2020北師大版必修一語法綜合講義-unit1

2020北師大版必修一語法綜合講義UnitoneLifechoice一.-ed/ingAdjectives本p，）-edadjectivUAdjectivesthatend‘-ed’describeemotions-theytellushowpeoplefeelaboutsomething.Iwasveryboredinthemathslesson.Ialmostfellasleep.HewassurprisedtoseeHelen.She'dtoldhimshewasgoingtoAustralia.Feelingtiredanddepressed,hewenttobed.-ingadjectivesterrifying.Adjectivesthatend'-ing,describethethingthatcausestheemotion-aboringlessonmakesyoufeelerestingpeopleI,veevermet.Haveyouseenthatfilm?It,sabsolutelyinterestingpeopleI,veevermet.Icouldlistentohimforhours.He,soneofthemostRememberthatpeoplecanbeIcan,teatthis!It,sdisgusting!Whatisit?Rememberthatpeoplecanbeboringbutonlyiftheymakeotherpeoplefeelbored.Hetalksabouttheweatherforhours.He,ssoboring.Verb -edAdjective -ingAdjectivetotire tired tiringtoexcite tosurprise tointerest tochallenge tosatisfy 十五組形容詞:encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged受到鼓舞的interesting有趣的interested感興趣的astonishing令人驚呆的astonished驚呆的surprising令人驚奇的surprised感到好奇的moving令人感動(dòng)的moved感動(dòng)的frightening令人害怕的frightened害怕的terrifying令人恐懼terrified感到恐懼的puzzling令人困惑不解的puzzled感到困惑的satisfying令人滿意的satisfied感到滿意的tiring令人厭倦的tired感到厭煩的amazing令人驚訝的amazed感到驚訝的boring令人討厭的bored感到厭煩的exciting令人興奮的excited感到激動(dòng)的touching觸動(dòng)人心的touched感動(dòng)的embarrassing令人尷尬的embarrassed尷尬的【以-ing和-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞用法】.作表語。(1)以-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征，通常意為“令人……的、使人……的”。e.g.Thestoryismoving.這個(gè)故事是令人感動(dòng)的。Thebookisinteresting.這本書是令人感興趣。

（2）以-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞則表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到……的”。e.g.Tomisverytired. Tom感到非常累。Heissosurprised,他感到非常吃驚。.作定語（1）以-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞表示所修飾的名詞具有的特征。Thisisaninterestinggame.這是一個(gè)很有趣的游戲。（2）以-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞表示所修飾的名詞所處的狀態(tài)。Thetiredboywantstonothing.這個(gè)感到疲勞的男孩不想說話?！疽?ing和-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞的區(qū)別】.以-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞通常用于說明人，不用于說明事物；即使它們所修飾的名詞是事物，那他們指的也是與該事物相關(guān)的人：Hehadapleasedsmileonhisface, 他臉上露出了滿意的笑容。Hetoldmethenewsinaveryexcitedvoice,他（聲音）很激動(dòng)地告訴了我這個(gè)消息。第一句中的apleasedsmile意為“滿意的笑容”，它指的是某人因感到滿意發(fā)出的微笑；第二句中的averyexcitedvoice指的是“很激動(dòng)的聲音”，指的是“某人因很激動(dòng)而發(fā)出那樣的聲音”。原則上，-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞通常直接用于說明人，若修飾事物則多為expression（神態(tài)）、appearance（外貌）、cry（哭聲）、face（表情）、voice（聲音）、mood（情緒）等顯示某人情感狀況的名詞。.以-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞主要用于說明事物，表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征，若用于說明人，則表示此人具有此性質(zhì)或此特征：e.g.Thestoryisveryinteresting.這個(gè)故事很有趣Themanisveryinteresting.這個(gè)人很有趣。afrightenedlookafrighteninglookanexcitedtalkanexcitingtalk害怕的表情（指帶有這種“表情”的人感到害怕）嚇人的表情（指這種“表情”令人害怕）afrightenedlookafrighteninglookanexcitedtalkanexcitingtalk心情激動(dòng)的談話（指“談話”的人心情激動(dòng)）令人激動(dòng)的談話（指聽“談話”的人心情激動(dòng)）【練習(xí)題】，用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空Thisisanbook,andI,m init.(interest)Seeingthe result,weareall.(disappoint).The(surprise)lookonhisfacesuggestedthathehadn,texpectedthat.這匹受到驚嚇的馬開始跑起來。Thehorsebegantorun.(frighten)Thechildrenwerewhentheysawthe(encourage)film.Tomsoundsvery(interest)inthejob,butI,mnotsurewhetherhecandoitwell.Theresultisoneofthemost ofthese.