高等學(xué)校研究生英語系列教材綜合教程下冊(cè)課文原文+翻譯

Unit1TheHiddenSideofHappiness1Hurricanes,housefires,cancer,whitewaterraftingaccidents,planecrashes,viciousattacksindarkalleyways.Nobodyasksforanyofit.Buttotheirsurprise,manypeoplefindthatenduringsuchaharrowingordealultimatelychangesthemforthebetter.Theirrefrainmightgosomethinglikethis:"Iwishithadn'thappened,butI'mabetterpersonforit."1颶風(fēng)、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機(jī)、昏暗小巷遭歹徒攻擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發(fā)覺遭遇這樣一次苦痛的磨難最終會(huì)使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會(huì)這樣說:“我希望這事沒發(fā)生，但因?yàn)樗易兊酶陚淞?。?Welovetohearthestoriesofpeoplewhohavebeentransformedbytheirtribulations,perhapsbecausetheytestifytoabonafidetypeofpsychologicaltruth,onethatsometimesgetslostamidendlessreportsofdisaster:Thereseemstobeabuilt-inhumancapacitytoflourishunderthemostdifficultcircumstances.Positiveresponsestoprofoundlydisturbingexperiencesarenotlimitedtothetoughestorthebravest.Infact,roughlyhalfthepeoplewhostrugglewithadversitysaythattheirlivessubsequentlyinsomewaysimproved.2我們都愛聽人們經(jīng)驗(yàn)苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事，可能是因?yàn)檫@些故事證明了一條真正的心理學(xué)上的真理，這條真理有時(shí)會(huì)湮沒在多數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內(nèi)在的奮勉向上的實(shí)力會(huì)進(jìn)發(fā)出來。對(duì)那些令人極度恐慌的經(jīng)驗(yàn)作出主動(dòng)回應(yīng)的并不僅限于最堅(jiān)毅或最英勇的人。事實(shí)上，大約半數(shù)與逆境抗?fàn)庍^的人都說他們的生活從今在某些方面有了改善。3Thisandotherpromisingfindingsaboutthelife-changingeffectsofcrisesaretheprovinceofthenewscienceofpost-traumaticgrowth.Thisfledglingfieldhasalreadyprovedthetruthofwhatoncepassedasbromide:Whatdoesn'tkillyoucanactuallymakeyoustronger.Post-traumaticstressisfarfromtheonlypossibleoutcome.Inthewakeofeventhemostterrifyingexperiences,onlyasmallproportionofadultsbecomechronicallytroubled.Morecommonly,peoplerebound-oreveneventuallythrive.3諸如此類有關(guān)危機(jī)變更一生的發(fā)覺有著可觀的探討前景，這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長這一新學(xué)科的探討領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證明了曾經(jīng)被視為陳詞濫調(diào)的一個(gè)真理:大難不死，意志彌堅(jiān)。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經(jīng)驗(yàn)之后，也只有一小部分成年人會(huì)受到長期的心理熬煎。更常見的狀況是，人們會(huì)復(fù)原過來—甚至最終會(huì)成功發(fā)達(dá)。4Thosewhoweatheradversitywellarelivingproofoftheparadoxesofhappiness.Weneedmorethanpleasuretolivethebestpossiblelife.Ourcontemporaryquestforhappinesshasshriveledtoahuntforbliss-alifeprotectedfrombadfeelings,freefrompainandconfusion.4那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)華蜜悖論的生動(dòng)例證:為了盡可能地過上最好的生活，我們所須要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人對(duì)華蜜的追求已經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒有苦惱，沒有苦痛和困惑。5Thisanodynedefinitionofwell-beingleavesoutthebetterhalfofthestory,therich,fulljoythatcomesfromameaningfullife.Itisthedarkmatterofhappiness,theineffablequalityweadmireinwisemenandwomenandaspiretocultivateinourownlives.Itturnsoutthatsomeofthepeoplewhohavesufferedthemost,whohavebeenforcedtocontendwithshockstheyneveranticipatedandtorethinkthemeaningoftheirlives,mayhavethemosttotellusaboutthatprofoundandintenselyfulfillingjourneythatphilosophersusedtocallthesearchfor"thegoodlife".5這種對(duì)華蜜的平淡定義忽視了問題的主要方面—種富有意義的生活所帶來的那種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是華蜜背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)—是我們?cè)诿髦堑哪心信砩纤蕾p到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不行言喻的品質(zhì)。事實(shí)證明，一些遭遇苦難最多的人-他們被迫全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊，并重新思索他們生活的意義—或許對(duì)那種深刻的、給人以猛烈滿意感的人生經(jīng)驗(yàn)(哲學(xué)家們過去稱之為對(duì)“奇妙生活”的探尋)最有發(fā)言權(quán)。