翻譯實(shí)踐教案1109課件

翻譯實(shí)踐PragmaticTranslation常亮CarlChang(1-9)（公郵）EnglishCollege英語學(xué)院2011/09

?教師簡介(totranslate?)常亮：副教授，87年川外碩士畢業(yè)；93-94年美國訪問學(xué)者，94年四川省優(yōu)秀青年骨干教師，95-04年英語系副主任，04年日本高校管理研習(xí)，05年日本修讀“中日英語比較”博士；主擔(dān)課程有：詞匯學(xué)、文體學(xué)、翻譯；發(fā)表有：“中國英語教學(xué)：教什么、如何教”,“從-er看英語的構(gòu)詞和詞匯”，“語法正確與地道英語”，“試論英語詞匯系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成”，“虛實(shí)詞分類質(zhì)疑”，“試析克林頓北大演講風(fēng)格”，“非謂語表探”，“英語的形素及形素系統(tǒng)”，“當(dāng)今美語時(shí)尚淺析”，“我看詞的定義”，“關(guān)于英語的偏離否定”。教學(xué)目標(biāo)及教學(xué)要求

本課程的目的在于強(qiáng)化學(xué)生筆頭翻譯的能力。教學(xué)的主要任務(wù)是比較深入地認(rèn)識實(shí)用文體、及新聞、商務(wù)、文學(xué)等文體的特點(diǎn)、以及其翻譯方法，輔以八級考試翻譯部分（含英漢、漢英）的真題訓(xùn)練,使學(xué)生掌握基本的文體翻譯策略。通過翻譯各類文體的英語和中文短文，進(jìn)一步對漢英兩種語言進(jìn)行對比，認(rèn)識兩種語言的特點(diǎn)，掌握英漢翻譯的基本理論，提高英漢詞語、長句及各種文體的翻譯技巧和英漢互譯的能力。要求譯文比較準(zhǔn)確、流暢（地道）、得體，翻譯速度達(dá)到每小時(shí)300-350字，為畢業(yè)后勝任一般性的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科技等翻譯工作打下較為堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。教學(xué)內(nèi)容及學(xué)時(shí)分配見W文檔(教學(xué)大綱)textbooks1．方夢之，毛忠明《英漢-漢英應(yīng)用翻譯綜合教程》，上海外語教育出版社，2005年；2．自編筆譯實(shí)踐材料；知識面網(wǎng)站;;；；;中國譯協(xié)網(wǎng)ways見W文檔《譯者的修養(yǎng)》《常玉田學(xué)習(xí)法》要求Muchtranslationwork練習(xí)；知識面：語言、自然、社會；邏輯；Groupwork;成績：平時(shí)40%+期末考試60%;考試：Ⅰ:英譯漢；Ⅱ:漢譯英；評分：忠實(shí)（正確）60%+通順（流暢）40%（8級例外）總論（Ch1）教材1-11頁Definitionoftranslation奈達(dá)說：“所謂翻譯，是指從語義到文體在譯語中用最切近而又最自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息”；目的是要促進(jìn)本語言社會的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化進(jìn)步，任務(wù)是要把原作品中包含的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的邏輯映象或藝術(shù)映象完好無損地從一種語言移注到另一種語言中去。Translateoruse?TobeabletocommunicateinEnglishdoesnotmeantobeabletotranslateit.Totranslateistointerpretthetargetinanother/translationlanguage.Tointerpretistounderstand/comprehendthemeaning(inallitssenses,incstyles).Tounderstandistoapplyallyourknowledge(ofthenature,life,the2languages).翻譯的過程理解表達(dá)校核

翻譯的基本技巧加注/釋義:增詞/減詞:轉(zhuǎn)換/歸化:切分/合并:翻譯史速覽見W文檔《中國翻譯史速覽》《西方翻譯史速覽》詞、句轉(zhuǎn)拆翻譯見word文檔：“不折騰;花哨;生活多姿多彩;當(dāng)心頭頂”+《譯技》

練習(xí)1:英語數(shù)字adropintheoceanwithinastone'sthrowkilltwobirdswithonestoneatsixesandsevensonsecondthoughtsbyonesandtwosTwoheadsarebetterthanone.Oneman'smeatisanotherman'spoison.I'llloveyouthreescoreandten.Tentoonehehasforgottenit.Hismarkinmathissecondtononeintheclass.SheisasecondLeiFeng.Theproductionhasincreasedfourtimesasagainst2002.Aluminumisalmostmorethanthreetimesaslightascopper.Theresistanceisreducedbyafactorof5.練習(xí)1:漢語數(shù)字二十左右一千以下將近一百華氏32度以上八百到九百三三兩兩好幾十幾萬數(shù)億數(shù)英里愛詞霸referenceI'vewarnedyoumanytimes.theworkbenchistenfeetwideandfivefeet；maximumrotationangleis120.thenewenginehasacapacityof4.3litres,asperminute4400,whenapowerkilowatts.thelistofvoters203817；nearly30,000avoterstookpartinthiselection.aclassofthetraditionalteachingmethod,aprofessorand20or30studentstomeeteverytwoorthreetimesaweek,astimeis45minutes.50應(yīng)用文體與翻譯（Ch2）教材13-20頁P(yáng)assingProcedures

