前可以不加定冠詞。Ofalltheboyshecame(the)earliest.⑥否定詞＋比較級(jí)＝最高級(jí)Hehasneverspentamoreworryingday.(5)形容詞和副詞前面使用冠詞的情況。①形容詞最高級(jí)前一般要加定冠詞，副詞最高級(jí)前可不加冠詞。②形容詞最高級(jí)前有時(shí)加不定冠詞，或不加冠詞，不表比較，表示“非?！?。Heisamostcleveryoungpoliceman.(amost＝very)Thefilmismostinteresting.(most＝very)③表示兩者間“較……的一個(gè)”，比較級(jí)前加the。Whoistheolderofthetwoboys?④在“the＋比較級(jí)．..，the＋比較級(jí)．..”結(jié)構(gòu)中，可用省略形式。Themore，thebetter.(6)由as組成的形容詞或副詞短語。①asmuchas＋不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量多達(dá)……Eachstoneweighsasmuchasfifteentons.Shecouldearnasmuchas100dollarsaweek.②asmanyas＋可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量多達(dá)……Ihaveasmanyassixteenreferencebooks.③asearlyas早在AsearlyasthetwelfthcenturytheEnglishbegantoinvadetheisland.④asfaras遠(yuǎn)到；就……而知(論)Wemightgoasfaras(遠(yuǎn)到)thechurchandback.AsfarasIknow(就我所知)，hehasbeentherebefore.⑤may(might，could)aswell不妨，不如Thenyoumightaswellstaywithushere.⑥as...asonecan盡某人所能的……Hebegantorun，asfastashecould.⑦as...aspossible盡可能……的Justgetthemtofinishupasquicklyaspossible.3．幾組重要的詞語辨析(1)very和much的區(qū)別。①可分等級(jí)的形容詞和副詞前使用very不用much。②表示狀態(tài)的分詞形容詞前用very。如averyfrightenedboy，averytiredchild，averycomplicatedproblem。一般情況下，以-ing，-ed結(jié)尾的分詞形容詞多用much，verymuch/greatly等修飾。WeweregreatlyshockedbythenewsaboutTom.IwasmuchamusedbyJack’sattitude.③已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞前用very。如：veryinteresting/worrying/exciting。④too前用much，alot或far，不用very。如：Youaremuch/far/alottoonice.另外，在toomany/much，toofew/little前可用far。There’sfartoolittleopportunityforadventurethesedays.We’vegotfartoomanyeggsandfartoofeweggcups.⑤關(guān)于原級(jí)形容詞要記住下列固定的修飾結(jié)構(gòu)：(A)修飾“絕對(duì)”意義的形容詞，一般不用very，而用quite，completely，well，entirely。如：quitewrong(mistaken，sure)，completelydead，quiteimpossible，quiteperfect等。(B)修飾以a-開頭的形容詞，多有特殊的修飾詞：quitealone，verymuchalone，wideawake，fastasleep，verymuchafraid。(C)修飾一些特殊形容詞的修飾語有：bewellworth，muchthesame，freezingcold，quitedifferent，terriblycold/frightening。(2)so...that...與such...that...的區(qū)別。eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(so＋形容詞/副詞＋that...,so＋形容詞＋an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋that...,so＋many/few＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋that...,so＋much/little少＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that...))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(such＋an＋形容詞＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋that...,such＋形容詞＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that...,such＋形容詞＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋that...))注意：下列結(jié)構(gòu)中只能用so不可用such，當(dāng)名詞前有many，much，little，few等表示“多、少”的詞修飾時(shí)，如somuchprogress，somanypeople，solittlefood，sofewapples等。但當(dāng)little表示“小”時(shí)用such。如：Thesearesuchlittleboysthattheycan’tdressthemselves.下列短語中so的用法是錯(cuò)誤的：soadifficultproblem，sodifficultproblems，sohotweather。(3)其他幾組詞的辨析。①ago，before：ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的“以前”；before指以過去或?qū)淼哪硶r(shí)刻為起點(diǎn)的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。②already，yet，still：already表示某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生；yet表示期待某事發(fā)生；still表示某事還在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句。③too，also，either：too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口語，also多用于書面語；either用于否定句。④good，well：與good不同的是，well作形容詞用，只能在系動(dòng)詞后作表語，表示“身體狀況好”；well還可作副詞修飾動(dòng)詞。⑤quick，fast：作形容詞皆表示“快”。fast多指運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體，含持續(xù)的意思；quick多指一次動(dòng)作的敏捷、突然，而且持續(xù)的時(shí)間較短。⑥r(nóng)eal，true：作形容詞皆表示“真的”。