考研英語英譯漢試題

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1.1990年考研英語英譯漢試題

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsare

formed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhy

oneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)

Theywanlloexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.

Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhave

developed.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.

Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoasnaturevs.nurture.

(62)Thosewhosuoporlihenaturesideofiheconflictbelievethatourpersonalilies

andbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatour

environmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioris

centraltoihistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehavioris

predeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyour

instincts.

Thosewhosupportthenurturetheory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoften

calledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanour

biologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,

seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.

(64)Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmental

stimulias(hebasisofihcirbehavior.

Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,

intelligence,offeredbythetwotheories.(65)Supportersofthenaturetheoryinsistthat

wearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needless

tosay,theydon'tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatis

basicallyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatour

intelligencelevelsaretheproductofourexperiences.(66)Behavioristssuggestthatthe

childwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanyslimuliwhichdevelophisor

hercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.

Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.(67)Inthe

UnitedStates,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.This

leadssomenatureproponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites.

(68)Behaviorists,inconlrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacks

areoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthat

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whitesenjoy.

Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.

2.1991年考研英語英譯漢試題

Thefactisthattheenergycrisis,whichhassuddenlybeenofficiallyannounced,has

beenwithusforalongtimenow,andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.Whether

Araboilflowsfreelyornot,itiscleartoeveryonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowed

todependonsofragileabase.(71)Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatany

time,andinanycase,theoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrate

ofuse.

(72)Newsourcesofenergymustbefound、andthiswilllaketime,butitisnot

likelytoresultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentiful

energywehavehadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereon,mankindis

goingtoadvancecautiously,andconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall.

Tomakethesituationworse,thereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingoftheworld's

populationisinsight.Althoughthebirthratehasdroppedinsomenations,includingthe

UnitedStates,thepopulationoftheworldseemssuretopasssixbillionandperhapseven

sevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcenturyopens.

(73)Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeans

thatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.

Takingallthisintoaccount,whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobe

likeintheyear2001?

Tobeginwith,theworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecomesteadilytighteroverthe

nextthirtyyears-evenhereintheUnitedStates.By2001,thepopulationoftheUnited

Stateswillbeatleasttwohundredfiftymillionandpossiblytwohundredseventymillion,

andthenationwillfinditdifficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.

(74)Thiswillbvparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficult[ocontinue

agricultureinthehigh?energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefew

farmerswilhhighyields.

Itseemsalmostcertainthatby2001theUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfood

exportingnationandthat,ifnecessityforcesexports,itwillbeatthepriceofbelt

tighteningathome.

Infact,asfooditemswilltendtodeclineinqualityanddecreaseinvariety,thereis

verylikelytobeincreasinguseofflavoringadditives.(75)Untilsuchtimeasmankind

hasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovidea

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comfortablesupportforall,Deoplewillhavetoacceptmornunnaturalfood.

3.1992年考研英語英譯漢試題

Intelligenceatbestisanassumptiveconstruct-themeaningofthewordhasnever

beenclear.(71)Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobytheterm

thanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.Butitisgenerallyagreedthataperson

ofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedistinctions,reason

logically,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.An

intelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild'scapacityforlearningthekindsofthings

requiredinschool.Itdoesnotmeasurecharacter,socialadjustment,physicalendurance,

manualskills,orartisticabilities.Itisnotsupposedto-itwasnotdesignedforsuch

purposes.(72)Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizinga

thermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.

Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofany

subjectisessentiallyacomparativeaffair.

(73)Nowsince」h。assessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbe

surethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa“valid“orfair

“comDarison”.Itisherethatsomeofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest

performedinvolvesatleastthreefactors:theintentiontodoone'sbest,theknowledge

requiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodo,andtheintellectualabilitytodoit.(74)

Thefirsttwomustbeequalfo>allwhoarebeingcompared,ifanycomparisoninterms

ofintelligenceistobemade.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscan

bemadefairandreasonable,andthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeenproved

thoroughly.Itsvaluelies,ofcourse,initsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.

Nooneisintheleastinterestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweare

interestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldo

betterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisageattaskswhichwethinkrequiregeneral

intelligence.(75)Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeof

confidence,bulonlyifthechildcanbeassumedlohavehadthesameattitudetowards

thetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunished

bylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.

4.1993年考研英語英譯漢試題

(71)Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthe

necessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichall

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phenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomore

difference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsof

amanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsand

methodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andthe

operationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhis

balanceandfinelygradedweights.(72)Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthe

balanceintheolher,differintheprinciplesofIheirconslruclionormannerofworking;

bu[thatthelatterismuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinits

measurementthantheformer.

Youwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.(73)

Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthalmenofscienceworkbymeansofinduction(歸納法)

anddeduction，thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,manageto

extractfromNaturecertainnalurallaws,andthaloulofthese,bysomespecialskillof

theirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.(74)Anditisimaginedbymanythatthe

operationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,and

thattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords,

youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfrom

thatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthat

youarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbyyourselves

everydayandeveryhourofyourlives.

Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere'splays,wheretheauthormakes

theheroexpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingprose(散文)

duringthewholeofhislife.Inthesameway,Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbe

delightedwithyourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesof

inductiveanddeductivephilosophyduringthesameperiod.(75)Probablythereisnot

onehernwhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplex

trainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhicha

scientificmangoesthroughintracing(hecausesofnaturalDhenomena.

