泛讀3第二版學習

泛讀3第二版學習第1頁/共61頁I.TeachingObjectives:1.ReadingSkill:Skimming

2.TextStudy:ModelsforUnderstandingHistory

II.Teachingkeypoints:Tolearnthehistorymodelsandtheories;III.Teachingdifficultpoints:1.Tolearnhowtounderstandhistory;2.Tolearnandpracticethereadingskill–skimmingskillfully.第2頁/共61頁IV.Lead-inquestions1.Whatishistory?

Historyisthepast,orasRomanphilosopherCicero

['sis?r?u]西塞羅（古羅馬政治家、雄辯家、著作家）

says,“Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime”.Itisarecordofimportanteventsthateverhappenedandeventsthathaschangedthepeople’slives.Forexample,theIndustrialRevolutioninEuropeinthe18thcenturyreformedthewholeEuropeanlandscape,bringinggreatimprovementsintheeconomicandtechnologicalaspects.ItmodernizedthewholeofEurope.That’sahistoricalevent.

Historyispresentedandrecordedinmanyforms.Itcanbeinprimarysourcesorsecondarysources,writtenandnon-written.Historyisaroundus,fromyourdiarytoyourhistorytextbook,fromthefolksongthatyourgrandmataughtyoutooralmemoirsfromvictimsofthewar.Theseareallformsofhistory.

第3頁/共61頁Historyisalsosomethingthatprofoundlylinkstothepresent,andeventhefuture.Whatourpredecessorshaddoneinthepaststillaffectus.TaketheAgeofReason理性時代asanexample,inthe18thcentury,thereweremanyEnlightenmentideasgenerated.Theseideaslaidthefoundationfortheuniversalcorevaluesandconstitutions,likebasichumanrightsandfreedomofspeech.2.Doyoubelievethatwecanreallyknowthetruthofhistory?第4頁/共61頁Itdependson,oritishardtoanswer.Forthepastevents,somearerecorded,butsomearelost.Forthoserecorded,wearenotsuretheauthorcouldrecordthemsubjectivelyorobjectively.3.Doyouthinkitmeaningfultostudyhumanhistory?Historyisthecoreofourlife.Weareonepartinhistorylikeadropwaterintheocean.Itishumanbeingswhocreatehistoryandhistoryitselfguidesustowalklessoncrookedroads彎路.Itisworthlearningfromhistory.第5頁/共61頁V.PracticeofskimmingAskSstofindtheidenticalunitorwordasquicklyastheycanandcrossitoutandtheteachertimesthespeedoftheirwork.1.Letterperception(25seconds)2.wordperception(25seconds)第6頁/共61頁VI.Wordpretest1.ToaskSstofinishdoingtheEXX.inWordPretest.(4minutes)2.Tochecktheanswers.第7頁/共61頁1.underlying:[,?nd?'laii?]adj.notobvious,difficulttodiscoverorrevealadj.潛在的；根本的；在下面的；優(yōu)先的underlie:vt.hidebehind,bethecauseorbasisofsth.過去式underlay,過去分詞underlain,現(xiàn)在分詞underlying.2.subscribeto:

[s?b'skraib]agreeto,support,contribute訂閱；同意；捐款3.covenant['k?v?n?nt]:agreement,contract契約，盟約，合同第8頁/共61頁4.tribulation:

[,tribju'lei??n]sufferings,disasters苦難；磨難；憂患

Thetrialsandtribulationsofeverydaylife生活的磨難5.flyinthefaceof:

goagainst;becontrarytovt.悍然不顧6.succumb

[s?'k?m]consentreluctantly

vi.屈服；死；被壓垮:vi.givein,固定搭配~to7.garb

[ɡɑ:b]:vt.dress,orwearastrangeclothes(尤指不尋常的)裝束

shawl

[??:l]n.圍巾，長方形披巾vt.用披巾包裹第9頁/共61頁8.shed:vt.getridof,pouroutindropsorsmallquantitiesvt.流出；擺脫；散發(fā)；傾吐e.g.shedtears,GodshedHisgraceonThee(you).shedlighton:makefreefromconfusionorambiguity;makeclear為…提供線索，使…清楚的顯現(xiàn)，闡明…Heshedhisimageasapushyboss.pushy

['pu?i]adj.有進取心的；愛出風頭的；有沖勁的；固執(zhí)己見的adj.markedbyaggressiveambitionandenergyandinitiative