Whenyoudecidethereissufficientclearroadaheadtopermitsafepassingyoushoulddothefollowing:·Lookforsignsandpavementmarking.Manytoadshavesignsandlanemarkingsthattellyouwhenyoucanorcannotpasssafelyundernormaldrivingconditions.·Lookaheadcarefullybeforeyoustarttopass.Checkforanyhazardsinthepassingarea.·Lookinyoursideandrear-viewmirrors.Makesuretherearenovehiclesabouttopassyouwhenyoustartyourmovelefttopass.·Beforepassing,givetheproperturnsignaltoshowyou’regoingtomoveintoanotherlane.Signalearlyenoughsootherswillknowyourintentionsinadvance.·Afterpassing,signalthatyouintendtoreturntoyourlane.·Returntotheproperlaneassoonaspossibleafterpassing.·Makesureyoucanseethefrontofthevehicleyoupassedinyourrear-viewmirrorbeforecuttingbackintothelane.應(yīng)用文翻譯重慶特種電機(jī)廠隸屬于重慶機(jī)電控股（集團(tuán)）公司，是原國家機(jī)械工業(yè)部在中國西南、西北地區(qū)的重點(diǎn)企業(yè)，專門生產(chǎn)冶金、起重用電機(jī)、防爆電機(jī)的國有全資企業(yè)。該企業(yè)生產(chǎn)電機(jī)已有50年的歷史，曾先后榮獲“重慶先進(jìn)管理單位”、“重慶市文明單位”、“省級先進(jìn)單位”、“四川省文明單位”、“四川省500強(qiáng)企業(yè)”、“中國電氣機(jī)械及器材制造500強(qiáng)企業(yè)”等稱號。續(xù)企業(yè)下設(shè)電機(jī)制造分廠，沖剪車間，工具機(jī)修車間，特種電機(jī)研究所、特種電機(jī)試驗(yàn)站和6個(gè)綜合管理科室。企業(yè)占地5.74萬平方米，其中生產(chǎn)占地3.95萬平方米，總建筑面積6.6萬平方米，其中生產(chǎn)建筑面積3.15萬平方米。企業(yè)現(xiàn)有職工1008人，其中工程師、技術(shù)及管理人員141人，大中專以上文化程度占全廠人數(shù)25.6%。企業(yè)擁有資產(chǎn)總額6.5千萬元，固定資產(chǎn)凈值2.607千萬元。企業(yè)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)實(shí)力雄厚，檢驗(yàn)檢測設(shè)備齊全、先進(jìn)，近年來，開發(fā)了一批具有國內(nèi)外先進(jìn)水平的高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品，有些還填補(bǔ)了國內(nèi)特種電機(jī)行業(yè)的空白，年生產(chǎn)特種電機(jī)能力為32萬千瓦。續(xù)企業(yè)產(chǎn)品分為4個(gè)主導(dǎo)系列和9個(gè)附屬系列，它們廣泛用于冶金、礦山、石油、化工、交通、建筑等行業(yè)，有些還與主機(jī)配套出口10多個(gè)國家和地區(qū)。企業(yè)先后為修建毛主席紀(jì)念堂、建設(shè)中國第一顆試驗(yàn)通信衛(wèi)星發(fā)射基地等項(xiàng)目，生產(chǎn)了專用防爆電機(jī)，因其特殊貢獻(xiàn)，曾多次受到黨中央、國務(wù)院和中央軍委的表彰。續(xù)廠長：馬光庭廠址：重慶市渝中區(qū)龍隱路48號電話：（023）63301536（廠部）（023）63301974（銷售部）傳真：（023）63301536（023）63300835郵編：4000431練習(xí)2:誤解句1.ThehouseisreallyA-1.2.Heboughtabaker'sdozenofbiscuits.3.Hewasacatinthepan.4.Acatmaylookataking.5.IsheaJonah?6.Jimisfondofaleapinthedark.7.Alittlebirdtoldmethenews.8.Angelaisamanofawoman.9.Nellieisamanofhisword.10.Hepaidamatterof1000yuan.continued11.Theseyouthsarefullofanimalspirits.12.Mr.SmithisanAmericanChinatrader.13.AlltheworldandhiswifeweresokindtoMarlin.14.Heropinionisallmyeye.15.Donnacansingafterafashion.16.WeshouldcallhimAdam.17.IonlyuseAccentforsoup.18.ColinisabsentinShanghai.19.Thesecommercialtransactionsareaboveboard.20.Brucewastakenupabovethesalt.continued21.TheABChopestosettleinChina.22.IsthereaworldofdifferencebetweenKennethandLouie?23.Hiswife'sgoingtogetavisitfromthestork.24.Glenspentasmallfortuneonatourroundtheworld.25.Sheisanoseofwax.練習(xí)3：正確地道漢譯英聽君一席話，勝讀十年書。他總能逢兇化吉，遇難呈祥。茫茫人海，你能嫁給我難道不是緣分嗎？世界格局已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。我們不能出賣我們的國格，不能出賣我們的人民。任何問題都要講道理。不讓中國加入WTO實(shí)在沒有道理。把改革的力度、發(fā)展的速度和社會的承受程度統(tǒng)一起來！深圳經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)發(fā)揮了很好的窗口作用和輻射作用。這個(gè)數(shù)字雖然已經(jīng)擠掉了一些水分，但仍有水分。他們沒有把談判內(nèi)容向你們公布，只是向你們吹吹風(fēng)。練習(xí)4：英漢對比譯1就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。（增詞）IfonlyIcouldseetherealizationofthefourmodernizations.（增詞）中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護(hù)工作。（減詞）