6Thisbroaderdefinitionofgoodlivingblendsdeepsatisfactionandaprofoundconnectiontoothersthroughempathy.Itisdominatedbyhappyfeelingsbutseasonedalsowithnostalgiaandregret."Happinessisonlyoneamongmanyvaluesinhumanlife,"contendsLauraKing,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouriinColumbia.Compassion,wisdom,altruism,insight,creativity-sometimesonlythetrialsofadversitycanfosterthesequalities,becausesometimesonlydrasticsituationscanforceustotakeonthepainfulprocessofchange.Toliveafullhumanlife,atranquil,carefreeexistenceisnotenough.Wealsoneedtogrow-andsometimesgrowinghurts.6這種對(duì)奇妙生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿意感和一種通過移情與他人建立的深切聯(lián)系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時(shí)也夾雜著惆悵和懊悔。密蘇里高校哥倫比亞分校的心理學(xué)家勞拉金認(rèn)為:“華蜜僅僅是許很多多人生價(jià)值中的一種。”慈善、才智、無私、.洞察力及創(chuàng)建力—有時(shí)只有經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)婢车目简?yàn)才能培育這些品質(zhì)，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)只有極端的情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芸嗤吹淖兏^程。只過安靜的、無憂無慮的生活是不足以體驗(yàn)一段完整的人生的。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)我們也須要成長-盡管有時(shí)成長是苦痛的。7InadarkroominQueens,NewYork,31-year-oldfashiondesignerTracyCyrbelievedshewasdying.Afewmonthsbefore,shehadstoppedtakingthepowerfulimmune-suppressingdrugsthatkeptherarthritisincheck.Sheneveranticipatedwhatwouldhappen:awithdrawalreactionsthateventuallyleftherintotalbodyagonyandneurologicalmeltdown.Theslightestmovement-tryingtoswallow,fqrexample-wasexcruciating.Eventhepressureofhercheekonthepillowwasalmostunbearable.7在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師特蕾西塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個(gè)月前，她已經(jīng)停止服用限制她關(guān)節(jié)炎的強(qiáng)效免疫抑制藥。她從沒預(yù)見到接下來將要發(fā)生的事:停藥之后的反應(yīng)最終使她全身猛烈難受，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)峻問題。最稍微的動(dòng)作—比如說試著吞咽—對(duì)她來說也苦痛不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8Cyrisnowimp-diagnosedwithjuvenilerheumatoidarthritisattheageoftwo,shehadenduredthesymptomsandthetreatments(drugs,surgery)herwholelife.Butthistime,shewasway6pastherlimits,andnothingherdoctorsdidseemedtohelp.Eitherthediseasewasgoingtokillheror,prettysoon,shefeltshemighthavetokillherself.8塞爾并不是軟弱的人。她在兩歲時(shí)就被診斷得了幼年型類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，一生都在忍受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術(shù))的熬煎。但是這一次，她實(shí)在不堪忍受了，她的醫(yī)生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結(jié)束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結(jié)自己的生命了。9Ashersleeplessnightsworeon,though,hersuicidalthoughtsbegantobeinterruptedbynewfeelingsofgratitude.Shewasstillinagony,butanewconsciousnessgrewstrongereachnight:anawesomesenseofliberation,combinedwithanall-encompassingfeelingofsympathyandcompassion."IfeltstrippedofeverythingI'deveridentifiedmyselfwith,"shesaidsixmonthslater."EverythingIthoughtI'dknownorbelievedinwasuseless-time,money,self-image,perception.Recognizingthatwassofreeing."9然而，在經(jīng)驗(yàn)了若干個(gè)不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭起先被新的感謝之情所打斷。雖然她仍舊感到苦痛，但一種新的意識(shí)每一夜都變得更加猛烈:一種令人驚羨的解脫感，結(jié)合著一種包涵一切的憐憫和憐憫的情感?！拔腋械揭磺形以?jīng)用來認(rèn)同自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，”六個(gè)月后她這樣說道，“一切我認(rèn)為我知道或信任的事物—時(shí)間、金錢、自我形象、對(duì)事物的看法—都毫無價(jià)值了。意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)真是讓我感到解脫?！?0Withinafewmonths,shebegantobeabletomovemorefreely,thankstoacocktailofsteroidsandotherdrugs.Shesaysnowthere'snoquestionthatherlifeisbetter."lfeltIhadbeenshownthesecretoflifeandwhywe'rehere:tobehappyandtonurtureotherlife.It'sthatsimple."10在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她起先能夠更加自如地活動(dòng)了。她說，毫無疑問她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)。“我感覺我窺探到了生命的隱私以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂地生活，同時(shí)扶持他人。