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目錄

內(nèi)容簡介

目錄

第1單元杰弗里?喬叟

1.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

1.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第2單元威廉?莎士比亞

2.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

2.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第3單元弗朗西斯?培根

3.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

3.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第4單元17世紀(jì)英國詩人

4.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

4.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第5單元冒險(xiǎn)小說作家

5.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

5.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第6單元浪漫主義詩人(1)

6.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

6,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第7單元簡?奧斯汀

7.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

7,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第8單元浪漫主義詩人(2)

8.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

8,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第9單元夏洛蒂?勃朗特

9.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

9.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第10單元查爾斯?狄更斯

10.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

10,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第11單元維多利亞時(shí)代的詩人

11.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

11.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第12單元托馬斯?哈代

12.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

12,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第13單元現(xiàn)代劇作家

13.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

13.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第14單元約瑟夫?康拉德

14.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

14.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第15單元20世紀(jì)英國詩人(1)

15.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

15,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第16單元現(xiàn)代主義小說家(1)

16.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

16.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第17單元現(xiàn)代主義小說家(2)

17.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

17,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第18單元愛德華?摩根?福斯特

18.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

18.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第19單元威廉?戈?duì)柖?/p>

19.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

19.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第20單元多麗絲?萊辛

20.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

20.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第21單元約翰?福爾斯

21.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

21.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第22單元20世紀(jì)英國詩人(2)

22.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

22.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第23單元A.S.拜厄特

23.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

23,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第24單元V.S.奈保爾

24.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

24.2課后習(xí)題詳解

第25單元格雷厄姆?斯威夫特

25.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

25,2課后習(xí)題詳解

第1單元杰弗里?喬叟

1.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

GeoffreyChaucer(杰弗里?喬叟)(1340-1400)

ILife(生平)

GeoffreyChaucer,bornin1343inLondon,isthefounderofEnglishpoetry.Hewastheson

ofawinemerchantwhohadconnectionswiththeCourt.Helaterbecameacourtierand

comptroller.

Chaucer'slearningwaswideinscope.HeobtainedagoodknowledgeofLatin,Frenchand

Italian.Hehadbroadandintimateacquaintancewithpersonshighandlowinallwalksof

life,andknewwellthewholelifeofhistime,whichleftgreatimpressionsuponhisworks

andparticularlyuponhisvariegateddepictionoftheEnglishsocietyofhistime.

Hediedin1400andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,thusfoundingthePoets'Corner.

杰弗里?喬叟于1343年出生于倫敦,他是英語詩歌之父。他是一個(gè)與宮廷有聯(lián)系的酒商

的兒子。他后來擔(dān)任過侍臣和審計(jì)官。

喬叟知識淵博。他精通拉丁語、法語和意大利語。他結(jié)交廣泛且易與人深交,無論是貴族

還是貧民,因此他深諳所處世事。這尤其有益于他在作品中對英國社會的刻畫。

他逝于1400年,被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂,由此“詩人角”開始出現(xiàn)。

2MajorWorks(主要作品)

TheBookoftheDuchess(1336)《公爵夫人之書》

TheParliamentofFowls(1380)《百鳥議會》

TheHouseofFame(1374-1384)《聲譽(yù)之堂》

TroilusandCriseyde(1380-1385)《特羅勒斯與克麗西德》

TheCanterburyTales(1386-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》

3chaucer'sLiteraryCareer(文學(xué)生平)

Chaucer'sliterarycareercanbedividedintothreeperiods,whichiscloselyrelatedtohis

lifeexperiences.ThefirstperiodconsistsofworkstranslatedfromFrenchliterature;the

secondconsistsofworksadaptedfromItalianliterature,especiallyinfluencedbyDante,

PetrarchandBoccaccio,suchasTroilusandCriseyde.ThethirdperiodincludesThe

CanterburyTales,whichispurelyEnglish.