我們學(xué)院受教委和市政府的雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。（轉(zhuǎn)換）ToomuchexposuretoTVprogramswilldogreatharmtotheeyesightofchildren.（轉(zhuǎn)換）同中國加強(qiáng)合作，符合美國的利益。（轉(zhuǎn)換）IwishtothankyoufortheincomparablehospitalityforwhichtheChinesepeoplearejustlyfamousthroughouttheworld.（轉(zhuǎn)換）無論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學(xué)生。（正反譯）

練習(xí)4：英漢對比譯2無論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學(xué)生。（正反譯）

Atthismoment,throughthewonderoftelecommunications,morepeopleareseeingandhearingwhatwesaythanonanyotheroccasionsinthewholehistoryoftheworld.（倒置）改革開放以來，中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

YouaretherepresentativeofacountryandofacontinenttowhichChinafeelsparticularlyclose.

使我們走到一起的，是我們有超越這些分歧的共同利益。HowcantheEuropeanUnioncontributetothedevelopmentofaEuropeanfilmandtelevisionprogramindustrywhichiscompetitiveintheworldmarket,forward-lookingandcapableofradiatingtheinfluenceofEuropeancultureandofcreatingjobsinEurope?練習(xí)5:+-浪漫兩行詩Mydarling,mylover,mybeautifulwife,Marryingyouhasscrewedupmylife.IseeyourfacewhenIamdreaming.That’swhyIalwayswakeupscreaming.Lovemaybebeautiful,lovemaybebliss,ButIonlysleptwithyou’causeIwaspissed.IthoughtthatIcouldlovenoother,---thatisuntilImetyourbrother.continued5.Iwanttofeelyoursweetembrace,Butdon’ttakethatpaperbagoffyourface.6.Iloveyoursmile,yourface,andyoureyes,I’mgoodattellinglies!7.Mylove,youtakemybreathaway,Whathaveyousteppedintosmellthisway?8.你是天上的天鵝，我是地上的癩蛤蟆；你在天上飛，我在地上爬。練習(xí)6:巧翻長難句1.PresidentGeorgeBushhasrejectedthetreaty,callingitunfairinallowingdevelopingcountries–suchasChina,IndiaandBrazil—tocarryonemittinggreenhousegasesunabatedwhilerichcountriesmustcuttheirs.2.Yesterday,IraqisgotaglimpseofwhatlifewithoutSaddamHusseinmayhold,asprotestsandpolitickingmarkedthefirstdayofmeetingstodecidethecountry’sfate.3.TheU.S.almostcertainlywillhavedepartedfromThailandwherethegovernmenthasdeclaredU.S.forcesunwelcomeandfromTaiwanwhichtheU.S.shouldevacuateunderthetermsoftheU.S.-ChineseShanghaiCommuniquéof1972.continued4.“Neitherbelievenorrejectanything,becauseanyotherpersonhasrejectedorbelievedit…”5.Acrossallcontinents,nearlyabillionpeopleseek,sometimesalmostdesperation,fortheskillsandknowledgeandassistancebywhichtheymaysatisfyfromtheirownresources,thematerialwantscommontoallmankind.6.TypicalofthegrasslanddwellersofthecontinentistheAmericanantelope,orpronghorn.練習(xí)7:句子變譯1.Onlythreecustomersremainedinthebar.2.I'llbehereforgoodthistime.3.PleasekeepthefireburningwhenI'mout.

