語言學(xué)考試總結(jié)

語言學(xué)考試總結(jié)(1).語言學(xué)考試總結(jié)(1)./語言學(xué)考試總結(jié)(1).Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thedesignfeatureoflanguage:arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement.注意arbitrariness,duality這兩個。Arbitrarinessmeanstheformsoflinguisticsignsbearsnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/.還有三個特色，看一下。Mainbranchesoflinguistics:Phonetics(語音學(xué))，Phonology(音系學(xué))，Morphology(形態(tài)學(xué))，Syntax（句法學(xué)），Semantics（語義學(xué)），Pragmatics（語用學(xué)）Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.SyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.Macrolinguistics(宏觀語言學(xué))Psycholinguistics（心理語言學(xué)）注意定義(investigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample)，Sociolinguistics（社會語言學(xué)），Anthropologicallinguistics(人類語言學(xué))，Computationallinguistics(計算機語言學(xué)).Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics:(理解)Descriptivevs.Prescriptive(描繪式/規(guī)定式):thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Synchronicvs.Diachronic:(共時/歷時):synchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation;diachroniclinguisticsisstudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.Languevs.Parole（language/speaking語言/語言）:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistic.Competencevs.Performance(語言能力/語言運用):alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence,andperformancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.Phonetics（語音學(xué)）studieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandperceived.ThethreebranchesofPhonetics：ArticulatoryPhonetics(發(fā)音語音學(xué))發(fā)展最成熟，AcousticPhonetics（聲學(xué)語音學(xué)），AuditoryPhonetics（聽覺語音學(xué)）Phonology（音系學(xué)）studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofthesyllables.IPAInternationalPhoneticAlphabetConsonants(輔音)：theMannerofArticulation(發(fā)音方式)、thePlaceofArticulation（發(fā)音部位）（這部分理解，各考一個）看課本35頁到37頁輔音和元音的發(fā)音規(guī)則表發(fā)音方式：（八種）Stop/Plosive(塞音/爆破音)：Completeclosureofthearticulators(發(fā)音器官)isinvolvedsothattheairstreamcannotescapethroughthemouth./p,b,t,d,k,g/Nasal(鼻音nasalstop)：Theairisstoppedintheoralcavity(口腔)butthesoftpalate（軟腭）isdownsothatitcangooutthroughthenasalcavity（鼻腔）/m,n,n/.Fricative（摩擦音）：Africativeisproducedwhenthereiscloseapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheairstreamispartiallyobstructed(阻截)andturbulent(不堅固的)airflowisproduced./f,v,Approximant(近音)：Thisisanarticulationinwhichonearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltract（聲道）beingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamisproduced./w,r,j/Lateral(邊音)：Theobstructionoftheairstreamisatapointalongthecenteroftheoraltract,withincompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth./l/Trill(顫音)Atrillisproducedwhenanarticulatorissetvibratingbytheairstream./r/Tap/Flap(觸音/閃音):Whenthetonguemakesasingletapagainstthealveolarridge（齒齦）toproduceonlyonevibration,thesoundiscalledatap.Theflapispronouncedwiththetipofthetonguecurledup（卷著）andbackinaretroflex(卷舌)gestureandthenstrikingtheroofofthemouthinthepost-alveolar（后齒齦）regionasitreturnstoitspositionbehindthelowerfrontteeth.Affricate(塞擦音/破擦音):Affricatesinvolvemorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulationinthattheyconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricative(摩擦音)atthesameplaceofarticulation.發(fā)音部位：（十一個）Bilabial（雙唇音）：Madewiththetwolips./p,b,m//w/(we)Labiodental(唇齒音)：Madewiththelowerlipandtheupperfrontteeth./f,v/Dental(齒音):Madebythetonguetiporblade（舌葉）andtheupperfrontteeth.Alveolar(齒齦音):Madewiththetonguetiporbladeandthealveolarridge.Post-alveolar(后齒齦音):Madewiththetonguetipandthebackofthealveolarridge.Retroflex（卷舌音）：Madewiththetonguetiporbladecurledback（卷曲）sothattheundersideofthetonguetiporbladeformsastricturewiththebackofthealveolarridgeorthehardpalate(硬腭).Palatal（硬腭音）：Madewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate.Velar（軟腭音）：Madewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.Uvular（小舌音）：Madewiththebackofthetongueandtheuvula,theshortprojectionofsofttissue（軟組織）andmuscleattheposteriorendofthevelum(軟腭).Pharyngeal(咽音)：Madewiththerootofthetongueandthewallofthepharynx(咽).Glottal(聲門音/喉音)：Madewiththetwopiecesofvocalfolds(聲帶)pushedtowardseachother.Vowelscardinalvowels(基本元音),pure/monophthongvowels（單元音）,vowelglides（滑元音）,diphthongs（雙元音/ai/）,triphthongs（三合元音/aie/）Broadtranscription(寬式標(biāo)音)：Usesimpleandcommonsymbolsfortheunusualsymbols.Narrowtranscription(嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音）:Usemorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetail.Phoneme（音素）Minimal

pairs(最小對峙體

)針對元音音素

/i://i/(beat/bit)/ei//ai/(tale/tile)Allophones(音位變體)：(Thevariationinthepronunciationofphonemeindifferentpositionsiscalledallophonyorallophonicvariation.)aphoneticvariantofphoneme.e.g./p/peak,speak.Assimilation(同化):aprocessthatonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.nasalization（鼻音化/kait//kain/

），dentalization（齒音化

/tent/--/ten），

velarization（軟腭化），regressiveassimilation(逆同化

)

，

progressiveassimilation（順同化）Dissimilation（異化）Morpheme(詞素)isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordramaticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Morphology（形態(tài)學(xué)/詞形學(xué)）studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Typesofmorphemes:Freemorpheme(自由詞素dog,close，nation),boundmorpheme（粘著詞素dis-,-ed）,root(詞根internationalnation;friendshipsfriend),affix(詞綴),stem（詞干friendshipsfriendship）,inflectionalaffix(曲折詞素friendshipss)，derivationalaffix（派生詞素reciterecitationrecital）Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem),soaffixisnaturallybound.Prefix(前綴):para-,mini-,un-舉比方unconscious，minibus等Suffix（后綴）:-ise,-tion,-ismInfix（中綴）:abso-blooming-lutelyLexicalChangeProper:Invention(發(fā)明法),Blending（混成發(fā)）,Abbreviation（縮寫法advertisementad）,Acronym（縮略法WTOWorldTradeOrganization）,Back-formation（逆構(gòu)詞法）,Analogicalcreation（類推構(gòu)詞）,Borrowing（借詞法）。ImmediateConstituentAnalysis（直接成分分析法）treediagram(樹形圖)Coordination(并列and,but,or)Subordination（從屬）Subject(主語)Predicate（述謂）ThemeAhemeEmbeddedsentence(嵌入句)compoundsentence(并列復(fù)合句)Particle(小品詞up,down,in)TheReferentialTheory(指稱論)主張這一理論的代表人物是Plato（柏拉圖）Synonymy（同義詞）isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.Antonymy（反義詞）isthenameforoppositenessrelation.Hyponymy(上下義關(guān)系)isarelationbetweentwowords,inwhichthemeaningofoneword(thesuperordinate上位詞)includesthemeaningofanotherword(thehyponym下位詞).CognitiveLinguisticsisanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970sasarecreationagainstthedominantgenerativeparadigmwhichpursuesanautonomousviewoflanguage.Itreferstothebranchoflinguisticsthatinterpretslanguageintermsoftheconcepts,sometimesuniversal,sometimesspecifictoaparticulartongue,whichunderlieits