喬叟的文學(xué)生平可劃分為三個(gè)階段,均與其個(gè)人生活經(jīng)歷有關(guān)。第一階段喬叟的作品主要

是翻譯法國文學(xué),第二階段則改編于意大利文學(xué),深受但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘的影響,

如《特羅勒斯與克麗西德》。第三階段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》,這是純英語創(chuàng)作階段。

4SelectedWork(選讀作品)

?TheCanterburyTales(1386-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》

(1)Mainplot(內(nèi)容提要)

TheCanterburyTalesisacollectionofstorieswritteninMiddleEnglishbyGeoffrey

Chaucerattheendofthe14thcentury.Thetales(mostlyinverse,althoughsomearein

prose)aretoldaspartofastory-tellingcontestbyagroupofpilgrimsastheytravel

togetheronajourneyfromSouthwarktotheshrineofSaintThomasBecketatCanterbury

Cathedral.TheprizeforthiscontestisafreemealattheTabardInnatSouthwarkontheir

return.

《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部詩體短篇小說集,敘述朝圣者一行人會聚在泰巴旅店,他們準(zhǔn)

備前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托馬斯。途中他們進(jìn)行講故事比賽,講得最好的人,回到旅店后

大家合起來請他吃飯。

(2)SocialSignificancesofTheCanterburyTales(社會影響)

a.Itshowsatrue-to-lifepictureofChaucer'stime.

b.Takingfromthestandofrisingbourgeoisie,Chauceraffirmsmenandopposesthedogma

ofasceticismpreachedbytheChurch.

c.Hepraisesman'senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.

d.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime,attackdegenerationofthenoble,the

corruptionoftheChurch.

a.展示喬叟時(shí)代的真實(shí)生活畫面。

b.站在發(fā)展中的小資產(chǎn)階級的立場,喬叟肯定了人的力量,反對教會宣揚(yáng)的禁欲主義。

c.贊揚(yáng)了人的力量,智慧和對生活的熱愛。

d.展現(xiàn)并批判了時(shí)代的罪惡,批判了貴族和教會的墮落。

(3)Chaucer'sLanguage(喬叟的語言)

a.Chaucer'slanguage,nowcalledMiddleEnglish,isvividandexact.Heisamasterofword-

pictures.HisverseisamongthesmoothestinEnglish.

b.ChaucefscontributiontoEnglishpoetrylieschieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfrom

Francetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytheheroiccouplettoEnglishpoetry.

c.ChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglish

speech.

d.Chaucerisgoodattheterzarima,whichmakeshislanguageahighstyle.Thisiswhat

otherpoetscannotreach.

a.喬叟的語言屬于中英語,非常形象準(zhǔn)確。他是用語言構(gòu)建圖畫的大師。他的詩歌位列最

順暢的英語中。

b.喬叟對英語詩歌的貢獻(xiàn)主要在于他將法國的韻腳重復(fù)的詩節(jié)(尤其是英雄雙韻體)介紹

到英國。

c喬叟在使倫敦方言成為現(xiàn)代英語的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中發(fā)揮了重要作用。

d.喬叟善于使用三行體,這種詩體使他的語言很高雅。這是其他詩人無法匹敵的。

1.2課后習(xí)題詳解

IHowisthesettingofthetalesdescribed?Withsuchasetting,couldyoupredictthe

generaltoneofthetalesthataretofollow?

Key:⑴Chaucersetsthetalesinthespring,describingboththenaturalworldandpeople-

thenaturalworldshowsakindofrenewalandrebirth,andpeoplebegintostirafterthe

longsleepofwinter.Chaucer'sdescriptionofthelandscapeislively(歡快的)andfresh

(清新的),sincehespeaksofbuddingflowers,growingcropsandsingingbirds.

(2)Accordingtosuchasetting,wecanpredictthatthegeneraltoneofthetaleswillbelight,

sprightly(活潑、愉快的)andhumorous.

2Inyourownwords,summarizethecharacteroftheKnightfromthebriefintroductionin

thisexcerpt.

Key:Accordingtotheexcerpt,wecanseethattheKnighthasastrongspiritofchivalry-

truth,honor,freedomandcourtesy.Hehadfoughtmanybattlesforthefaithofpeople.He

isabrave,wise,modestandHtrulyperfectgentle-knight11.

3Withoutcomparisonwiththetranslatedversion,aretherewordsstillrecognizabletoyou

intheoriginalMiddleEnglishversion?