4."Wait,heisserious."5."Now,Clara,befirmwiththeboy!"6.Thetravellerinthesouthmustoftenhaveremarkedthatpeculiarairofrefinement,thatsoftnessofvoiceandmanner,whichseemsinmanycasestobeaparticulargifttothequotationandmulattowomen.continued7."...ononesunshinymorninginJune,..."8.Whenhemightwellhaveactedwithboldness,hefoundhimselffilledwithdoubts,scruplesandequivocations,inadditiontotheordinaryfearsofalover.9."George,I'mashamedofyou!George,Icouldn'thavebelievedyouwouldhavedoneit!Ialwaysknewyoutobearollingstonethatgatherednomoss;butIneverthoughtyouwouldhavetakenawaywhatlittlemosstherewasforBagnetandthechildrentolieupon,"saidMrs.Bagnet.continued10.ItisquiteuselesstoaskwhetherVanderbiltwascriminallyprosecutedorcivillysuedbytheGovernment.Notonlywasheunmolested,buttwoyearslater,hecarriedonanotherhugeswindleupontheGovernmentunderpeculiarlyheinousconditions.11.Anewdignitycreptintohiswalk.12."Whenyourgalstakesonandcry,what'stheuseofcrackingonthemoverthehead,andknockingonthemround?"continued13.HisdelegationagreedwiththeExecutiveDirectorthatthefundshouldcontinueworkingforabetterunderstandingoftheinterrelationshipbetweeneconomic,socialanddemographicfactors.功能目的論與應(yīng)用翻譯（Ch3）教材22-33頁語言功能（PeterNewmark)1信息功能(informativefunction)2表情功能(expressivefunction)3祈使功能(vocativefunction)4美感功能(aestheticfunction)5酬應(yīng)功能(phaticfunction)6元語言功能(metalingualfunction)

目的論(Skopostheory)