Shedyourclothes.9.discern

[di's?:n,-'z?:n]view,detect,spot,observe,perceive,seevt.識別；領(lǐng)悟，認識vi.看清楚，辨別第10頁/共61頁VI.TextI

ModelsforUnderstandingHistoryAskSstospend6minutesskimmingText

1whilebearingthequestionsof1-6

onPage58inmind.Andthenchecktheanswers.Keys:1.ModelsforUnderstandingHistory

2.C3.A4.B5.C6.C

AskSstospend6minutesrereadthetextagainandthendecidewhethereachofthestatementsonpage58istrueorfalse.Andthenchecktheanswers.Keys:7.F8.F9.T10.F11.F

12.T第11頁/共61頁VII.UnderstandingofTextI7.1Comprehensionquestions⑴

Whatdoes"model"mean?thewaytohelppeopletointerpretandassemblethefactsofhistory.⑵Howmanymodelsforunderstandinghistory?Whatarethey?3models:thehistoryofmankindisarecordofprogressandthatfutureprospectsarebright.thingswregettingworseovertimeandthattheprospectsforthefutureweregrim.（

unpleasant,depressing,anddifficulttoaccept.嚴酷的;令人沮喪的）periodsofaccomplishmentarefollowedbyperiodsofdecay第12頁/共61頁7.2Topic-centeredAnalysisofText

PartI(Para1)Themodelsofunderstandinghistorycanbesortedintothreebroadcategories.PartII(Para2-4)ModeAbelievesthatthehistoryofmankindisarecordofprogressandthatfutureprospectsarebright.PartIII(Para5)ModelBisthatthingsweregettingworseovertimeandthattheprospectsforthefutureweregrim.第13頁/共61頁PartIV(Para6-9)Historyiscomplicated.Periodsofaccomplishementarefollowedbeperiodsofdecay.PartV(Para10-11)Conclusion:Suggesttherightattitudeforhistory:Thetrickistomovebeyondthesimplemodelsandtothinkcriticallyaboutwhatevertimeperiodtheyarestudying.第14頁/共61頁7.3ThestructureoftheTexttheauthor'schioce:criticaleyesModelC:upanddownModelB:downModelA:upthegenerallead-in第15頁/共61頁7.3.1.Lead-inunderlying:underlyingcause/principle/problemetc:thecause,ideaetcthatisthemostimportant,althoughitisnoteasilynoticed.Thereisanunderlyingassumptionthatyoungerworkersareeasiertotrain.assumptionsththatyouthinkistruealthoughyouhavenodefiniteproofalotofpeoplemaketheassumptionthatpovertyonlyexistsintheThirdWorld.第16頁/共61頁7.3.2ModelAthefutureofmankindisbetterandbrighterthebenifitsofthismodel:flatteringtooneselfandone'scontemporariesallowsonetofacethefuturewithoptimismtherepresentativesofthismodel:HegelmanyAmericanhistorians第17頁/共61頁GeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel

(1770–1831)aGermanphilosopher,andoneofthecreatorsofGermanidealism.Hegelinfluencedwritersofwidelyvaryingpositions,includingbothhisadmirerssuchasMarx,andhisdetractorssuchasNietzsche.

[‘ni:t??]尼采Hegeldevelopedacomprehensivephilosophical"system",toaccountinanintegratedanddevelopmentalwayfortherelationofmindandnature,thesubjectandobjectofknowledge,andpsychology,thestate,history,art,religion,andphilosophy.圍繞思維與存在的辯證同一這個基本命題，黑格爾建立起令人嘆為觀止的客觀唯心主義體系:絕對精神自我發(fā)展的三個階段：邏輯學、自然哲學、精神哲學。這是人類思想史上最驚人的大膽思考之一。恩格斯后來給其以高度的評價：“近代德國哲學在黑格爾的體系中達到了頂峰，在這個體系中，黑格爾第一次—這是他的巨大功績—把整個自然的、歷史的和精神的世界描寫為處于不斷運動、變化、轉(zhuǎn)化和發(fā)展中，并企圖揭示這種運動和發(fā)展的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。”黑格爾的代表作品有《精神現(xiàn)象學》、《邏輯學》、《哲學全書》、《法哲學原理》、《哲學史講演錄》、《歷史哲學》和《美學》等。第18頁/共61頁unify=unite:ifyouunifytwoormorepartsorthings,oriftheyunify,theyarecombinedtomakeasingleunithismusicunifiestraditionalandmodernthemes.strongsupportforthewarhasunifiedthenation.oppositetodivide第19頁/共61頁俾斯麥(Ottovon,1815-1898,德國政治家,德意志帝國