Key:Yes,therearemanywordscanberecognized.Becausemanywordsonlycontainfew

differentletterscomparedwiththemodernwords.What'smore,sometimes,wecan

recognizethewordsbyguessorbythesense-group.

第2單元威廉?莎士比亞

2.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)(威廉?莎士比亞)

ILife(生平)

Shakespeareisthemostremarkableplaywrightandpoet.HewasbornonApril26,1564in

Stratford-upon-Avon.Attheageof7,Shakespearewassenttothelocalgrammarschool

wherehewastaughtreading,writing,LatinandGreek.Hewasaschoolmasterinthe

countryandbecamewellacquaintedwiththeatricalperformances.At18hemarrieda

farmer'sdaughterwhowaseightyearsolderthanhim.AfterhemovedtoLondonaround

1586,heonceworkedasanactor,aplaywright,andapartownerofatheatercompany.In

1612,hewentbackhomeandboughtahousecalledNewPalace.HediedonApril23,the

anniversaryofhisbirth,in1616andwasburiedinStratfordChurch.

TheotherfamouscontemporarywriterBenJonsonpraisedthat“Heisnotforanage,but

foralltimes!,indicatingtheprominentpositionofShakespeareinworldcivilizationand

literaturehistory.

莎士比亞是世界最著名的劇作家和詩人。他出生于1564年4月26日英格蘭埃文河畔的

斯特拉福德。7歲時(shí)上當(dāng)?shù)氐奈姆▽W(xué)校,學(xué)習(xí)閱讀、寫作、拉丁語和希臘語。他成了當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

的教師,并且漸漸熟知戲劇表演。莎士比亞18歲就和一位農(nóng)夫的女兒結(jié)婚,她比莎士比

亞年長8歲。1586年前后他搬到倫敦,之后做過演員、劇作家和劇院股東。1612年,

他回到家鄉(xiāng),買了一幢名為新宮的房子。他逝于1616年4月23日他生日的那一天,安

葬在斯特拉福德教堂。

莎士比亞同時(shí)代的另一著名作家本?瓊森稱贊“他不屬于一個(gè)時(shí)代,而是屬于永遠(yuǎn)”,表達(dá)

了數(shù)百年來莎士比亞在世界文明和文學(xué)史上的重要地位。

2AChronologicalListofShakespeare'sPlays(莎士比亞戲劇目錄)

ThirtysevenofShakespeare'splayshavecomedowntous.Butitisoftendifficulttodatea

givenplayprecisely.Scholarsworkedoutthechronologicalorderofhisplays,basedon

threekindsofevidence:externalevidence(recordsofperformanceandpublication,or

referencesincontemporaryworks);internalevidence(allusionsintheplaysto

contemporaryevents,orquotationsfromcontemporaryworks);stylisticevidence

(changesanddevelopmentsinShakespeare'suseofblankverse,rhymeandprose).

莎士比亞的37部戲劇流傳至今。但是戲劇時(shí)間難以確定,學(xué)者們根據(jù)三類證據(jù)將其編年:

外部證據(jù)(表演和出版記錄,或參考同時(shí)期作品);內(nèi)部證據(jù)(作品中引用的同時(shí)代事件,

或者同時(shí)代作品引語);文體證據(jù)(莎士比亞使用無韻體、韻律和散文技術(shù)的變化)。

1590HenryVI,PartII《亨利六世,第二部》

HenryVI,PartIII《亨利六世,第三部》

1591HenryVI,PartI《亨利六世,第一部》

1592RichardITI《理查德三世》

TheComedyofErrors《錯(cuò)中錯(cuò)》

1593TitusAndronicus《泰特斯?安特洛尼克斯》

TheTamingoftheShrew《馴悍記》

1594TheTwoGentlemenofVerona《維洛那二紳士》

Love'sLabour'sLost《愛的徒勞》

RomeoandJuliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》

1595RichardII《理查德二世》

AMidsummerNightsDream《仲夏夜之夢》

1596KingJohn《約翰王》

TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》

1597HenryIV,PartI《亨利四世,第一部》

HenryIV,PartII《亨利四世,第二部》

1598MuchAdoaboutNothing《無事生非》

HenryV《亨利五世》

TheMerryWivesofWindsor《溫莎的風(fēng)流娘們》

1599JuliusCaesar《朱利尤斯?凱撒》

AsYouLikeIt《皆大歡喜》

1600TwelfthNight《第十二夜》

1601Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

1602TroilusandCressida《特洛伊羅斯與克萊西達(dá)》

1603All'sWellThatEndsWell《終成眷屬》

1604MeasureforMeasure《一報(bào)還一報(bào)》

Othello《奧賽羅》

1605KingLear《李爾王》

Macbeth《麥克白》

1606AntonyandCleopatra《安東尼與克里奧佩特拉》

1607Coriolanus《科利奧蘭納斯》

TimonofAthens《雅典的泰門》

1608Pericles《佩力克爾斯》

1609Cymbeline《辛白林》

1610TheWintersTale《冬天的故事》

1611TheTempest《暴風(fēng)雨》

1612Henry\4H《亨利八世》

3PeriodsofShakespeare'sPlays(莎士比亞戲劇分期)

a.Historiesandcomediesbefore1600,suchasHenryVI,Love'sLabour'sLost,Richard【II,A

MidsummerNight'sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,TheMerryWivesofWindsor.(Romeo

andJulietofthisperiodisexceptionallytragic].Thisperiodisaperiodof“greatcomedies".

Thecomediesarechieflyconcernedwiththeaffairsofyouthandfullofromanticsentiment.

b.Tragediesfrom1600to1608includingHamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth(even

thecomedieswritteninthisperiodlikeAll'sWellThatEndsWellandMeasureforMeasure

aretouchedwithsadness].Thisistheperiodof"greattragedies"and"darkcomedies".

c.Tragicomediesandromancesfrom1608to1612suchasTheWinter'sTale,TheTempest.

a.1600年以前的歷史劇和喜劇,如《亨利六世》,《愛的徒勞》,《理查德三世》,

《仲夏夜之夢》,《威尼斯商人》,《溫莎的風(fēng)流娘們》(《羅密歐與朱麗葉》是這一時(shí)

期的悲劇)。這一時(shí)期產(chǎn)生了“偉大喜劇”。這些喜劇主要是關(guān)于年輕人之間的愛情,充滿

浪漫氣息。

b.1600—1608年的悲劇,包括《哈姆雷特》,《奧賽羅》,《李爾王》和《麥克白》

(這一時(shí)期的戲劇如《終成眷屬》,《一報(bào)還一報(bào)》也渲染了悲傷氣息)。這是“偉大悲

劇”和“陰郁喜劇”的時(shí)期。

c.1608-1612年的悲喜劇和傳奇,如《冬天的童話》,《暴風(fēng)雨》。

4SeIectedWorks(選讀作品)

?Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

(1)Mainplot(主要情節(jié))

TheprotagonististheprinceofDenmark,andastudentattheUniversityofWittenberg,

Hamlet.Atthebeginningoftheplay,Hamletsfather,KingHamlet,hasrecentlydied,and

hismother,QueenGertrude,hasmarriedthenewking,HamletsuncleClaudius.Hamletis

melancholy,bitter,cynicalandfullofhatredforhisuncleanddisgustathismotherfor

marryinghim.WhentheghostofHamletsfatherappearsandclaimstohavebeen

murderedbyClaudius,Hamletbecomesobsessedwithavenginghisfather'sdeath.

Mistakenly,hekillsPolonius,fatherofOphelia.Ophelia,loverofHamlet,goesmadbecause

ofherfather'sdeathandthenisdrownedinastream.ThisleadstoOphelia'sbrother—

Laertes'hatredforHamlet.IntheduelbetweenLaertesandHamlet,Laerteswounds

Hamletbutishimselfstruckwiththesamepoisonedweapon,whichismadebyClaudius.

Beforehisdeath,HamletstabsClaudiuswhilethequeenhasdrunkapoisonedcupofwine

intendedforHamlet.