翻譯“目的論”是由德國功能派學(xué)者Vermeer和ChristianeNord提出來的?！澳康恼摗钡暮诵氖恰澳康臎Q定手段”(thetranslationpurposejustifiesthetranslationprocess….“theendjustifiesthemeans”目的論是(旅游)翻譯的指導(dǎo)性理論。(旅游)宣傳資料的目的是傳播文化，吸引讀者，讓讀者看懂、聽懂、讀懂。翻譯中應(yīng)注意語言差異意義語境和引申(ContextualandExtendedMeaning)文字重復(fù)和簡練(RepetitionandSuccinctness)主語省略和增添(SubjectlessnessandtheSubject)語態(tài)被動和主動(PassiveandActiveVoices)句子意合與形合(ParataxisandHypotaxis)結(jié)構(gòu)分割與合并(StructuralDividingandJoining)翻譯中應(yīng)注意文化差異價(jià)值觀念的差異思維方式的差異審美情趣的差異翻譯原則“以文化為取向；以譯文為重點(diǎn)。”（張寧）以文化為取向，就是盡量保留文化信息，盡量多地宣傳文化，因?yàn)榱私馕幕亲x者的重要目的，而翻譯的主要目的就是促進(jìn)文化交流。所謂以譯文為重點(diǎn)，即指翻譯（旅游）資料時(shí)，既要忠實(shí)于原文又不拘泥于原文。要從譯文讀者的角度出發(fā)，對信息進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整，讓他們好讀好懂。譯品的類型（Ch4）教材35-57頁：全譯節(jié)譯改譯編譯摘（要）譯經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯（Ch6）教材94-113頁練習(xí)8：經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯成都高爾夫俱樂部球場建設(shè)施工合同書一．合同雙方成都高爾夫俱樂部有限公司（以下簡稱甲方）香港高爾夫工程有限公司（以下簡稱乙方）二.合同宗旨根據(jù)《中華人民共和國經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法》，甲方現(xiàn)將成都高爾夫俱樂部球場整體施工委托給乙方。為明確雙方的權(quán)利、義務(wù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，經(jīng)雙方協(xié)商，特簽訂本合同。三．工程概況1.工程名稱：成都高爾夫俱樂部18洞國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高爾夫球場2.工程地點(diǎn)：成都武侯區(qū)童家溪鎮(zhèn)3.本工程執(zhí)行雙方確認(rèn)的施工技術(shù)規(guī)范，并將其作為工程驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。四．工期要求本工程應(yīng)于2000年6月30日前交付使用。如遇以下情況工期可順延：a．甲乙雙方認(rèn)定的工程設(shè)計(jì)重大改變;b．人力不可抗拒的自然災(zāi)害。五.承包方式本工程為整體承包工程,即在工程完工時(shí),甲方認(rèn)為全部設(shè)施及工程符合球場正常營業(yè)使用要求后,本合同所包括的工程才可認(rèn)為正式完成。六．支付方式和結(jié)算辦法本工程款固定額為5，500萬元人民幣。本合同簽訂后，乙方應(yīng)向甲方提交由省級銀行提供的建設(shè)工期保證書。若乙方未按時(shí)完成工程，甲方有權(quán)向該銀行索取150萬元的工程保證金；本合同簽訂后7天內(nèi)，甲方向乙方支付相當(dāng)于工程款總額1%的預(yù)付款，即人民幣55萬元；在工程施工期間，乙方應(yīng)按月向甲方書面匯報(bào)工程進(jìn)度，甲方應(yīng)按月向乙方支付工程款項(xiàng)；工程全面完工并經(jīng)雙方驗(yàn)收合格后，甲方將工程款支付到工程款總額的90%；其余的10%作為質(zhì)量保證金，待交工后經(jīng)過一年使用并未出現(xiàn)質(zhì)量問題，甲方應(yīng)將質(zhì)量保證金一次付清。七．竣工驗(yàn)收工程全部完工后，乙方應(yīng)提前15天以書面形式將驗(yàn)收日期通知甲方；竣工驗(yàn)收不合格時(shí)，甲方應(yīng)以書面形式向乙方指出。乙方應(yīng)及時(shí)組織返工，直到驗(yàn)收合格為止；竣工驗(yàn)收合格后，甲方向乙方出具驗(yàn)收合格證書；竣工驗(yàn)收合格后，乙方向甲方進(jìn)行工程移交。八．違約責(zé)任本合同簽字生效后，由于甲乙任何一方責(zé)任造成合同終止，違約方應(yīng)向守約方支付合同總額5%的違約金；工程施工過程中，若甲方未能按期如數(shù)向乙方支付各期工程款項(xiàng)，乙方有權(quán)暫時(shí)中止施工，直至應(yīng)付款項(xiàng)付清為止；由此導(dǎo)致的工期延誤責(zé)任由甲方承擔(dān)，工期順延；由于政府收回土地或其他不可抗拒的原因?qū)е鹿こ探K止，雙方均不承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。九．附則本合同一式四份，甲乙雙方各執(zhí)二份；本合同自雙方簽字蓋章之日起生效；工程全部竣工驗(yàn)收并保修期滿結(jié)算清款項(xiàng)后失效；本合同條款及術(shù)語根據(jù)《中華人民共和國經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法》及其它相應(yīng)法律規(guī)定解釋；本合同未盡事宜，經(jīng)雙方協(xié)商后修改或補(bǔ)充，補(bǔ)充合同與本合同具有同等法律效力，補(bǔ)充合同與本合同內(nèi)容發(fā)生沖突時(shí)，以補(bǔ)充合同為準(zhǔn)；在執(zhí)行合同過程中若發(fā)生爭議，雙方應(yīng)本著實(shí)事求是的原則協(xié)商解決；協(xié)商不成時(shí)，可提交項(xiàng)目所在地權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)仲裁。（經(jīng)貿(mào)）+廣告翻譯（Ch9）教材179-211頁AdvertisingEnglishSellingpower:memory,attention,readability;loaded,persuasive;Colloquialwordsforfamiliarity,intimacyandsolidarity;literarywordsforelegance;adjcommendatorymodifiers;shortwds/cmpnds/cngs;“we/you”;Simplestructure;withoutvb;lowrateofpassive,pasttenses;heavyuseofimperative,interrogative&compound&ellipticalsntnc;Heavyuseofgraphicdeviation;Semanticdeviationforimage/theme;Rhetoricaldevices.練習(xí)9廣告FORWORLDWIDEMEDIADECISIONS…LEADFROMSTRENGH.

《力量》給你力量，讓你引航全球媒體Weeeeee’reBaaack.老車?yán)希宪嚮貋砹薃nimportantwordfromIBM.Small.IBM電腦——小巧Howdoyougeteveryoneworkinginconcert?用協(xié)和，您的音樂會團(tuán)隊(duì)更和諧續(xù)·Ifyouthinkclothesdon’tmakeadifference,trywalkingdownthestreetwithoutany.高檔衣、低擋衣，你敢不敢不穿衣？.IfPurinaChowsdon’tmakeyourhenslay,theyareroosters.吃純巧飼料，公雞幫母雞下蛋EchofromthepastSoundofthefuture前可聽古人后可聽來者Kooliscool!