就這么簡潔!”11Hermind-blowingexperiencecameasatotalsurprise.Butthatfeelingoftransformationisinsomewaystypical,saysRichTedeschi,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofNorthCarolinainCharlottewhocoinedtheterm"post-traumaticgrowth".Hisstudiesofpeoplewhohaveenduredextremeevents,likecombat,violentcrimeorsuddenseriousillnessshowthatmostfeeldazedandanxiousintheimmediateaftermath;theyarepreoccupiedwiththeideathattheirliveshavebeenshattered.Afewarehauntedlongafterwardbymemoryproblems,sleeptroubleandsimilarsymptomsofpost-traumaticstressdisorder7.ButTedeschiandothershavefoundthatformanypeople-perhapseventhemajority-lifeultimatelybecomesricherandmoreGratifying.11她這種不行思議的經(jīng)驗(yàn)完全是個(gè)驚喜。但是北卡羅來納高校夏洛特分校心理學(xué)教授里奇妙德斯基認(rèn)為，這種轉(zhuǎn)變的感覺從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇妙德斯基教授首創(chuàng)了“創(chuàng)傷后成長”一詞。他對(duì)那些經(jīng)驗(yàn)了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事務(wù)的人群進(jìn)行了探討，這些探討表明，在剛經(jīng)驗(yàn)不幸后大多數(shù)人隨即都會(huì)感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、失眠以及類似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所熬煎。但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)覺，對(duì)很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來說，生活最終會(huì)變得更加豐富和更加令人滿意。12Somethingsimilarhappenstomanypeoplewhoexperienceaterrifyingphysicalthreat.Inthatmoment,oursenseofinvulnerabilityispierced,andtheself-protectivementalarmorthatnormallystandsbetweenusandourperceptionsoftheworldistornaway.Oureverydaylifescripts-ourhabits,self-perceptionsandassumptions-gooutthewindow,andweareleftwitharawexperienceoftheworld.12很多經(jīng)驗(yàn)過恐怖的人身威逼的人會(huì)遇到類似的狀況。在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間，我們的平安感被沖破了，平常處于我們與我們對(duì)世界的種種看法之間的自我愛護(hù)的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習(xí)慣、自我相識(shí)和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對(duì)世界的原始體驗(yàn)。13Still,actuallyimplementingthesechanges,aswellasfullycomingtotermswithanewreality,usuallytakesconsciouseffort.Beingwillingandabletotakeonthisprocessisoneofthemajordifferencesbetweenthosewhogrowthroughadversityandthosewhoaredestroyedbyit.Thepeoplewhofindvalueinadversityaren'tthetoughestorthemostrational.Whatmakesthemdifferentisthattheyareabletoincorporatewhathappenedintothestoryoftheirownlife.13盡管如此，要實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)這些轉(zhuǎn)變并完全接受新的現(xiàn)實(shí)，通常須要有意識(shí)地付出努力。是否情愿并有實(shí)力擔(dān)當(dāng)這個(gè)過程，就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長和那些被災(zāi)難所摧毀的人之間主要的區(qū)分之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價(jià)值的人并不是最堅(jiān)毅或最理性的人。使他們別出心裁的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中?！?4Eventually,theymayfindthemselvesfreedinwaystheyneverimagined.Survivorssaytheyhavebecomemoretolerantandforgivingofothers,capableofbringingpeacetoformerlytroubledrelationships.Theysaythatmaterialambitionssuddenlyseemsillyandthepleasuresoffriendsandfamilyparamount-andthatthecrisisallowedthemtorecognizelifeinlinewiththeirnewpriorities.14最終，他們可能會(huì)發(fā)覺自己以從未想到過的方式獲得了解脫。生還者往往說他們變得更加寬容，也更能寬恕別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。他們說物質(zhì)追求突然間變得很無聊，而摯友和家庭帶來的快樂變得極為重要，他們還說危機(jī)使他們能夠依據(jù)這些新的優(yōu)先之事來重新相識(shí)生活。15Peoplewhohavegrownfromadversityoftenfeelmuchlessfear,despitethefrighteningthingsthey'vebeenthrough.Theyaresurprisedbytheirownstrength,confidentthattheycanhandlewhateverelselifethrowsatthem."Peopledon'tsaythatwhattheywentthroughwaswonderful,"saysTedeschi."Theyweren'tmeaningtogrowfromit.Theywerejusttryingtosurvive.Butinretrospect,whattheygainedwasmorethantheyeveranticipated."15從災(zāi)難中成長起來的人盡管經(jīng)驗(yàn)過恐怖的事情，但他們的恐驚感往往大為削減。他們對(duì)自己的力氣感到驚訝，信任不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應(yīng)付。特德斯基說:“人們不會(huì)說他們所經(jīng)驗(yàn)的是奇妙的。他們并不是特意要通過這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來成長。他們只是盡其所能生存下來。但回顧起來，他們的收獲遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于他們所預(yù)料的。