(satisfy)Shewasbecauseheridolwasn,tthere.Shethoughtitwasreally.(disappoint)Theoldmanwasabouthisdaughter.(worry)Themoviewas andIwascompletelybythismovie.(bore)ThestorywasandIwasdeeplybythismovie.(move)Thenewswassothatwewereall.(excite)Thepoliceman,s trafficdirectionsmadeallthedriversquite .(confuse)Thesituationismorethanever.I,m aboutwhattodo.(puzzle)Thelookontheboy,sfacesuggestedthathewas atthenews.(frighten)二，單項(xiàng)選擇題Thoughtoseeus,theprofessorgaveusawarmwelcome.A.surprising B.wassurprised C.surprised D.beingsurprisedLucyhasagreatsenseofhumourandalwayskeepshercolleagueswithherstories.A.amused B.amusing C.toamuse D.tobeamusedThestoryhetolduswasveryandwewere.A.moving;moveddeeply B.moved;movingdeeplyC.moving;moveddeep D.moved;movingdeepHetoldmethenewsinanvoice.A．excite B．exciting C．excited D．excitementandhappy,Tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.A.Surprising B.SurprisedC.Beingsurprised D.Tobesurprising【參考答案】一.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空Thisisaninteresting book,andI,minterestedinit.(interest)Seeingthedisappointingresult,wearealldisappointed(disappoint).Thesurprised(surprise)lookonhisfacesuggestedthathehadn,texpectedthat.Thefrightenedanimalbegantorun.(frighten)Thechildrenwereencouragedwhentheysawtheencouraging(encourage)film.Tomsoundsveryinterested(interest)inthejob,butI'mnotsurewhetherhecandoitwell.Theresultisoneofthemostsatisfyingofthese.(satisfy)Shewasdisappointedbecauseheridolwasn,tthere.Shethoughtitwasreallydisappointing.(disappoint)Theoldmanwasworriedabouthisworryingdaughter.(worry)ThemoviewasboringandIwascompletelyboredbythismovie.(bore)Iwasdeeplymovedbythismovie.(move)Thenewswassoexcitingthatwewereallexcited.(excite)Thepoliceman,sconfusingtrafficdirectionsmadeallthedriversquiteconfused.(confuse)Thesituationismorepuzzlingthanever.I’mpuzzled aboutwhattodo.(puzzle)Thefrightened100kontheboy,sfacesuggestedthathewasfrightenedatthenews.(frighten)二，單項(xiàng)選擇題Thoughtoseeus,theprofessorgaveusawarmwelcome.【C】A.surprising B.wassurprised C.surprised D.beingsurprisedLucyhasagreatsenseofhumourandalwayskeepshercolleagueswithherstories.【A】A.amused B.amusing C.toamuse D.tobeamusedThestoryhetolduswasveryandwewere.【A】A.moving;moveddeeply B.moved;movingdeeplyC.moving;moveddeep D.moved;movingdeepHetoldmethenewsinanvoice.【C】A.excite B.exciting C.excited D.excitementandhappy,Tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.[B]A.Surprising B.SurprisedC.Beingsurprised D.TobesurprisingUUUUUUMembersofthesen&BCeDOSentencestructure句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)。 （課本p19）SentenceBuilderSentenceStructure(1)Wedon'thaveafixedclassroom.(who)(do)(what)SubjectVerbObjectWeareinthesameschool.(who)(be)(what)SubjectVerbPredicativeThereisahugegym.(be)(what)ThereBeRealSubjectMynewschoolgivesmeachance.(who)(do)(who)(what)SubjectVerbIndirectDirectObjectObject