酷煙的確酷！旅游翻譯（Ch10）教材214-242頁“旅游涉及多種學(xué)科，面廣且‘雜’。從自然科學(xué)到社會科學(xué)，從天文地理到風(fēng)土人情，甚至文化娛樂、吃穿用住，真可謂無所不包，無所不有。因此，旅游資料也涉及多種知識，多種體裁?！保ㄍ踔慰奥糜螌?shí)用文種類很多，包括與旅游有關(guān)的書信、廣告、旅游日程安排及旅游條件書、旅游景點(diǎn)介紹、通知、電訊、有關(guān)合同、講話等。其中多數(shù)可劃為其他文體?！保惡贽保┞糜涡麄髻Y料的特點(diǎn)體裁多樣：描寫、記敘、說明兼而有之功能多重：具有信息功能、美感功能和祈使功能內(nèi)涵豐富：承載大量文化信息，具有明顯的文化特征文學(xué)性強(qiáng)：旅游文學(xué)豐富多彩（有關(guān)名勝古跡的詩詞曲賦、佳句楹聯(lián)、傳說掌故、散文游記等數(shù)不勝數(shù)）旅游翻譯的方法（I）直譯音譯直譯加意譯意譯旅游翻譯的方法（II）增譯刪譯轉(zhuǎn)譯改寫增譯（包括“解釋”）增譯。翻譯旅游資料要求有針對性，是向游客介紹一國的風(fēng)景名勝。其中有許多民族傳統(tǒng)文化色彩濃厚的東西，在本國婦孺皆知，但翻譯時(shí)要增添理解原文內(nèi)容所必需的背景知識，如：歷史事件發(fā)生的年代，名人的生卒年代，他們的身份及其在歷史上的貢獻(xiàn)，名勝的具體位置等等以幫助譯入語游客更好地理解。解釋是指增加的部分是對字、詞、句的字面意思的解釋。對原文行文風(fēng)格的改寫（避虛就實(shí)）漢語和英語在行文風(fēng)格和修辭上存在較大的差異。漢語旅游資料中有許多華麗辭藻懸、四字詞組只是為了音韻的和諧和渲染氣氛，并無多大實(shí)際意義，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)該調(diào)整措辭，將這些虛華之詞用明白曉暢的語言重新表述，使譯文通達(dá)流暢，符合英文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，增強(qiáng)譯文的可讀性，也更利于外國游客和讀者的理解和接受。旅游翻譯首先應(yīng)該以旅游者為導(dǎo)向（tourist-oriented）,讓他們聽懂、看懂、讀懂。如果遇到非常主觀性的描述語言，如“重巒疊嶂”、“廣袤無垠”、“分外妖嬈”、“美不勝收”、“爭奇斗艷”、“千姿百態(tài)”等等，可以簡單概括一下。這就是改寫。（反之也然）練習(xí)10:旅游文化文學(xué)1Cultureoperatesbothvisiblyandinvisiblytoinfluencethesubstanceofnegotiationsandtheperformanceoftheeventualcontract.Itisthereforenecessaryforanexportertohaveknowledgeofboththeforeigncultureandthenegotiatingprocessinthatculture.Thisincludesfamiliaritywiththespokenlanguageandwithbodylanguage(thatis,typicalgestures);knowledgeofthecountry’ssocialcustomsandformalities;awarenessofthedegreetowhichsubtlenessor,inversely,directnessinformaltalks;knowledgeofthedegreetowhichcompromiseisacceptableforreachingafinalaccord;understandingofthedecision-makingprocessinthecounterpartcompany;andawarenessofthesanctityoforalversuswrittencontacts.練習(xí)10:旅游文化文學(xué)2Byacareer-resilientworkforce,wemeanagroupofemployeeswhonotonlyarededicatedtotheideaofcontinuouslearningbutalsostandreadytoreinventthemselvestokeeppacewithchange;whotakeresponsibilityfortheirowncareermanagement;and,lastbutnotleast,whoarecommittedtothecompany’ssuccess.Foreachindividual,thismeansstayingknowledgeableaboutmarkettrendsandunderstandingtheskillsandbehaviorsthecompanywillneeddowntheroad.Itmeansbeingawareofone’sownskills–ofone’sstrengthsandweaknesses–andhavingaplanforenhancingone’sperformanceandlong-termemployability.Itmeanshavingthewillingnessandabilitytorespondquicklyandflexiblytochangingbusinessneeds.Anditmeansmovingonwhenawin-winrelationshipisnolongerpossible.練習(xí)10:旅游文化文學(xué)3Bangkok’strafficisamongtheworstintheworld,andhasblightedthelivesofthecity’s8millionpeople.Schoolchildrenhavetoleavehomebeforedawnandmanycommutersspendmorethanthreehoursontheroadaday.TheThaiFarmersBankResearchCenterestimatesthattrafficcongestioncoststhecountryabout$2.3billionayearinlostproductivity,healthproblemsandwastedfuel.Ithasalsoscaredoffforeigninvestorsanddiscouragedtourists.Anyrealreliefisstillalongwayoff.ExpertssayitwilltakemanyyearstountietheGordianknotofBangkok’strafficwoes,thelegacyofdecadesofpoorplanningandpoliticalsquabbling.練習(xí)10:旅游文化文學(xué)4