16InhisrecentbookSatisfaction,EmoryUniversitypsychiatristGregoryBernspointstoextremeenduranceathleteswhopushthemselvestotheirphysicallimitsfordaysatatime.Theycyclethroughthesamesequenceofsensationsasdotraumasurvivors:self-loss,confusionand,finally,anewsenseofmastery.Forultramarathoners,whoregularlyrun100-mileracesthatlastmorethan24hours,vomitingandhallucinatingarenormal.Afteradayandnightofrunningwithoutstoppingorsleeping,competitorssometimesforgetwhotheyareandwhattheyaredoing.16埃默里高校精神病學(xué)家格列高利伯思斯在他的近作《滿意》中指出，極限耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員每次訓(xùn)練都要使自己的身體連續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。他們和經(jīng)驗(yàn)創(chuàng)傷的生還者所經(jīng)驗(yàn)的感覺過程一樣:自我失落，困惑，最終獲得一種新的駕馭感。對(duì)于常常跑超過24小時(shí)的l00英里競賽的超級(jí)馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員來說，嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停留不睡覺地跑步之后，競賽者有時(shí)會(huì)忘了自己是誰，忘了自己在干什么。17Foramorecommonexampleofgrowththroughadversity,looktooneoflife'sbiggestchallenges:parenting.Havingababyhasbeenshowntodecreaselevelsofhappiness.Thesleepdeprivationandthenecessityofputtingasidepersonalpleasureinordertocareforaninfantmeanthatpeoplewithnewbornsaremorelikelytobedepressedandfindtheirmarriageontherocks.Nonetheless,overthelonghaul,raisingachildisoneofthemostrewardingandmeaningfulofallhumanundertakings.Theshort-termsacrificeofhappinessisoutweighedbyotherbenefits,likefulfillment,altruismandthechancetoleaveameaningfulLegacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成長的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一:為人父母。生育孩子始終被認(rèn)為會(huì)降低華蜜程度。為了照看嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必需將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機(jī)。然而，長遠(yuǎn)看來，哺育孩子是全部人類活動(dòng)中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時(shí)間內(nèi)犧牲了華蜜，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿意感、無私以及有機(jī)會(huì)留下一筆意義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。18Ultimately,theemotionalrewardcancompensateforthepainanddifficultyofadversity.Thisperspectivedoesnotcanceloutwhathappened,butitputsitallinadifferentcontext:thatit'spossibletoliveanextraordinaryrewardinglifeevenwithintheconstraintsandstrugglesweface.Insomeformorother,saysKing,weallmustgothroughthisrealization."You'renotgoingtobethepersonyouthoughtyouwere,buthere'swhoyouaregoingtobeinstead-andthatturnsouttobeaprettygreatlife."18總之，情感上的回報(bào)可以彌補(bǔ)災(zāi)難帶來的苦痛和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發(fā)生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個(gè)不同的背景中來看待，..那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們?nèi)耘f可以生存得極有價(jià)值。金指出，我們?nèi)康娜硕急匦枰赃@樣或那樣的形式經(jīng)驗(yàn)這種覺悟?！澳銓⒉辉偈亲约盒哪恐性?jīng)的你，取而代之的是一個(gè)新的你—而事實(shí)會(huì)證明生活從今將特別奇妙?！盪nit2CommercializationandChangesinSports1.Throughouthistorysportshavebeenusedasformsofpublicentertainment.However,sportshaveneverbeensoheavilypackaged,promoted,presentedandplayedascommercialproductsastheyaretoday.Neverbeforehavedecisionsaboutsportsandthesocialrelationshipsconnectedwithsportsbeensoclearlyinfluencedbyeconomicfactors.Thebottomlinehasreplacedthegoallineformanypeople,andsportsnolongerexistsimplyfortheinterestsoftheathletesthemselves.Funand"goodgames"arenowdefinedintermsofgatereceipts,concessionsrevenues,thesaleofmediarights,marketshares,ratingpoints,andadvertisingpotential.Then,whathappenstosportswhentheybecomecommercializedDotheychangewhentheybecomedependentongatereceiptsandthesaleofmediarights1在整個(gè)歷史長河中，人們都是把體育當(dāng)作某種形式的公眾消遣。然而，體育從未像今日這樣作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品被如此盛大地包裝、推廣、呈現(xiàn)和開展，有關(guān)體育的決策以及與體育相關(guān)的社會(huì)關(guān)系也同樣從未如此明顯地受到商業(yè)因素的影響。對(duì)很多人來說，賬本底線已取代了球門線，體育不再只是為了運(yùn)動(dòng)員們自身的愛好而存在。今日，樂趣和“好競賽”的定義取決于門票收入、特許權(quán)收人、媒體傳播權(quán)的出售、市場(chǎng)份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。