第一任首相)OttoEduardLeopoldvonBismarck(1815–1898)

['bizma:k]wasaPrussian普魯士Germanstatesmanandaristocratofthe19thcentury.AsMinister-PresidentofPrussiafrom1862–1890,heoversawtheunificationofGermany.In1867hebecameChancelloroftheNorthGermanConfederation.WhentheGermanEmpirewasformedin1871,heservedasitsfirstChancelloruntil1890andpracticedRealpolitik

[rei'a:lp?liti:k]權(quán)力政治,whichgainedhimthenickname"TheIronChancellor".WilhelmI霍亨索倫王室,alsoknownasWilhelmtheGreat

(WilliamFrederickLouis,German:WilhelmFriedrichLudwig)(1797–1888)wastheKingofPrussia(2January1861–9March1888)andthefirstGermanEmperor(18January1871–9March1888).UndertheleadershipofWilhelmandhisChancellorOttovonBismarck,PrussiaachievedtheunificationofGermanyandtheestablishmentoftheGermanEmpire.GermanEmperor;KingofPrussiaBismark第20頁/共61頁7.3.3ModelBgoldenagegrimyfutureHowdoesthismodelfittheoutlinesofScripture?Paradise

theearthAdam&EvethroughGod'scovenantswithNoah,Abraham,MosesfulfillinJesusback第21頁/共61頁Theword,scripture,hasbeenfirmlyattachedtotheBibleinthatitisused32timesin32versesintheKingJamesBible.TheBibleisthecentralreligioustextofJudaismandChristianity.ChristianityrecognisestheOldTestamentwhichincludesthreeparts:theTorah

[‘t?r?,’t?u-,t?u‘rɑ:]律法(“teaching”or“l(fā)aw”),theNevi’im先知(“prophets”),andtheKetuvim圣卷，著作(“writings”)..Scripture第22頁/共61頁AndallChristiansalsorecognisetheNewTestament,acollectionofearlyChristianwritingsthatconsistsoftheGospels福音書,theActsoftheApostles使徒行傳》;《圣經(jīng)·新約》第五章(OftenshortenedtoActs)

,theEpistles

/?‘p?s?l/使徒書信;《圣經(jīng)·新約》中的各卷書，原為早期基督徒的書信

,andtheApocalypse

[?‘p?k?lips]啟示；天啟；世界末日第23頁/共61頁AdamandEve

AdamandEvewere,accordingto

thechapters1-5ofGenesisoftheBible,thefirstmanandwomancreatedbyGod.InGenesis1GodcreatesAdaminhisimage,andgiveshimdominionoverthelivingthingshehascreated.Genesis2Godcausesthemantosleep,andcreatesawomanfromhisrib.ThatisEve.Genesis3,

theserpenttemptsEvetoeatfromthetreeofknowledge,tellingherthatitwillnotleadtodeath;shesuccumbs,andgivesthefruittoAdam.thus,theybrokeGod'scommandbyeatingfromthetree.Godcursesthemwithhardlaborandwithpaininchildbirth,andbanishesthemfromhisgarden.Genesis4and5givethestoryofAdamandEve'sfamilyaftertheyleavethegarden.

第24頁/共61頁grim:=harsh,makingyoufeelworriedorunhappywhenhelosthisjob,hisfuturelookedgrim.lookingorsoundingveryserious.I'llsurvive,hesaidwithagrimsmile.verybad,ugly,orunpleasanttheweatherforecastisprettygrim.trend:ageneraltendencyinthewayasituationischangingordevelopingtrendupward/downward:atendencyforsthtoincreaseordecrease第25頁/共61頁God'scovenantwithNoah['n?u?]