該劇主人公哈姆雷特是丹麥王子,威登堡大學(xué)生。戲劇開端,哈姆雷特的父親丹麥國王突

然逝世,他的母親格特魯?shù)禄屎蠹藿o哈姆雷特的叔叔,新任國王克勞狄斯。哈姆雷特悲痛

不已、憤世嫉俗,憎恨他的叔叔,厭惡他的母親。當(dāng)父親的鬼魂出現(xiàn),告訴他自己是被克

勞狄斯害死時(shí),哈姆雷特一直想著要為父報(bào)仇。在復(fù)仇過程中,他誤殺波隆尼爾,歐菲莉

亞的父親。歐菲莉亞是哈姆雷特的情人,她因父親的死精神失常,最后溺水身亡。這引起

了歐菲莉亞的哥哥雷爾提對哈姆雷特的仇恨。在兩人的對決中,雷爾提用有毒的武器刺傷

哈姆雷特,雷爾提自己也被同樣的武器所傷。武器上的毒是克勞狄斯作為。哈姆雷特臨死

之際用力刺向國王,王后也喝下了克勞狄斯準(zhǔn)備給哈姆雷特的毒酒。

(2)ThecharacterofHamlet(哈姆雷特人物分析)

Hamletisamanofgenius,highlyaccomplishedandeducated,amanoffar-reaching

perceptionandsparklingwit.

Thoughascholar,heisatthesametimefearlessandimpetuousinaction.Heisahumanist,

amanwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions.Helovesgoodandhatesevil.

Hecaresfornothingbuthumanworthandshowscontemptforrankandwealth.Heisa

closeobserverofmenandmanners.Heeasilyseesthroughpeople.

ThekeynoteofHamletscharacterismelancholy.Revengeiseasy,butitisnotmerely

personalrevengethatHamletseeks.Whatismoreimportantistoexposetherootsofthe

evilandtoestablishareignofjustice.Hisresponsibilityisthusenlargedintoaradical

transformationofsociety.ThisisthecauseofHamletsprofoundmelancholyandhisdelay

inrevenge.

哈姆雷特是一個(gè)擁有智慧和教養(yǎng),觀察力敏銳的英杰。雖然身為學(xué)者,但他行事沖動且毫

無畏懼。他是位人文主義者,從中世紀(jì)的偏見和封建束縛中解放出來。他愛憎分明,關(guān)心

人本身,不論貧窮貴賤。他對人事觀察仔細(xì),能夠看透人心。

他最明顯的性格特征是憂郁。當(dāng)決心開始復(fù)仇后,他認(rèn)識到重要的不只是復(fù)仇,怎樣揭露

現(xiàn)世的丑陋并建立公正的社會才是關(guān)鍵。因此他的責(zé)任上升到改造社會。這是他行動遲疑,

表現(xiàn)憂郁的主要原因。

?RomeoandJuliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》

RomeoandJuliet,theteenagedchildrenoftwofeudingfamilies(MontaguesandCapulets,

respectively),meetatafeastandfallinlove.TheyaresecretlymarriedbyRomeo's

confessorandfatherfigure,FriarLaurence,withtheassistanceofJulietsnursemaid.

Unfortunately,RomeoretaliatesbyfightingTybaltandkillinghim,andispenalizedwith

banishment.UnawareofJulietssecretmarriage,herfatherhasarrangedforhertomarry

wealthyCountParis.Inordertoescapethisarrangedmarriageandremainfaithfulto

Romeo,JulietconsumesapotionpreparedbyFriarLaurence,intendedtomakeherappear

deadfor42hours.FriarLaurenceplanstoinformRomeoofthehoaxsothathecanmeet

Julietafterherburialandescapewithherwhensherecoversfromherswoon,butthenews

ofJulietsdeathreachesRomeobeforethefriar'sletter.Indespair,hegoestothetomband

theredrinksapoison,killinghimself.Awakeningshortlyafterheexpires,Julietdiscoversa

deadRomeoandproceedstostabherselfwithhisdagger.Later,thetwofamiliesattend

theirjointfuneraltogether,andthenarrator'svoicestatesthat“Agloomingpeacethis

morningwithitbrings".