則，當(dāng)體育變得商業(yè)化時(shí)，它會(huì)怎樣當(dāng)體育變得依靠于門票收人和媒體傳播權(quán)的出售時(shí)，它會(huì)發(fā)生變更嗎2.Weknowthatwheneveranysportisconvertedintocommercialentertainment,itsuccessdependsonspectatorappeal.Althoughspectatorsoftenhaveavarietyofmotivesunderlyingtheirattachmenttosports,theirinterestinanysportingeventisusuallyrelatedtoacombinationofthreefactors:theuncertaintyofanevent'soutcome,theriskorfinancialrewardsassociatedwithparticipatinginanevent，andtheanticipateddisplayofexcellenceorheroicsbytheathletes.Inotherwords,whenspectatorsrefertoa"goodgame"oran"excitingcontest",theyareusuallytalkingaboutoneinwhichtheoutcomewasindoubtuntilthelastminutesorseconds,oneinwhichthestakes'weresohighthatathletesweretotallycommittedtoandengrossedintheaction,oroneinwhichtherewereanumberofexcellentor"heroic"performances.Whengamesormatchescontainallthreeofthesefactors,theyarerememberedanddiscussedforalongtime.2我們知道，每當(dāng)任何一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)性消遣活動(dòng)時(shí)，它的成功就依靠于觀眾的愛好。盡管觀眾對(duì)于體育的擁護(hù)背后潛藏著多種動(dòng)機(jī)，但他們對(duì)體育競賽的愛好通常與三種相結(jié)合的因素有關(guān):競賽結(jié)果的不確定性，參與一項(xiàng)競賽相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)，以及預(yù)期中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員的卓越、英勇表現(xiàn)。換句話說，當(dāng)觀眾提及一場(chǎng)“不錯(cuò)的競賽”或一場(chǎng)“激烈人心的競賽”時(shí)，這場(chǎng)競賽，通常在競賽即將結(jié)束的最終幾分鐘甚至兒秒鐘時(shí)，結(jié)果仍舊撲朔迷離;或者競賽涉及高額獎(jiǎng)金，因而運(yùn)動(dòng)員們都全身心地投入競賽?；蛘吒傎愓故玖撕芏嗑实幕蛘摺坝⑿凼健钡谋憩F(xiàn)。只要運(yùn)動(dòng)競賽包含全部這三方面因素，人們就會(huì)長時(shí)間記得并探討這場(chǎng)競賽。3.Commercializationhasnothadadramaticeffectontheformatandgoalsofmostsports.Inspiteoftheinfluenceofspectators,whathasoccurredhistoricallyisthatsportshavemaintainedtheirbasicformat.Innovationshavebeenmadewithinthisframework,ratherthancompletelydismantlingthedesignofagame.Forexample,thecommercializationoftheOlympicGameshasledtominorrulechangesincertainevents,butthebasicstructureofeachOlympicsporthasremainedmuchthesameasitwasbeforethedaysofcorporateendorsementsandthesaleoftelevisionrights.3商業(yè)化對(duì)于大多數(shù)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目標(biāo)沒有太大的影響。盡管觀眾會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響，但在歷史上，運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目保持了它們的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。創(chuàng)新也是在這一框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行的，并不會(huì)完全廢除這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本設(shè)計(jì)。例如、奧運(yùn)會(huì)的商業(yè)化導(dǎo)致了某些賽事規(guī)則的微小變更但其每項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)還是和商家贊助及電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)出售之前基本一樣。4.Commercializationseemstoaffecttheorientationsofsportparticipantsmorethanitdoestheformatandgoalsofsports.Tomakemoneyonasport,it'snecessarytoattractamassaudiencetobuyticketsorwatchtheeventsontelevision.Attractingandentertainingamassaudienceisnoteasybecauseit'smadeupofmanypeoplewhodon'thavetechnicalknowledgeaboutthecomplexathleticskillsandstrategiesusedbyplayersandcoaches.Withoutthistechnicalknowledge,peopleareeasilyimpressedbythingsextrinsictothegameormatchitself;theygettakeninbyhype.Duringtheeventitselftheyoftenfocusonthingstheycaneasilyunderstand.Theyenjoysituationsinwhichplayerstakerisksandfaceclearphysicaldanger;theyareattractedtoplayerswhoaremastersofdramaticexpressionorwhoarewillingtogobeyondandtheirnormalphysicallimitstothepointofendangeringtheirsafetyandwell-being;andtheyliketoseeplayerscommittedtovictorynomatterwhatthepersonalcost.4看來，與運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的相比，商業(yè)化更多的是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者的取向。若要通過一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)盈利，就必需吸引廣闊觀眾買門票或在電視上觀看競賽。吸引和消遣廣闊觀眾并非易事，因?yàn)檫@些觀眾中有很多人沒有技木性的學(xué)問，因而不懂得運(yùn)動(dòng)員和教練實(shí)行的困難競技技巧和策略。由于缺乏這些技術(shù)性學(xué)問，人們簡潔受到運(yùn)動(dòng)或賽事之外的東西的影響，簡潔受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。在競賽期間，他們常常關(guān)注那些他們簡潔理解的事情。他們寵愛那種運(yùn)動(dòng)員冒險(xiǎn)并明顯面臨身體危急的情境，他們寵愛那些搜長戲劇化表現(xiàn)或者情愿超越正常的生理極限以致威逼到自己的平安和健康的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們寵愛看到運(yùn)動(dòng)員不惜代價(jià)，立志求勝。