ThebiblicalstoryofNoahiscontainedinthebookofGenesis,chapters6–9

，God,saddenedatthewickednessofmankind,decidedtosendagreatdeluge

['delju:d?]洪水todestroyalllife.ButhesawthatNoahwasarighteousman,andinstructedhimtobuildanarkandgatherhimselfandhisfamilywitheverytypeofanimal,maleandfemale.AndsotheFloodcame,andalllifewasextinguished,exceptforthosewhowerewithNoah.第26頁/共61頁AndthenNoahbuiltanaltartoGodandmadeanoffering."AndwhentheLordsmelledthepleasingodour,theLordsaidinhisheart,'Iwillneveragaincursethegroundbecauseofman,fortheinclinationofman'sheartisevilfromhisyouth;neitherwillIeveragaindestroyeverylivingcreatureasIhavedone.Whiletheearthremains,seed-timeandharvest,coldandheat,summerandwinter,dayandnight,shallnotcease'."ThenGodspoketoNoahthattheanimalswouldfearman;andinreturn,manwasforbiddentoeat“fleshwithitslife,thatis,itsblood.”AndGodforbademurder,andgaveacommandment:“Befruitfulandmultiply,bringforthabundantlyontheearthandmultiplyinit.”Andasasignofhiscovenant,hesettherainbowinthesky,“thesignofthecovenantwhichIhaveestablishedbetweenmeandallflesh（眾生，人類）thatisupontheearth."第27頁/共61頁God'scovenantwithAbrahamAccordingtoGenesis,AbrahamwasthetenthgenerationfromNoahandthe20thfromAdam.AbrahamwassentbyGodfromhishomeinUrKa?dimandHarrantoCanaan[‘kein?n]迦南,thelandpromisedtohisdescendantsbyYahweh

[’ja:wei;ja:va:]耶和華InCanaan,Abrahamenteredintoacovenant:inexchangeforrecognitionofYHWHashisGod,Abrahamwillbeblessedwithinnumerableprogeny子孫andthelandwouldbelongtohisdescendants:

"Leaveyourcountry,yourpeopleandyourfather'shouseholdandgotothelandIwillshowyou.IwillmakeyouintoagreatnationandIwillblessyou;Iwillmakeyournamegreat,andyouwillbeablessing.Iwillblessthosewhoblessyou,andwhoevercursesyouIwillcurse;andallpeoplesonearthwillbeblessedthroughyou."

–Genesis12:1-3第28頁/共61頁God‘scovenantwithMoses[’m?uziz]

摩西areligiousleader,lawgiver,andprophetAccordingtotheBookofExodus,MoseswasborninatimewhenwarthreatenedandthelargeincreaseinthenumberofhispeopleconcernedtheEgyptianPharaoh

[‘fε?r?u]法老，暴君whowasworriedthattheymighthelpEgypt'senemies.Moses'Hebrewmother,Jochebed,hidhimwhenthePharaohorderedallnewbornHebrewboystobekilled,andheendedupbeingadoptedintotheEgyptianroyalfamily.AfterkillinganEgyptianslave-master,MosesfledacrosstheRedSeatoMidianwherehetendedtheflocksofJethro,apriestofMidianontheslopesofMt.Horeb.

['h?:reb]何烈山（又作西奈山）AftertheTenPlagues瘟疫wereunleashed釋放onEgypt,MosesledtheHebrewpeopleoutofEgypt,acrosstheRedSea,wheretheybasedthemselvesatHorebandcompassed包圍thebordersofEdom

以東（雅各之兄，以掃別名）.

Itwasatthistime,thataccordingtotheBible,MosesreceivedtheTenCommandments.第29頁/共61頁God'scovenantwithJesusJesustheChrististhecentralfigureofChristianity.hewasaJewwhowasregardedasateacherandhealer醫(yī)治者.HewasbaptizedbyJohntheBaptist,andwascrucified['kru:si,fai]inJerusalemontheordersoftheRomanPrefect行政長官ofJudaea

[d?u:‘di?]猶太（地名）,PontiusPilate彼拉多（釘死耶穌的古代羅馬猶太總督）,onthechargeofsedition煽動againsttheRomanEmpire.ChristianbelievesthatJesusisdivine,theMessiah[mi‘sai?]救星whosecomingwasprophesiedintheOldTestament,andthathewasresurrected復活

[,rez?'rekt]afterhiscrucifixion.ChristianspredominantlybelievethatJesusisthe“SonofGod”andthesecondpersonintheTrinity

[‘triniti]三位一體whocametoprovidesalvationandreconciliation和解withGodbyhisdeathfortheirsins.第30頁/共61頁Revelation

[,rev?‘lei??n]