一對出生于兩個(gè)勢不兩立的家族的男女青年一一羅密歐與朱麗葉一一熱烈的相愛了,然而,

家族之間的留學(xué)仇恨使他們無法將戀情公開。在朱麗葉乳母的幫助下,兩人得以見面,傾

訴衷腸;好心的神父又為他們舉行了秘密婚禮??墒橇_密歐因失手殺了對方家族中人而被

驅(qū)逐出城,朱麗葉的父母又執(zhí)意要將她嫁給另一貴族青年。在神父的幫助下,朱麗葉喝下

藥酒,佯裝死去,以便被送進(jìn)家族墓穴后與羅密歐見面。然而,這個(gè)消息未能及時(shí)報(bào)知羅

密歐。他進(jìn)入墓室,以為朱麗葉真已死去,便服毒自殺。朱麗葉醒來,明白羅密歐已死,

悲痛中用匕首自殺身亡。年輕戀人的死亡使雙方家庭悲痛欲絕,但也使兩個(gè)家族的仇恨終

于化解。

Comment作品賞析

RomeoandJulietisoneofthefamouslove-tragediesintheworksofShakespeare.Through

thetragedyofRomeoandJuliet,Shakespearehadconnectedthelovethemewithconflictin

therenaissanceperiod.Inthethesis,hecriticizedfeudalmoresandexpressedidealsof

pursuingpersonalfreedomandwelfare.Sothereligiousreformandhumanismweremain

causeoftragedyinthatperiodoftime.Andthepersonalityofcharacterswasalsothe

reasonsforthetragedyinthiswork.

《羅密歐與朱麗葉》是莎士比亞著名的愛情悲劇之一。莎士比亞正是通過羅密歐與朱麗葉

的愛情悲劇,把愛情題材和文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的社會矛盾聯(lián)系起來,批判了封建道德觀念,表

現(xiàn)了人文主義追求個(gè)人自由和個(gè)人幸福的理念。所以,這一時(shí)期的社會主義宗教改革和人

文主義思想是悲劇產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),而作品中的人物個(gè)性也是悲劇產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)重要因素。

?Sonnet18(十四行詩之18)

Thecollectioncontains154sonnets,commonlythoughttobewrittenbetween1593and

1599.

Theymayberoughlydividedintothreegroups:numbers1-17arevariationsononetheme.

Ahandsomeyoungmanisbeingpersuadedtomarryandbegetoffspringwhowillpreserve

hisbeautyinanewgeneration,thoughhehimselfwillloseitashegrowsold;18-126are

onavarietyofthemesassociatedwithahandsomeyoungman(whoispresumablythe

youthof1-17).Thepoetenjoyshisfriendshipandisfullofadmirationpromisingtobestow

immortalityontheyoungmanbythepoemshewritesinhishonour.Therestareabouta

marriedwomanwithdarkhairandcomplexion,bywhomthepoetisattracted,thoughwell

awareofherfaults.

Inthesonnet,thespeakercompareshisbelovedtothesummerseason,andarguesthathis

belovedisbetter.Healsostatesthathisbelovedwillliveonforeverthroughthewordsof

thepoem.Sonnet18iswritteninthetypicalShakespeareansonnetform,having14linesof

iambicpentameterendinginarhymedcouplet.

詩集包括154首十四行詩,多被認(rèn)為寫于1593一一1599年間。

這些詩按照主題可分為三類:前17首是規(guī)勸一位美少年盡早結(jié)婚產(chǎn)生后代,來延續(xù)他的

美麗,因?yàn)殡S著年齡增長,他的美麗會日漸消退。第18——126首的寫作對象很可能與

前17首相同。詩人非常珍視兩人之間的友情,并且承諾要用自己的詩歌來賦予少年永生。

其余詩歌描寫一位黑頭發(fā)黑皮膚的已婚婦女,盡管了解她的不足,詩人還是被她吸引。

在這首詩中,詩人把他所愛的人比作是夏天,但比夏天更美。詩人還表達(dá)出希望愛人能與

這篇詩作永存的情感。這首詩是用典型的莎士比亞體寫的,用了典型的五音部抑揚(yáng)格。

2.2課后習(xí)題詳解

Hamlet

lWhysleepissofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan"end""theheartacheandthe

thousandnaturalshocks"?

Key:Deathmeanstheendoflife.Ifhedies,hemaygotoanunknownworldandcannever

comeback.Inthissense,Hamletcannottakerevengeonhisuncleforhisfather,failingto

realizehiswill.Though“sleep"canendtheheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks,itis

astateofmindandHamletdoesn'tknowatall.Heisfrightenedbythepossiblesufferingin

thelong“dream”.Hecan'tpredictwhatwillhappeninthesleep,maybegoodmaybeevil.

2Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathto

getridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?

Key:AccordingtoHamlet,becausethatpeopledon'tknowwhatlyingtherewaitingfor

themintheunknownworld,maybesomethingmoreterriblethanthatinthemortalworld.

3What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?Pleaseexplainin

relationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.

Key:Itisthefearfortheunknownworldandthelakeofconfidenceforthefuturemake

peopleloosedeterminationtotakeaction.JustlikeHamlet,hedoesn'tknowwhatwould

happenifhekillshisuncleorkillshimselfsoheishesitated.However,Hamletshesitation

shouldbeconcernedfromadifferentpointofview.Hamletisatrueman.Healways

consideredforhiscountryandthepeople,maybehishesitationduetothemeditationon

deathandthefearofunknownworldafterdeath,butthemainreasonliesinhisall-round

considerationforhisnation.Hewantstochangethedarkexistingworldbutitisbeyondhis

ability,hehasnoideawhatheshoulddo.Heknowshisdeathcan'tsolvetheproblems

deeplyrootedinthesociety.Sohehesitatedaboutwhatheshoulddoastheprinceof

Demark.Hisrevengeisnoteverythingforhim.Andheclearlyknowsthatthesuddendeath

ofkingmayarisesomedisordersinthecountry.Thusheconfusedabouthisaction.

RomeoandJuliet

IWhatdoesRomeocompareJuliettointhebeginningpassageoftheselection?

Key:RomeocomparesJuliettothesun.

2WhatisRomeoandJuliet'sattitudetowardbeingaMontagueoraCapulet?

Key:Theythinkthatsincetheirfamilynameshinderthemfromlovingeachother,they

preferthatthenamesMontagueandCapulethavenothingtodowiththemselvesandeven

givethemup.

3WhatdoesRomeomeanwhenhesays“Lookthoubutsweet,/AndIamproofagainsttheir

enmity”?

Key:ItmeansthatRomeolovesJulietsomuchthathethinksthatthelovecanprotecthim

fromharmanddissolvethehatredbetweentheirfamilies.

Sonnet18

IHowdoesthepoetanswerthequestionheputsforthinthefirstline?

Key:Thepoetthinksthatheshouldnot“comparetheetoasummer'sday",because"Thou

artmorelovelyandmoretemperate".And,inthefollowingpart,hegiveshisreasons.

2Whatmakesthepoetthinkthat"thou"canbemorebeautiful(fair)thansummerand

immortal?

Key:Becausethepoetthinksthatsummerswillgoawayandeverythinginthesummerwill

fade,but“thyeternalsummershallnotfade".

第3單元弗朗西斯?培根

3.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記

FrancisBacon(1561-1626)(弗朗西斯?培根)

ILife(生平)

BaconwasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,authorandthefather

ofempiricismandmodernscience.Baconwasborninanoblefamily,sonofSirNicholas

Bacon.In1573,heenteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge.Aftergraduatingat16hetookup

law.Hecompletedhislegaleducationandwascalledtothebar.At23,hebecamea

memberoftheHouseofCommons.DuringthereignofJamesI,BaconwasappointedLord

HighChancellor,theheadofthelegalsystemofEnglandandmadeapeerwiththetitlesof

BaronVerulamandViscountStAlban.Butthreeyearslater,hewasaccusedofbriberyand

wasdeprivedofhisofficeandbanishedfromLondon.Inhisafteryears,hefocusedon

philosophyandscience.