5.Forexample,whenpeoplelacktechnicalknowledgeaboutbasketball,theyaremorelikelytotalkaboutasingleslamdunksthanabouttheconsistentlyflawlessdefensethatenabledateamtowinagame.Similarly,thosewhoknowlittleaboutthetechnicalaspectsoficeskatingaremoreentertainedbytripleandquadruplejumpsthanbyroutinescarefullychoreographedandpracticeduntiltheyaresmoothandflawless.Withoutdangerousjumps,naivespectatorsgetbored.Theylikeathleteswhoproject'excitingorcontroversialpersonas,andtheyoftenrateperformancesintermsofdramaticexpressionleadingtodramaticresults.Theywanttoseeathletesoccasionallycollapseastheysurpassphysicallimits,notathleteswhoknowtheirlimitssowelltheycansuccessfullycompeteforyearswithoutgoingbeyondthem.5比如，當(dāng)人們?nèi)狈@球方面的技術(shù)學(xué)問時(shí)，他們更津津樂道于某一個(gè)灌籃，而不會(huì)關(guān)注球隊(duì)取勝必需的因素:自始至終協(xié)作得完備無缺的后防。同樣，那些對(duì)滑冰技術(shù)知之甚少的人，他們更感愛好的是三連跳或四連跳，而不是那些細(xì)心設(shè)計(jì)并訓(xùn)練直至流暢、完備的舞步。沒有驚險(xiǎn)的跳動(dòng)，無知的觀眾會(huì)感到厭倦。他們寵愛那些表現(xiàn)得激烈人心或有爭議性的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們往往依據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來評(píng)價(jià)競賽。他們想看運(yùn)動(dòng)員在超越自己極限時(shí)間或的突然失敗，而不是多年來穩(wěn)操勝券，熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。6.Whenasportcomestodependonentertainingamassaudience,thoseinvolvedinthesportoftenrevisetheirideasaboutwhatisimportantinsport.ThisrevisionusuallyinvolvesashiftinemphasisfromwhatmightbecalledanaestheticorientationtoaheroicorientationInfact,thepeopleinsportmayevenrefertogamesormatchesas"show-time",anieymayrefertothemselvesasentertainersaswellasathletes.Thisdoesnotmeanthataestheticorientationsdisappear,butitdoesmeanthattheyoftentakeabackseattotheheroicactionsthatentertainspectatorswhodon'tknowenoughtoappreciatethestrategicandtechnicalaspectsofthegameormatch.6當(dāng)一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)變得依靠于消遣廣闊觀眾時(shí)，對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)中什么才是重要的，運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者們往往會(huì)變更觀念。這一變更常常意味著重心從所謂的美學(xué)取向向英雄主義取向轉(zhuǎn)變。其實(shí)，運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能甚至把運(yùn)動(dòng)或競賽稱為“表演秀”，并把自己稱作表演者兼運(yùn)動(dòng)員。這并不意味著美學(xué)取向不復(fù)存在了，但是這的確意味著與英雄主義行為相比，它們常常退居其后。英雄主義行為吸引著那些沒有足夠的學(xué)問欣賞運(yùn)動(dòng)或競賽的策略和技術(shù)的觀眾。7.Astheneedtopleasenaiveaudiencesbecomesgreater,sodoestheemphasisonheroicorientations.ThisiswhytelevisioncommentatorsforUSfootballgamescontinuallytalkaboutdanger,injuries,playingwithpain,andcourage.Someathletes,however,realizethedangersassociatedwithheroicorientationsandtrytoslowthemoveawayfromaestheticorientationsintheirsports.Forexample,someformerfigureskatershavecalledforrestrictionsonthenumberoftriplejumpsthatcanbeincludedinskatingprograms.Theseskatersareworriedthatthecommercialsuccessoftheirsportiscomingtorelyonthedangerofmovementratherthanthebeautyofmovement.However,someskatersseemtobewillingtoadoptheroicorientationsifthisiswhatwillpleaseaudiencesandgeneraterevenues.Theseathletesusuallyevaluatethemselvesandotherathletesintermsofthesportethic,andtheylearntoseeheroicactionssignsoftruecommitmentanddedicationtotheirsport.7取悅無知觀眾的需求越猛烈，就越會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)英雄主義取向。這就是為什么美國橄欖球競賽的電視評(píng)論員喋喋不休地談?wù)撐＜?、受傷、帶傷競賽和膽識(shí)。不過，有些運(yùn)動(dòng)員意識(shí)到了與英雄主義取向隨之而來的危急，并試圖在他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)中放慢偏離美學(xué)取向的步伐。比如，一些前花樣滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員已經(jīng)呼吁限制滑冰項(xiàng)目中三連跳的數(shù)量。這些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員擔(dān)憂，他們的體育項(xiàng)目在商業(yè)上的成功正越來越依靠于動(dòng)作的危急性，而不是動(dòng)作的美感。然而，另外一些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員似乎情愿實(shí)行英雄主義取向，只要這樣能取悅觀眾，獲得收入。這些運(yùn)動(dòng)員用體育道德規(guī)范去評(píng)價(jià)自己和他人，他們還學(xué)會(huì)把英雄主義行為看成是真正地投入及為運(yùn)動(dòng)獻(xiàn)身的標(biāo)記。