real強(qiáng)調(diào)真實(shí)存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定語；true指與事實(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)際情況相符合，在句中作表語或定語。⑦h(yuǎn)ard，difficult：均表示“困難”，但hard通常指體力上困難；difficult則指智力或技能上的困難，困難程度大于hard。它們都可作定語和表語。題組訓(xùn)練Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．HespoketomeinEnglishandstartedexplaininghispastlifewhenhewashealthy(health)．2．Itmighthavemadeitalittleharder(hard)foreverybodybecauseitmeanttheyhadtoturnaround，butthatdidn’tstopthekidsintheclass.3．Lostinthetune，hecamesuddenlyuponahomeless(home)beggarlyinginthemidstofthesidewalk.Hereacheddown，touchedthebeggar’scheek，andlefta100-dollarbilltohim.4．Themorewedoforthepeople，thehappier(happy)we’llbe.5．Thelyricsofthesongsmakerapmusictruly(true)unique.6．Somepoliticianshavebeenquicktodescribetheeventassimpleviolent(violence)action.7．Theywereclearly(clear)long-standingcustomers，andIsupposetheymusthavestayedfaithful(faith)tohimbecausehehadpromisedtosellfruitofgoodquality.8．Theconclusionsarecontainedintheagency’slatest(late)report.9．Theteacherreplied，“Youtastedthewater.Itastedthegift.Thewaterwassimplythecontainerforanactofkindnessandlove.Nothingcouldbesweeter(sweet)．”10．ForsomereasonhesatbesideMary.Maryfeltpleased(please)，becausethereweremanyemptyseatsintheroom.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)1．Thatistoomuchforus，consideringhoweq\f(closely,close)thehousesare.2．Don’tpanicorgetoutofline，andtrytoremainquietandeq\f(calmly,calm).3.eq\f(Beside,Besides)，Cleotendstobarkanaverageofsixhoursaday.4．Nooneinthecarriagehadeq\f(previous,previously)spokentoorevennoticedtheticket-ownerbefore.5．Myuncleseq\f(immediate,immediately)jumpedupandshottheirarrowsatthebird.6．Iremembermygrandfatherveryeq\f(much,well/clearly).7．Tomakematterseq\f(bad,worse)，nowIhavetosharearoomwithmyyoungersister，Maggie.8．Iamawfullyeq\f(tiring,tired)，butIknowI’llneverfallasleep.9．Todaywehadachemistrytest.Ifoundthetesteq\f(difficulty,difficult)，butItriedhardtodoit.10．Afterwaitingforabouthalfanhour，Iwasbeginningtogeteq\f(impatiently,impatient).Ⅲ.語法填空(形容詞和副詞專練)Idon’tthinkthereismuch1.difficulty(difficult)inlearningEnglishwell，becauseaslongasyoumasterthemethodandworkhard，youcanmakeprogress2.rapidly(rapid)．Ibelievethatthe3.harder(hard)youworkatyourstudy，thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.Forexample，LiPing，afriendofmine，isthe4.mosthardworkingstudentinourclass，andhegets5.higher(high)marksthananyotherstudentinourclassineveryEnglishtest.Ledbyhim，allthestudentsinourclassarestudyingEnglishharder6.thanbefore.Asaresult，inthe7.latest(late)Englishtest，ourclasswasthe8.better(good)ofthetwokeyclassesinourschool，andthenumberofstudentswhogotexcellentmarksistwice9.larger(large)thanthatoftheother.10.Therefore，allofusshouldstudyhardnomatterwhatwelearn.◆書面表達(dá)中形容詞與副詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦1．搭配錯(cuò)誤eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤Judgingfromhissadlyface...,正Judgingfromhissadface...))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤LittleTomfeltverysadly.,正LittleTomfeltverysad.))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤Youwillgetwarmwelcomed.,正Youwillgetwarmlywelcomed.))2．漢語干擾，詞性混亂(1)形容詞誤作動(dòng)詞(誤)HeeagertoknoweverythingaboutChina.(正)HeiseagertoknoweverythingaboutChina.(2)形容詞與名詞混淆(誤)Thesportteachesustheimportantofobedience.(正)Thesportteachesustheimportanceofobedience.(3)形容詞與副詞混淆(誤)Unfortunate，manypeopleareignorantofit.(正)Unfortunately，manypeopleareignorantofit.3．比較級(jí)的錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)(誤)Thesealevelisrisingmoreandmorehigh.(誤)Thesealevelisrisingmoreandmorehigher.(正)Thesealevelisrisinghigheran