立體畫廊長江三峽“朝辭白帝彩云間，千里江陵一日還。兩岸猿聲啼不住，輕舟已過萬重山。”唐代大詩人李白放歌三峽，留韻千秋長江三峽西起奉節(jié)白帝城，東至湖北宜昌南津關(guān)。沿途兩岸奇峰陡立，峭壁對峙，自西向東依次為瞿塘峽、巫峽、西陵峽。三峽千姿百態(tài)，各具魅力，以瞿塘雄、巫峽秀、西陵險(xiǎn)而馳名。巫山境內(nèi)，則有流晶滴翠的大寧河小三峽、馬渡河小小三峽。長江沿線重慶境內(nèi)，還有建筑風(fēng)格奇特的石寶寨、有“巴蜀勝境”之稱的張飛廟、蜀漢皇帝劉備的托孤堂、有“云貴川叢林佛家圣地”之尊的雙桂堂、地球上最早的人類“巫山猿人”遺址等，是集旅游觀光、科考懷古、藝術(shù)鑒賞、文化研究、民俗采風(fēng)、建筑考察等為一體的著名旅游風(fēng)景區(qū)。三峽工程建成蓄水后，高峽平湖的景觀將使三峽庫區(qū)成為全國最大的國家級公園，重慶也將成為國內(nèi)最大的旅游觀光度假勝地?？萍挤g（Ch5）教材63-90頁