啟示（錄）WithinasetofmostlyreligiousbeliefsRevelationreferstotheactofrevealingordisclosing,ormakingsomethingobviousandclearlyunderstoodthroughactiveorpassivecommunicationwithsupernaturalentities實體(divine,...).Itisbelievedthatrevelationcanoriginatedirectlyfromadeity神,orthroughanagent,suchasanangel.Onewhohasexperiencedsuchcontactwithorcommunicationfromthedivine神學家isoftencalledaprophet.ChristianityregardsvariedcollectionsofbooksknownastheBibleasauthoritativeandwrittenbyhumanauthorsundertheinspirationoftheHolySpirit圣靈.InanumberofpassagestheBibleclaimsdivineinspirationforitself.Besidesthedirectaccountsofwrittenrevelation,suchasMosesreceivingtheTenCommandments.andintheNewTestament,JesustreatstheOldTestamentasauthoritativeandsaysit“cannotbebroken”,“AllScriptureisGod-breathedandisusefulforteaching,rebuking指責，非難,correctionandtraininginrighteousness".

authoritative[??'θ?r?t?t?v;-,te?t?v]

adj.有權(quán)威的；命令式的；當局的第31頁/共61頁covenant['k?v?n?nt]:alegalagreementinwhichsbpromisestopayapersonororganizationanamountofmoneyregularlyhecovenantedtopay$30phecy['pr?fisi]:astatementthatsth.willhappeninthefuture,esp.onemadebysbwithreligiousormagicpowersTheprophecythatDavidwouldbecomekingwasfulfilled.thepoweroractofmakingstatementsaboutwhatwillhappeninthefutureShehadthegiftofprophecy.第32頁/共61頁tribulation

[,tribju'lei??n]:serioustroubleoraseriousproblem.accomplishment=achievement:sthsuccessfulorimpressivethatisachievedafteralotofeffortandhardworkItwasamajoraccomplishmentforaplayerwhohadbeeninjuredsorecently.theactoffinishingorachievingsthgoodtheaccomplishmentofpolicygoalsanabilitytodosthwell,ortheskillinvolvedindoingsthwell.技藝playingthepianoisoneofhermanyaccomplishment.第33頁/共61頁7.3.4ModelCperiodsofaccomplishmentperiodsofdecaythingsdeteriorateanddecaywithage第34頁/共61頁decay:

damagegraduallytobeslowlydestroyedbyanaturalchemicalprocess,ortomakesthdothis.ifbuildings,structures,orareasdecay,theirconditiongraduallybecomesworse.iftraditionalbeliefs,standardsetcdecay,peopledonotbelieveinthemorsupportthemanymore.deteriorate

[di'ti?ri?reit]:tobecomeworse,todevelopintoabadorworsesituationJane'shealthhasdeteriorated.第35頁/共61頁flyinthefaceofsth:tobetheoppositeofwhatmostpeoplethinkisreasonable,sensible,ornormal.Helikestoflyinthefaceofconvention大會，慣例，習俗.exception:sthorsbthatisnotincludedinageneralstatementordoesnotfollowaruleorpatternwiththeexceptionofsb/sthwealllaughed,withtheexceptionofMaggie馬吉（女名）.第36頁/共61頁supernatural:impossibletoexplainbynaturalcauses,andthereforeseemingtoinvolvethepowersofgodsormagicempower:togivesbmorecontrolovertheirownlifeorsituationTheVotingRightsActwasneededtoempowerminoritygroups.togiveapersonororganizationthelegalrighttodosthThePresidentisempoweredtoappointjudgestotheSupremeCourt.reverse:tochangesth,suchasadecision,judgment,orprocesssothatitistheoppositeofwhatitwasbeforeMorechangesarerequiredtoreversethetrendtowardscentralisedpower.第37頁/共61頁Greekcity-statesAcity-stateisanindependentcountrywhoseterritoryconsistsofacitywhichisnotadministeredaspartofanotherlocalgovernment.Whereasthenation-statesrelyonacommonheritage共同繼承的財產(chǎn),beitlinguistic,historical,economic,etc.,thecity-statereliesonthecommoninterestinthefunctionoftheurbancenter.Theurbancenteranditsactivitysuppliesthelivelihoodsofallurbanites['??b(?)na?t]

inhabitingthecity-state.thecity-statecomesfromtheword“polis”城邦；都市國家

.Eachcitywascomposedofseveraltribes.Metics外邦人(residentforeigners)andslaveslayoutsidethisorganization.Birthtypicallydeterminedcitizenship.Eachpoliswouldalsoworshipanumberofpatron[‘peitr?n]保護人，贊助deities/’de?t?/