8.Commercializationalsoleadstochangesintheorganizationsthatcontrolsports.Whensportsbegintodependongeneratingrevenues,thecontrolofsportorganizationsusuallyshiftsfurtherandfurtherawayfromtheplayers.Infact,theplayersoftenloseeffectivecontrolovertheconditionsoftheirownparticipationinthesport.Theseconditionscomeunderthecontrolofgeneralmanagers，teamowners，corporatesponsors,advertisers,mediapersonnel,marketingandpublicitystaff,professionalmanagementstaff,accountants,andagents.8商業(yè)化同樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致那些限制體育的組織發(fā)生變更。當(dāng)體育起先依靠于創(chuàng)建收入時(shí)，體育組織的限制權(quán)就會(huì)離運(yùn)動(dòng)員越來越遠(yuǎn)。事實(shí)上，運(yùn)動(dòng)員常常對(duì)于自身的體育參與環(huán)境失去有效限制。這些環(huán)境越來越受控于下列人員:總經(jīng)理、運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)老板、企業(yè)贊助商、廣告商、傳媒人員、營銷和宜傳推廣人員、專業(yè)管理人員、會(huì)計(jì)師以及經(jīng)紀(jì)人。9.Theorganizationsthatcontrolcommercialsportsareusuallycomplex,sincetheyareintendedtocoordinatetheinterestsofallthesepeople,buttheirprimarygoalistomaximizerevenues.Thismeansthatorganizationaldecisionsgenerallyreflectthecombinedeconomicinterestsofmanypeoplehavingnodirectpersonalconnectionwithasportorwiththeathletesinvolved.Thepowertoaffectthesedecisionsisgroundedinavarietyofresources,manyofwhicharenotevenconnectedwithsports.Thereforeathletesinmanycommercialsportsfindthemselvescutoutofdecision-makingprocessesevenwhendecisionsaffecttheirhealthandwell-being.9那些限制商業(yè)體育的組織通常特別困難，這是因?yàn)樗鼈兤髨D協(xié)調(diào)上述全部人的利益，但它們的首要目標(biāo)還是盈利最大化。這意味著組織決策通常反映的是很多人的混合利益，而他們與體育或相關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)員沒有干脆聯(lián)系。影響這些決策的力氣根植于各種不同的資源，其中很多甚至與體育沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，很多商業(yè)體育中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)覺自己被逐出了決策過程，即便這些決策影響到他們的健康和華蜜。Unit3Oslo1.IrememberonmyfirsttriptoEuropegoingalonetoamovieinCopenhagen.InDenmarkyouaregivenaticketforanassignedseat.Iwentintothecinemaanddiscoveredthatmyticketdirectedmetositbesidetheonlyotherpeopleintheplace,ayoungcouplelockedinthesortofpassionateembraceassociatedwithdocksidereunionsattheendoflongwars.IcouldnomorehavesatbesidethemthanIcouldhaveaskedtojoinin-itwouldhavecometomuchthesamething-soItookaplaceafewdiscreetseatsaway.1記得我第一次去歐洲旅行的時(shí)候，我在哥本哈根獨(dú)自一人去看電影。在丹麥，電影票是對(duì)號(hào)入座的。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)我走進(jìn)電影院，發(fā)覺在我的票對(duì)應(yīng)的座位旁，只有一對(duì)年輕情侶。這對(duì)情侶如膠似漆地?fù)肀г谝黄?，猶如一場(chǎng)長久斗爭結(jié)束后碼頭上親人的團(tuán)聚。我很不情愿坐在他們旁邊，就如我絕不會(huì)要求加入他們的行為一樣——這兩者對(duì)我來說并沒有什么不同——因此我謹(jǐn)慎地隔幾個(gè)座位坐了下來。2.Peoplecameintothecinema,consultedtheirticketsandfilledtheseatsaroundus.Bythetimethefilmstartedtherewereabout30ofussittingtogetherinatightpackinthemiddleofavastandotherwiseemptyauditorium.Twominutesintothemovie,awomanladenwithshoppingmadeherwaywithdifficultydownmyrow,stoppedbesidemyseatandtoldmeinasternvoice,fullofglottalstopsandindignation,thatIwasinherplace.Thiscausedmuchplayofflashlightsamongtheusherettesandfretfulre-examiningofticketsbyeveryoneinthevicinityuntilwordgotaroundthatIwasanAmericantouristandthereforeunabletofollowsimpleseatinginstructionsand.Iwasescortedinsomeshamebacktomyassignedplace.2人們接連地走進(jìn)影院，參照電影票找到位子，在我們四周坐了下來。電影開場(chǎng)時(shí)，這個(gè)寬敞空曠的觀眾席中間，扎堆地坐了約30人。電影開場(chǎng)兩分鐘后，一個(gè)拎著大包小包購物袋的女士艱難地?cái)D到我這排，在我座位旁停下，并用嚴(yán)厲的口吻生氣地朝我用充溢了喉塞音的丹麥語說道，我坐在了她的位子上。女引座員立刻打開手電筒查看狀況，身邊全部的人都擔(dān)憂地重新確認(rèn)自己票上的座位號(hào)，直到大家都清晰了，我是一個(gè)美國游客，因此沒有遵循簡潔的就座指示。在慚愧中我被送回指定的位子。3.Sowesattogetherandwatchedthemovie,30ofuscrowdedtogetherlikerefugeesinanoverloadedlifeboat,rubbingshouldersandsharingsmallnoises,anditoccurredtomethenthattherearecertainthingsthatsomenationsdobetterthaneveryoneelseandcertainthingsthattheydofarworseandIbegantowonderwhythatshouldbe.3接下來我們坐在一起看電影，30人猶如一艘超載的救生船上的難民一般擠作一團(tuán)。肩膀相互摩擦著，忍受著各種細(xì)小的噪聲。那時(shí)我想，有些國家在某些事情上做的比任何其他國家都好，然而在另外一些事情上，他們卻糟糕很多。