句子成分（英文）S主語 句子成分（英文）S主語 SubjectQ賓語 ObjectAtt定語AttributiveV謂語VerbP表語PredicativeAdv狀語AdverbialD。D。直接賓語IO間接賓語?C賓語補(bǔ)足語?A同位語IndirectObjectObjectComplementAppositive【句子成分】①S主語Subject主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者/被說明的主體?？梢猿洚?dāng)主語的成分有：名詞，代詞，名詞化的形容詞，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，名詞化了的動(dòng)詞或從句等。Theweatherbecomescolddaybyday.Itishottoday.Swimmingisagoodsportinsummer.Theyoungaremostlyambitious.②V謂語Verb謂語表示主語的動(dòng)作?；蚓哂械奶卣骱蜖顟B(tài)。謂語動(dòng)詞的位置一般在主語之后。在英語中，動(dòng)詞按作用和功能主要分為兩大類，一類是謂語動(dòng)詞，另一類是非謂語動(dòng)詞。Ilikewalking.IenjoyspeakingEnglish.HereadsEnglisheverymorning.③O賓語Object賓語是動(dòng)作的承受著。位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后面?？梢宰鲑e語的有：名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞化的形容詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，或從句等。Ioftenplaybasketball. Ilikeeight.DO直接賓語DirectObject IO間接賓語IndirectObjectMyparentsboughtmesomefruits.Hegavemeapresentyesterday.④P表語 Predicative表語是對(duì)主語的說明。說明主語的身份，特征和狀態(tài)。一般位于系動(dòng)詞be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem之后。一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，數(shù)詞，非謂語動(dòng)詞等。MynewdeskmateisanAmericanboy.Iwillbefifteennextyear.Shelooksbeautiful.⑤Att定語 Attributive定語修飾和限定主語或賓語。由名詞，代詞，介詞短語，形容詞，數(shù)詞，非謂語動(dòng)詞，副詞，從句等作定語。單個(gè)的詞作定語常放在它所修飾的詞之前，短語或從句作定語常放在所修飾詞之后。Myschoolislargerthanhers.Shelikestheyellowdress.Thecarwhichisblackismine.⑥Adv狀語Adverbial狀語是修飾和限定動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞和整個(gè)句子的成分。能充當(dāng)狀語的有：副詞，介詞短語，非謂語動(dòng)詞，少數(shù)形容詞，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，從句等。狀語按其用途可分為：時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，結(jié)果，目的，條件，讓步，程度，方式，伴隨，比較等種類。Frankly,Ihavenomoney.Inordertofindabetterjob,hestudiesveryhard.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayathome.⑦C賓語補(bǔ)足語ObjectComplement賓語補(bǔ)足語表示對(duì)賓語的補(bǔ)充說明。名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，非謂語動(dòng)詞都可以做賓語補(bǔ)足語。Weshouldkeepourroomcleanandtidy.Mymotherdoesn'tallowmetogooutaloneintheevening.Hefounditveryinterestingtorideahorseonthefarm.【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)指的是簡(jiǎn)單句的幾種基本句型：主謂，主謂賓，主系表，主謂間直賓和主謂賓補(bǔ)。①主謂 S+VTimeflies！Welaughed.②主謂賓 S+V+OIcanspeakEnglish.Imissmygrandma.③主系表 S+P 常見的系動(dòng)詞是be動(dòng)詞Iamastudent.Englishisveryimportant.④主謂間賓直賓S+V+IODOMymotherboughtmeaschoolbag.Myfathertoldmeafunnystory.⑤主謂賓賓補(bǔ)S+V+O+CIfoundmyclassmatesfriendlyandhelpful.⑥主謂狀 S+V+AHetalkedtoomuch.⑦主謂賓狀 S+V+O+A：Ihadmyfirstmathsclassatseniorhighschool.⑧Therebe... 某地有某物Thereisapen,twobooksandatoyinmybag.Therearesomanytreesinourschool.【注】句子成分排序口訣主語在前，謂中間，賓語狀語排后面；短語定語主賓后，形容詞，代詞定語，主賓前；間接賓語若在后，直間要用to,for連；賓補(bǔ)位于賓語后，地狀常在時(shí)狀前?！菊n堂練習(xí)】Analysebasicsentencestructures..Welaughed..The100-year-oldschoolliesinthecentreofthecity..Wemustact..Themathshomeworkiseasy..Mymumboughtmeanewdictionary..Tomislookingforwardtomeetingthenewexchangestudent..ThereisanEnglishCorneratourschool..Wehadchemistryinthenewlybuiltlab.【參考答案】1.SV2.SVA3.SV4.SP5.SVOC6.SVIODO7.SVO8.SVOA【踉蹤練習(xí)】3Readthepassageandanalysethestructuresoftheunderlinedsentences.Howwouldyouliketogotoschoolandtraveltheworldatthesametime?ForTim,thatdreamhascometrue!Thisterm,Timandhisclassmatesarelivingonaship!Theytakethesamesubjectsasyoudo,likemathsandEnglish.Theyalsolearnaboutshipsandthesea.Timwriteshisparentsanemaileveryweekandtellsthemwhathappenedontheship,Timloveslivingontheship.There'salwayssomethingexcitingtodo.And,afteralongdayofstudy,helikestowatchthesungodownandwaitforthestarstocomeout,StudyinganddoinghomeworkseemmuchmorefUnwhenyouareatsea!Analysethestructures..Mydreamhascometrue..Timandhisclassmatesarelivingonaship..Theyalsolearnaboutshipsandthesea..Timwriteshisparentsanemaileveryweekandtellsthemwhathappenedothership..Thereisalwayssomethingexcitingtodo..Studyinganddoinghomeworkseemmuchmorefun.