神靈forprotectionandkeptitsownparticularfestivalsandcustoms.Poliswasfrequentlydividedintothreetypesofinhabitants.Thefirst,andhighest,“group”ofinhabitantsarecitizenswithpoliticalrights.Thentherearethecitizenswithoutpoliticalrights.Lastlytherearethenon-citizens.第38頁/共61頁AlexandertheGreat(356–323BC)anAncientGreekkingofMacedon

['m?sid?n]馬其頓王國whocreatedoneofthelargestempiresinancienthistory.AlexanderdiedinBabylonin323BC,beforehavingthechancetorealizeaseriesofplannedcampaigns,beginningwithaninvasionofArabia.IntheyearsfollowingAlexander'sdeath,hisempirewastornapartinaseriesofcivilwars,whichresultedintheformationofanumberofstatesruledbyMacedoniannobility.

[,m?si'd?unj?n]AlthoughbothAlexander’sreignandempirewereshort-lived,theculturalimpactofhisconquestslastedforcenturies.Alexanderisoneofthemostwellknownfiguresofantiquity古代

[?n'tikw?ti],andisrememberedforhistacticalability,hisconquests,andthespreadofGreekcivilizationintotheeast.HewasgreatlyinfluencedbyAristotle.第39頁/共61頁succumb

[s?'k?m]to=givein:tostopopposingsborsththatisstrongerthanyou,andallowthemtotakecontrol.Ginasuccumbedtotemptationandhadasecondservingofcake.ifyousuccumbtoanillness,youbecomeveryillordieofit.

About400,000Americanssuccumbeachyeartosmoking-relatedillnesses.第40頁/共61頁TheRomanRepublicwasthephaseoftheancientRomancivilizationcharacterizedbyarepublicanformofgovernment;aperiodwhichbeganwiththeoverthrowoftheRomanmonarchy.

['m?n?ki]n.君主政體；君主國；君主政治TheRomanRepublicwasgovernedbyacomplexconstitution,whichcenteredontheprinciplesofaseparationofpowersandchecksandbalances.Romealsosawitsterritoryexpandduringthisperiod,fromcentralItalytotheentireMediterraneanworld.ManyofRome'slegalandlegislativestructurescanstillbeobservedthroughoutEuropeandtherestoftheworldbymodernstatesandorganizations.TheRomans'LatinlanguagehasinfluencedgrammarandvocabularyacrossEuropeandtheworld.RomanRepublic第41頁/共61頁RomanEmpire

ThetermisusedtodescribetheRomanstateduringandafterthetimeofthefirstemperor,Augustus.

[?:‘g?st?s]奧古斯都RomanexpansionbeganinthedaysoftheRepublic,butreacheditszenithunderEmperorTrajan[‘treid??n]圖拉真.

BecauseoftheEmpire'svastextentandlongendurance,Romaninfluenceuponthelanguage,religion,architecture,philosophy,law,andgovernmentofnationsaroundtheworldlaststothisday.Inthelate3rdcenturyAD,Diocletian戴克里先〈意〉羅馬皇帝establishedthepracticeofdividingauthoritybetweentwoemperors,oneinthewesternpartoftheempireandoneintheeast,inordertobetteradministerthevastterritory.TheWesternRomanEmpirecollapsedin476,whiletheEasternRomanorByzantine

[bi'z?ntain】Empire拜占庭endureduntil1453withthecaptureofConstanti‘nople君士坦丁堡bytheOttomanTurks土耳其人ledbyMehmedII.第42頁/共61頁DarkAgesItreferstoaperiodofculturaldeclineorsocietalcollapsethatsupposedlytookplaceinWesternEuropebetweenthefallofRomeandthe"Renaissance".['r?n?sɑns]TheconceptofaDarkAgewascreatedinthe1330sbytheItalianscholarPetrarch.