我起先思索為何會(huì)有如此反差。4.Sometimesanation'slittlecontrivancesaresosingularandcleverthatweassociatethemwiththatcountryalone-double-deckerbusesinBritain,windmillsinHolland(whataninspiredaddition-toaflatlandscape:thinkhowtheywouldtransformNebraska)，sidewalkcafesinParis.Andyettherearesomethingsthatmostcountriesdowithoutdifficultythatotherscannotgetagraspofatall.4有時(shí)候某個(gè)國家的小獨(dú)創(chuàng)是如此獨(dú)特和精致，以至于我們總是由它而聯(lián)想到這個(gè)國家——英國的雙層巴士，荷蘭的風(fēng)車（給原本單調(diào)的景觀增加了多么奇妙的創(chuàng)意：想想這些風(fēng)車是如何變更了內(nèi)布拉斯加州），還有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡館。然而，也有一些事情，大部分國家能不費(fèi)吹灰之力地辦到，但某些國家卻完全想不到。5.TheFrench,forinstance,cannotgetthehangofqueuing.Theytryandtry,butitisbeyondthem.WhereveryougoinParis,youseeorderlylineswaitingatbusstops,butassoonasthebuspullsupthelineinstantlydisintegratesintosomethinglikeafiredrillatalunaticasylumaseveryonescramblestobethefirstaboard,quiteunawarethatthisdefeatsthewholepurposeofqueuing.5比如說，法國人無法駕馭排隊(duì)的竅門。他們一遍遍地嘗試，但這似乎超出了他們的實(shí)力范圍。無論你去巴黎的任何地方，總會(huì)看到整齊的隊(duì)伍在公交車站候車。但一旦公交車靠站，隊(duì)伍立即瓦解，就像精神病院的消防演習(xí)一樣，全部人都爭搶著第一個(gè)上車，完全沒意識(shí)到，這樣一來排隊(duì)的意義就蕩然無存了。6.TheBritish,ontheotherhand,donotunderstandcertainofthefundamentalsofeating,asevidencedbytheirinstincttoconsumehamburgerswithaknifeandfork.Tomycontinuingamazement,manyofthemalsoturntheirforkupside一downandbalancethefoodonthebackofit.I’velivedinEnglandforadecadeandahalfand1stillhavetoquellanimpulsetogouptostrangersinpubsandrestaurantsandsay,"Excuseme.CanIgiveyouatipthat'llhelpstopthosepeasbouncingalloverthetable"6另一方面，英國人則不能領(lǐng)會(huì)吃的基本要領(lǐng)。證據(jù)就是他們本能地運(yùn)用刀叉來食用漢堡。更令我驚異的是，他們大多數(shù)都把叉子顛倒放置，將食物擱在它的背上。我已經(jīng)在英國居住了15年，但我仍不得不壓制這種沖動(dòng)，想要走向酒吧或餐館里的生疏人說：“打攪一下，可以允許我告知你一個(gè)小技巧嗎？(此文來自袁勇兵博客)那樣你就不會(huì)把豆子散落在整張桌子上了。7.Germansareflummoxedbyhumor,theSwisshavenoconceptoffun,theSpanishthinkthereisnothingatallridiculousabouteatingdinneratmidnight,andtheItaliansshouldnever,everhavebeenletinontheinventionofthemotorcar.7德國人被幽默困擾，瑞士人對(duì)樂趣毫無概念，西班牙人絲毫不覺得在半夜吃晚飯有什么滑稽之處，而意大利人從不，也絕不會(huì)讓別人告知他們汽車是如何獨(dú)創(chuàng)的。8.OneofthesmallmarvelsofmyfirsttriptoEuropewasthediscoverythattheworldcouldbesofullofvariety,thatthereweresomanydifferentwaysofdoingessentiallyidenticalthings,likeeatinganddrinkingandbuyingcinematickets.ItfascinatedmethatEuropeanscouldatoncebesoalike-thattheycouldbesouniversallybookishandcerebral,anddrivesmallcars,andliveinlittlehousesinancienttowns,andlovesoccer,andberelativelyunmaterialisticandlaw-abiding,andhavechillyhotelroomsandcosyandinvitingplacestoeatanddrink-andyetbesoendlessly,unpredictablydifferentfromeachotheraswell.IlovedtheideathatyoucouldneverbesureofanythinginEurope.8這次歐洲之旅帶給我很多驚異的小事，其中一個(gè)就是我發(fā)覺世界竟能如此多樣化，對(duì)于本質(zhì)上相同的事物處理起來卻方式各異，比如說吃喝或是買電影票。好玩的是，歐洲人有時(shí)可以突然變得如此相像——他們普遍好學(xué)而理性，開著小車，住在古鎮(zhèn)的小房子里，寵愛足球，不怎么留意物質(zhì)生活，遵紀(jì)遵守法律，而且他們住寒冷的賓館房間，去暖和舒適的地方吃喝——然而卻同時(shí)擁有著如此琢磨不透、永無止盡的差異。在歐洲沒有什么是百分之百確定的，對(duì)此我特別贊同。9.Istillenjoythatsenseofneverknowingquitewhat'sgoingon.InmyhotelinOslowhereIspentfourdaysafterreturningfromHammerfest,thechambermaideachmorningleftmeapacketofsomethingcalledBioTexBla,a"minipakkeforferie,hybelogweekend"accordingtotheinstructions.Ispentmanyhappyhourssniffingitandexperimentingwithit,uncertainwhetheritwasforwashingoutclothesorgarglingorcleaningthetoiletbowl.IntheendIdecideditwasforwashingoutclothes-itworkedatreat-butforallIknowfortherestoftheweekeverywhereIwentinOslopeopleweresayingtoeachother,"Youknow,thatmansmelledliketoilet-bowlcleaner."9我仍舊享受著對(duì)事情進(jìn)展的未知感。從哈默菲斯特返回后，我在奧斯陸的賓館呆了四天，女服務(wù)員每天早上都留給我一盒叫做BioTexBla的東西，說明上說是一種“minipakkeforferie，hybelogweekend”。我不清晰它究竟是用來洗衣服的，還是漱口的，或是用來淸洗抽水馬桶的，我通過聞它的氣味，并試驗(yàn)它各種可能的用法，度過了好幾個(gè)快樂的小時(shí)。最終我判定它是甩來洗衣服的——它的確有效——然而就我所知，在奧斯陸度過的剩下幾周中，無論我去哪兒，都聽見有人相互爭論：“你知道嗎那個(gè)人身上有馬桶清潔劑的味道。”10.WhenItoldmyfriendsinLondonthatIwasgoingtotravelaroundEuropeandwritea