【參考答案】SV2.SVA3.SVO4.SVIODOVIODO5.THREEBE6.SP9S+V+P@S+V 9S+V+O@S+V+Oi+Od@S+V+O+Oc.保持句意不變轉(zhuǎn)換下列句型：HeisourChineseteacher.（用句型@）Hisfavoritefoodisbread.（用句型9）Sheisgoodatdancing.（用句型@）二二INFINITIVES二二二二二二p11二?Readeachsentenceandunderlinetheinfinitive.Doesitfunctionasasubject（主語），object（賓語），predicative（表語），attribute（定語），adverbial（狀語）orobjectcomplement（賓語補(bǔ)語）？Mymumkeepstellingmetogooutwithmyschoolfriendsinstead.It'simportanttomeetfriendsinpersonfromtimetotime,notjustonsocialmedia.WhenIsetouttodosomething,Idomybesttoachieveit.Mytargetistopreparemyselfformydegreeinbiologyatuniversity.LiYingisthefirstpersontojointhevolunteeringclubinherclass.?Completetheblogentrywiththecorrectformofthewordsinbrackets.Iwakeupatsixo'clockeverymorning.It1（take）melessthan15minutes2（wash）,getchanged,havebreakfastandleavehome.I'malwaysthefirstperson3（get）tomyclass.Themorningsarealwaysverybusyandtheafternoonsareevenbusier!Byaroundfiveo'clock,Iusually4_（find）time5_（do）mypaperworkandpreviewthelessons.Youmaythinkthatit6（be）boring7_（do）thesamethingeveryday,butIlikebeingbusy.（WangQing,16yearsold）【不定式講義】1.請(qǐng)?zhí)畛霾欢ㄊ降南嚓P(guān)形式。不定式：時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)一般式進(jìn)行式完成式不定式的否定形式：not+不定式請(qǐng)問不定式在句中可作哪些成分？3.請(qǐng)畫出下列句子中的不定式并說出它是哪種形式。Johnsaidthathehadruninordertocatchthebus.（一般式的主動(dòng)態(tài)）Hehatedtobemisunderstoodbyothers.（一般式的被動(dòng)態(tài)）Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.進(jìn)行式）Heintendedtohavetoldyouthat.（完成式主動(dòng)態(tài)）Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedseveralcenturiesago.（完成式的被動(dòng)態(tài)）三.典例引領(lǐng)，變式內(nèi)化(一)動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?1)作主語。例：Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.變式訓(xùn)練1：Tomakemoneyisnottheonlypurposeofourlife賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的在很多情況下，常用it來充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式的形式主語。例：ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishverywell對(duì)我們來說學(xué)好英語是非常重要的。變式訓(xùn)練2： Itisnecessaryforustoprotectenvironment, 對(duì)我們來說保護(hù)環(huán)境是很有必要的。(2)作賓語，常用在以下動(dòng)詞后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)例如：Hemanagedtopasstheexam.他成功地通過了考試。Hepromisedtobehereatnine.他答應(yīng)9點(diǎn)鐘到這兒。Ididn,texpecttoseeyouhere,我沒有料到在這兒見到你。在某些復(fù)合賓語中，用it做形式賓語，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：Heconsidereditbettertoleave加亞他認(rèn)為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。Ifounditimpossibletofinishtheworkontime我發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。變式訓(xùn)練1：Ihopetoreceiveyouletter. 我希望收到你的來信。變式訓(xùn)練2：IdecidetotakepartintheEnglishspeechcontest.我決定參加英語演講比賽。變式訓(xùn)練3：Hethinkitdifficulttolearngrammer, 他覺得學(xué)語法很難。(it做形式賓語)(3)作定語(常置于名詞之后)。由only,last,next序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語；不定式還可用作名詞代詞的的賓語(ability,anything,attempt,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something)例1:Sheisalwaysthefirststudenttoarriveatschool.變式訓(xùn)練1：Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice,他總是最后一個(gè)離開辦公室。變式訓(xùn)練2：Idon,tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob,我想他不是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。例2：Ihavenodesiretotravel.