['pet,ra:k]彼特拉克（1304-1374，意大利詩人，學者、歐洲人文主義運動的主要代表）

Petrarchwrotethathistoryhadhadtwoperiods:theclassicperiodoftheGreeksandRomans,followedbyatimeofdarkness,inwhichhesawhimselfasstillliving.LaterhistoriansexpandedthetermtorefertothetransitionalperiodbetweenRomantimesandtheHighMiddleAges.PopularculturehasfurtherexpandedonthetermasavehicletodepicttheMiddleAgesasatimeofbackwardness落后,extendingitspejorative

['pi:d??r?tive]貶義的useandexpandingitsscope.第43頁/共61頁AndhumanistsbelievedonedaytheRomanEmpirewouldriseagainandrestoreclassicculturalpurity,andsobythelate14thandearly15thcenturies,humanistssuchasLeonardoBrunibelievedtheyhadattainedthisnewage,andthatathird,ModernAgehadbegun.Theagebeforetheirown,whichPetrarch['pet,ra:k]彼特拉克hadlabelleddark,thusbecamea"middle"agebetweentheclassicandthemodern.Thefirstuseoftheterm"MiddleAge"appearedaround1439.第44頁/共61頁Renaissance['r?n?sɑns]

aculturalmovementthatspanned（lasted）roughlythe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginFlorenceintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassed(included)arebirthoflearningbasedonclassicalsources古典源流

,thedevelopmentoflinearperspective線條透視；直線透視圖inpainting,andgradualbutwidespreadeducationalreform.Traditionally,thisintellectualtransformationhasresultedintheRenaissancebeingviewedasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera.['i?r?,'ε?r?]AlthoughtheRenaissancesawrevolutionsinmanyintellectualpursuits,

itisbestknownforitsartisticdevelopmentsandthecontributionsofLeonardodaVinci,Michelangelo

[,ma?kel'ɑ:nd?el?:]米開朗基羅,Shakespeare,etcwhoinspiredtheterm"Renaissanceman"文藝復興人；多才多藝的人

第45頁/共61頁Protestant

['pr?tist?nt]新教的；新教徒的

ReformersThe‘ProtestantReformers’werethosetheologians神學者

[,θi:?'l?ud?i?n],churchmen,andstatesmenwhosecareers,works,andactionsbroughtabouttheProtestantReformationofthesixteenthcentury.thewideningspreadoftheProtestantReformationoverEuropeintodiversifyingmovementslikeLutheranism

['lu:θ?r?niz?m]

路德教教義

,Anglicanism,['??ɡlik?niz?m]英國國教

Calvinism

['k?lviniz?m]

加爾文主義；加爾文教派

,andArminianism.

[ɑ:'mini?niz?m]荷蘭神學家阿米紐派教義

theywantedtoclarifythetraditionalCatholicChurch大公教會；天主教；天主教會

andsetuporturnbacktotheNewTestamentchurch新約圣經(jīng)教會

:theearlychurchthatbelievedinthebasicprinciplesofGod's.itseldompaysattentiontotheformsbutthespirits.第46頁/共61頁7.3TheOutlineofWesternHistory(Britain)RomanRepublicRomanEmpireDarkAgesRenaissanceReligiousReformationAgeofReason理性時代VictorianAgemodernsocietyGreakcity-states第47頁/共61頁VIII.Review1.WhatistheModelC?2.CouldyouillustratethisModelthroughthedescriptionofwesternhistory?(P.57-61)3.WhatdoyouknowaboutRomanRepublicandEmpire?4.HowabouttheDarkAgesandRenaissance?第48頁/共61頁thecommanderoftheContinentalArmyintheAmericanRevolutionaryWar(1775–1783)andservedasthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(1789–1797).ForhiscentralroleintheformationoftheUnitedStates,heisoftenreferredtoasthefatherofhiscountry.hewas"firstinwar,firstinpeace,andfirstintheheartsofhiscountrymen".WashingtonhasbeenconsistentlyrankedbyscholarsasoneofthegreatestU.S.Presidents.GeorgeWashington(1732–1799)第49頁/共61頁strive:tomakeagreatefforttoachievesthIwasstillstrivingtobesuccessful.garb:aparticularstyleofclothing,esp.clothesthatshowyourtypeofworkorlookunusualtoga:alongloosepieceofclothingwornbypeopleinancientRome（古羅馬的）寬外袍

第50頁/共61頁JamesMadison(1751–1836)詹姆斯·麥迪遜（美國前總統(tǒng)）

anAmericanpoliticianandpoliticalphilosopherwhoservedasthefourthPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1809–1817),andoneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.the“FatheroftheConstitution”,whowastheprincipalauthorofthedocument,whodraftedmanybasiclawsandwasresponsibleforthefirsttenamendments修正案totheCon