1990年英譯漢試題參考譯文

長期以來人們完全不知道他們的性格特征和行為模式是怎樣形成的。人們很難

解釋一個聰明而另一個人愚蠢的原因，或者也很難解釋一個人有協(xié)作精神，而另一

個人有競爭意識的原因。

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當然.社會科學家對這類問題極為關注。(61)他們想要說叨，為什么我們具有某

些性格特征并發(fā)現(xiàn)出某些行為。然而，這些問題尚無明確的答案。但是在這方面已

經(jīng)形成了兩個截然不相同的學派。人們可以預料，這兩家的看法大不相同。為方便

起見，這種爭論通常被稱為天性論與環(huán)境因素論之爭。

(62)在這場爭論中，贊成天性一方的那些人認為，我們的性格特征和行為模式

大多是山生物因素所決定的。(63)這種理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、

性格特征和行為即使有什么關系的話，也是微不足道的。這種理論甚至極端地堅持

認為，我們的行為模式在很大程度上是先天決定的;因此，我們幾乎完全受我們的本

能所支配。

贊成環(huán)境因素論的那些人，即提倡培養(yǎng)教育的人，通常被稱為行為主義者。他

們聲稱，在決定我們的行為方式時，環(huán)境比以生理為基礎的本能更為重要。一位名

叫B.F.史基納的行為主義者認為，人的行為模式完全是由周圍環(huán)境塑造的。(64)立為

主義者堅信，人像機器一樣，對環(huán)境的刺激做出反應，這是他們行為的基礎。

咱們來考察一下這兩種理論對人的一種性格特征一智力一的不同解釋。(65)支

持天性論的人堅持說，我們生來就具有一定的學習才能，這是山生物因素決定的。

勿庸說，他們認為，周圍環(huán)境的各種因素并不嚴重影響基本上是先天的性格特征。

而行為主義者卻爭辯說，我們的智力水平是我們各種經(jīng)歷相結合的產(chǎn)物。(66)行為

主義者的看法是，如果個兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里成長，而這些刺激物能夠

發(fā)展其做出適當反應的能力,那么,這個兒童將會有更高的智力發(fā)展。

這兩種理論所包含的社會和政治內(nèi)涵是意味深長的。(67)在美國，黑人在標準

化智力測試中的成績常常低于白人。這就使一些天性論的擁護者得出結論.黑人在

生理上比白人略低一籌。(68)相反，行為主義者認為，成績的差異是由于黑人往往

被剝奪了白人住教育及其它環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件。

1991年英譯漢試題參考譯文

事實是，雖然官方是突然宣布能源危機的存在，然而長期以來我們一直面臨著

能源危機，而且這種情況今后將會持續(xù)更長的時間。不管阿拉伯的石油能否源源不

斷地外流，人人都清楚，再也不能讓世界工業(yè)依賴于如此脆弱的能源基礎。(71)石油

供應可能隨時會被切斷;不管怎樣，以目前這種消費速度,只需30年左右，所有的油

井都會枯竭。

(72)必須找到新的能源,這需要時間;而過去我們感覺到的那種能源廉價而充

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足的情況將不大可能再出現(xiàn)了。在今后的漫長的時間內(nèi)，人類將謹慎前進，而它感

到幸運的是它確實能夠前進。

使目前狀況糟糕的是，至今尚無跡象表明，世界人口的增長在近期內(nèi)會減慢。雖

然包括美國在內(nèi)的一些國家的出生率已經(jīng)下降，但是在21世紀初世界人口似乎肯

定會超過60億，或許甚至超過70億。

(73)食品供應的增加將遠遠趕不上人口的增長，這就意味著我們在糧食的生產(chǎn)

和購銷方面已陷入危機。

考慮到所有這些因素，我們可以適當?shù)毓烙嬕幌?001年的超級后場將會是什

么樣子呢?首先，今后的30年內(nèi)，世界的食品供應日益緊張，甚至美國這里也不例

外。到2001年美國人口將至少達到2億5千萬，也可能是2億7千萬。那時；美國

將很難擴大食品生產(chǎn)來滿足人口增長的需要。(74)這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為

能源的匱乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無法以高能消費這種美國耕作方式繼續(xù)下去了,而這種耕作方式

可以投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就獲得高產(chǎn)。

兒乎可以肯定，到2001年美國將再也不是一個食品輸出國;如果必須出口的話,

那么其代價就是美國國內(nèi)人民將勒緊褲帶。

實際上，由于各種食品往往會質(zhì)量下降、品種減少，這就有可能更多地使用調(diào)

味添加物。(75)除非人類終于意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度，使地球能為所有

人提供足夠的飲食，否則人們將不得不接受更多的人造食品。

1992年英譯漢試題參考譯文

智力充其量只是一個假設性的概念，因為智力的含義從來就是模糊的。(71)A

們對智力所指的不同表現(xiàn).比對這些表現(xiàn)如何進行解釋或分類，看法更為一致。但

是一般認為，智力好的人是能夠迅速領會思想、區(qū)分事物、進行邏輯推理并運用文