變式訓(xùn)練1：Youhaveatasktofinish,你有一項(xiàng)任務(wù)要完成注：動(dòng)詞不定式to后所接動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞，而不定式與其修飾的動(dòng)詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這個(gè)不定式后就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。例如：Ihaven’tdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.Ifoundnoonetoplaywith.（4）作狀語例如：Iwalkedslowlyontheiceinordernottofalldown.（不至于跌倒）（表目的）Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.（表結(jié)果）Hetriedonlytofail.（結(jié)果沒有成功）Shewashappytohearthenews.（表原因）變式訓(xùn)練1：Hehurriedtothestation,onlyBthebusleftoneminuteago.A.tellingB.tobetoldC.tellD.totell變式訓(xùn)練2：Hehurriedtothestation,onlyAthebusleftoneminuteago.D.findA.tofindB.foundC.tobefoundD.find不定式常用于修飾下列形容詞：able,afraid,angry,anxious,apt,careful,careless,certain,clever,considerate,delighted,difficult,eager,easy,fit,frightened,happy,interesting,likely,lucky,quick,ready,reluctant,right,sorry,surprised,sure,thoughtful,thoughtless,unable,unwilling,wrongetc.例如：Frenchisdifficulttolearn.法語難學(xué)。變式訓(xùn)練:I,msorrytointerruptyou,butIhaveto.（interrupt）(5)作獨(dú)立副詞成分。例如：Tospeakfrankly,Idon,tlikeyourattitude.變式訓(xùn)練： Tobehonest,learningEnglishwellisnotdifficult.老實(shí)說，學(xué)好英語并不難。(6)與疑問詞連用。疑問代詞who,what,which和疑問副詞when,where,how等后加動(dòng)詞不定式，構(gòu)成不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。例如：Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.什么時(shí)候出發(fā)還沒有定。變式訓(xùn)練1：Theproblemishowtogetthereontime.問題是怎樣才能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)哪兒。變式訓(xùn)練2：Hedidn,tknowwhattodonext.他不知道接下來要做什么。變式訓(xùn)練3：Ihaven,tdecidedwhethertogotoJapan我沒有決定是否到日本去。(7)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由for+名詞或代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、狀語等。例如：ItisnecessaryforyoutofinishtheworkbeforeFriday你們有必要在星期五前做完這項(xiàng)工作。由of引出的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，經(jīng)常與以下形容詞連用：bold,brave,careless,civil,clever,courageous,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,rash,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong,wise等。例如：It'skindofyoutosayso.變式訓(xùn)練：It,sbraveofyoutogointotheburningbuildingtosavethebaby你真勇敢，沖進(jìn)著火的大樓里救這個(gè)嬰兒.(8)不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式(1)在有些使役動(dòng)詞及感官動(dòng)詞后可用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。例如：Theteacheroftenmakesmerewritethecomposition.老師讓我把作文重寫。變式訓(xùn)練：將該句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)：Iamoftenmadebytheteachertorewritethecomposition.(2)在下列結(jié)構(gòu)后常用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：hadbetter,wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,donothingbut等。例如：I,dbettergonow,orI'llmissthetrain.變式訓(xùn)練：Theycannotbutaccepthisadvice.我只好接受他的建議。(3)在except,but之前有動(dòng)詞do作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，則except,but后一般接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，反之則接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。例如：Thereisnochoicebuttogothere.變式訓(xùn)練：Wehavenochoicebuttowait我們除了等待別無選擇。(4)在why,whynot結(jié)構(gòu)中，緊接其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to例如：Whyarguewithhim?變式訓(xùn)練Whynotsendthosebooksback?為什么不把那些書送回去？【目標(biāo)檢測(cè)】warmatnight,Iwouldfillthewoodstove,thensetmyalarmclockformidnightsoIcouldrefillit.A.StayingB.Stayed C.TostayD.StayVolunteeringgivesyouachancelives,includingyourown.A.change B.changing C.changed D.tochangeTheairportnextyearwillhelppromotetourismi