Theheart,whichisamuscularpump,beatsabout72timesaminutethroughacontinuousandautomaticprocessofmuscularcontractionandrelaxation.Itisaboutthesizeofafist,weightabout9-11ouncesandisplacedsnuglybetweenthelungs,alittlemoretotheleftthantotheright.Apartitionrunsdownthecenteroftheheart,dividingitintoleftandrightsectionswhichworkatthesametimebutdealwithtwodifferenttypesofblood.Eachsectionisagaindividedintoupperandlowerparts,theauriclesandventricles.Thebloodispumpedthroughallfourchambersinturninthecourseofbeingcirculatedthroughallpartsofthebody.Theheart’sfirstpurposeistosupplyasteadyflowofoxygentoallthebodycellsandtoreturncarbondioxidetothelungs.Onitsjourneytheblooddistributesdissolvedfoodsandcarriesawaywastes.Twolargeveinspourthedark,usedbloodintothefirstchamber,therightauricle,whichpassesitintothechamberbelow,therightventricle.Themusclesurroundingthispartcontractsinabeatthatpushesthebloodintothelungswherethecarbondioxideisremovedandreplacedwithvitaloxygen.Meanwhilefreshscarletbloodfromthelungsenterstheleftauricletobetransferredtotheleftventricle.Fromthereitisforcedbythecontractingmusclethroughavalveintotheaorta,thebody’slargestarterywhichdistributesitalloverthebody.Theheartbeatsabout100,000timesevery24hoursandpushesseveralquartsofbloodthroughmilesofarteries,veinsandcapillaries.Ahealthyheartkeepsthisupforalifetimewithoutfaltering.練習(xí)11：科技與社科Lexicographyprovidesatitsbestajoyfulsenseofbusynesswithlanguage.Oneisimmersedinthelanguageasinnootherfield.Sometimesthedetailsaresooverwhelmingandendlesstheysapthespiritanddepressthemind.Oftenattheendofahardday’sworkonerealizeswithdismaythatthemeagerstackoffinishedworkonehasaccomplishedhasanimmeasurablyslightimpactontheworkasawhole.Butthesimplefact,notwidelyappreciated,isthatdictionariesaremadebywriters.AsIhopethereadersofthisworkwillcometounderstand,dictionariesdonotsprintintobeing.Peoplemustplanthem,collectinformation,andwritethem.Writingtakestime,anditisoftenfrustratingandeveninfuriating.Nootherformofwritingisatoncesoquixoticandsointenselypractical.法律翻譯（Ch7）（略）教材118-135頁（報(bào)刊）新聞翻譯（Ch8）教材140-177頁（報(bào)刊）政論翻譯（Ch11）教材245-263頁WrittenEnglishNews1Type:硬新聞（簡訊1-event、電訊稿agency）、中間（通訊full,literary、特寫feature、新聞評論editorial）、軟新聞periodicalessayABC:Accurate,Brief,Clear;fun/rhetorical,on-the-spot,objective,eye-catching,plain-reporting(fact,number,quote,subordin);-judging,-vague,-“most/all”;SemanStruct:headline+lead+body;Graphdevi:headliningarrangement;elliptical,phrasalheadlines;5-elementlead:who,what,when,where,whyorhow;Inverted-pyramidbody:anticlimax/chronolo;WrittenEnglishNews2Lexically-catchy:short(eye),daily(back),vivid(hawk),meta(snowball),exagg(skyrocket),specialized(UPI,ABC),shortened(nuke,biz),foreign(blitz),slang(nuts),jargon(O-level),new(old-base/transfer(trauma),nonce(Xerocracy),analogy(oilwise,teach-in)),phrase(goinfor)andabortion;warofwords;ban,bid,voice,boost,deal,showdown;the3I’s,steel-collar,outscore,-gate,netizen;pic,narc,mike,gym,vetWrittenEnglishNews3Syntactically-catchy:simpleexpanded(stshort)+alltypes,heav-modified/phrasalized,pre-nominal/compoundmodifier(week-long,cease-fire,40-year-old);ellipt“that,冠詞，系詞，代詞，助動詞，介詞”;逗號代連詞;tense-varying;passive-voice;dash-parenthesis;post-“sb.said”;rhetorical;Butthereisanotherlessonofthe1930s.Itisthatalthoughcapitalismsurvivesitiscapableofretreatingbehindaprotectionistshell,atgreatcosttoglobalprosperity.Thisisarealdangertoday.The“BuyAmerican”provisionsinPresidentBarackObama'sfiscalboostareanominoussign.Theimpulsetoresorttoprotectionwheneconomichardshipsuddenlystrikesis,ofcourse,alwayspresent.Butthereistodayadangerousnewfactorwhichmagnifiesthethreat.TheleadersofsomeofAmerica'slargestcorporationshavealreadyjoinedupwithorganisedlabour(theAFL-CIO)tourgeCongresstoimposetariffsagainstimportsfromcountries(suchasChina,forexample)whichareunderstandablyunwillingtobeartheheavycostsofanobligationtocurbtheircarbondioxideemissions.ThereisconsiderablesupportinEurope,notablywithintheEuropeanCommissionandinFrance,forasimilarapproach.練習(xí)12:報(bào)刊新聞?wù)揟hatcapitalismhasbeenshown,inpractice,tobeendemicallyflawedshouldcomeasnosurprise.Thatisthenatureofmankind.Whatismoreimportantisthathistory,notablythehistoryoftheworldafterthesecondworldwar,hasdemonstratedbeyonddisputethateveryothersystemofeconomicorganizationisfarworse.Socapitalismbothdeservestosurvive,andwillsurvive,justasitdidaftertheevengreatereconomicdisasterofthe1930s.Itisessential,bothintheUSandinEurope,thatthisisresolutelyrejected.Thefirstandmostimportantrequirementforthefutureofcapitalismisthepreservationofglobalisation,andthemassivebenefitsitconfersonmankind,inparticularinthedevelopingworld.Thereare,inevitably,costsofglobalisation;buttheyarehugelyoutweighedbythebenefits.Soresistancetoprotection,whateverargumentsmaybeusedinitsfavour,mustberigorouslymaintained.Noristhisanexclusivelyeconomicargument.Itisamoralimperative,aswell.Moreover,atradewarwithChinacouldwellhaveunpredictable,andpotentiallyhighlydamaging,politicalconsequences.Sotheredoesneedtobeachangetothebankingsystem.Inanutshell,weneedtoreturn,inallmajorfinancialcenters,totheseparationofcommercialbankingfrominvestmentbankingthatwasenforcedintheUSunderthe1933Glass-SteagallAct,untilitwasrepealedbyPresidentBillClintoninthe1990s.Thisisallthemoreimportantsincewenowliveinanageinwhichtheacquisitionofwealthappearstocountformorethanreputation.Butwillcapitalismneedtochangeinthefuture?Again,thelessonofhistoryisthattheansweris“notreally”.Theeconomiccycleisendemicandinescapable,andeveryone(withtheexceptionofprimeministerGordonBrown)hasalwaysknownthis.Whatthecurrentcrisisdoesunderline,however,isthatacyclicaldownturnassociatedwithacollapseofthebankingsystemisbyanorderofmagnitudeworsethananormalcyclicaldownturn.Achievingthiswillnotbeeasyorpopularinbankingcircles,butitcanbedone.Wehavetimetogetitright:thisisnotfirefighting,butfireproofing.練習(xí)13：文學(xué)與8級1

adversityComfortandprosperityhaveneverenrichedtheworldasmuchasadversityhas.Outofpainandproblemshavecomethesweetestsongs,andthemostgrippingstory.Ourburdenscanhavethesameeffectonourlives.AsChristiansfacestormsofadversity,theymayrisemorebeauty.Theyareliketreesthatgrowonmountainridges—batteredbywinds,yettreesinwhichwefindthestrongestwood.練習(xí)13：文學(xué)與8級2TheFallofFreddietheLeafSpringhadpassed.SohadSummer.Freddietheleafh