培根是英國著名的哲學(xué)家、政治家、科學(xué)家、律師、法官、作家,被稱為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義和現(xiàn)

代科學(xué)之父”。培根出生于一個(gè)貴族家庭,其父為尼古拉斯培根爵士。1573年,他進(jìn)入劍

橋大學(xué)三一學(xué)院讀書。16歲畢業(yè),然后從事法律事務(wù)。完成法律學(xué)習(xí)后,取得律師資格,

23歲時(shí)成為眾議院議員。詹姆士一世當(dāng)政時(shí),他當(dāng)上了大法官(英格蘭法律體系的頭

領(lǐng)),同時(shí)還被授予維勒拉姆男爵、圣?阿本斯子爵稱號。但三年后他因受賄丟了職務(wù),

被趕出倫敦。培根晚年致力于哲學(xué)著述和科學(xué)研究。

2MajorWorks(主要作品)

AdvancementofLearning《學(xué)術(shù)的演進(jìn)》(1605)

NewInstrument《新工具》(1620)

Essays《隨筆》

3CommentonBacon(對培根的評價(jià))

BaconwasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,authorandpioneer

ofthescientificmethod.Baconhasbeencalledthefatherofempiricism.Hisworks

establishedandpopularisedinductivemethodologiesforscientificinquiry,oftencalledthe

Baconianmethod,orsimplythescientificmethod.

培根是英國著名的哲學(xué)家、政治家、科學(xué)家、律師、法官、作家和科學(xué)方法論的先驅(qū)。被

稱為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義之父”。他的作品為科學(xué)研究建立了方法論。

4Selectedworks(作品選讀)

?OfmarriageandSingleLife《論婚姻和單身》

OfmarriageandSingleLifeisanargumentationwhichhasaclearargumentthatmanand

womenshouldgetmarried.Baconalsoarguethatmarriageisgoodforboththemselves

andthesociety.

《論婚姻和單身》作為一篇論說文,觀點(diǎn)明確,敘述條理清楚。培根認(rèn)為:男大當(dāng)婚,女

大當(dāng)嫁。他還認(rèn)為婚姻無論是對個(gè)人還是社會都不是壞事。

?OfStudy《論讀書》

OfStudydiscussedthepurposes,functionsanddifferentviewstowardsstudy.Itusedthe

deviceofparallelismtogivethedescription.

《論讀書》詳細(xì)討論了讀書的目的和功能,分析了詩人對讀書的不同態(tài)度,介紹了讀書的

各種方法。文中用了排比的修辭手法來表述觀點(diǎn)。

5ThestyleofBacon'sessay(培根散文的風(fēng)格)

Thelanguageisveryneat,pretandweighty.Thesentencesareveryshortandtheauthor

likestousemorelooseandcompoundsentences,whicharecalledlooseandfreestylein

Bacon'stime.Baconalsolikestousemoreco-ordinateconjunctionsthanthesubordinated

ones,suchas"as,since,because”.What'smoreimportantisthathelikestouseparallelism,

andhistopicsareveryclearandexact,fullofepigramslikeapoem.Sowecansayhisstyle

isconcisenessofexpressionandsimplicityofdiction.

語言簡潔有力。文章句子通常很短,因?yàn)榕喔矚g用松散的復(fù)合句。相對于從屬連詞,培

根更喜歡用并列連詞,比如“因?yàn)椋虼恕?。更明顯的特點(diǎn)是他喜歡用排比句。而且文章的

觀點(diǎn)非常明確,用了很多像短詩似的雋語。所以我們可以歸納他的寫作風(fēng)格為表達(dá)簡介,

用語簡單。

3.2課后習(xí)題詳解

OfMarriageandSingleLife

11smarriageanimpedimentorhelptoone'scareerdevelopment?

Key:Sometimes,marriagecanbeanimpediment,andsometimes,itcanhelponedevelop

hisorhercareeraswell,becauseitdependsonthequalityofthemarriage.Asthesaying

goes“Apeacefulfamilywillprosper”,sowecansaythathusbandsandwivescanbenefita

lotfromgoodmarriages,whileaterriblemarriagewillruinbothsides.Inagoodmarriage,

husbandandwifewillbehappierandmorejoyful,andtheywillhelpandencourageeach

other,whichwillbegoodfortheircareers.Onthecontrary,inanunhappymarriage,

husbandandwifeusuallyquarrelalotandthingstendtobeworse.

2Inwhatsensearewifeandchildren“akindofdisciplineofhumanity"?

Key:Asinglemanhasnootherstothinkabout,soheislikelytothinkofhimselfandspend

alotofmoneyforhimself.What'smore,hetendstotakeanyrisksifhewantsto,forhe

doesnotneedtoberesponsibleforanyone.However,amarriedmancannotbesogo-as-

you-please,becausehehaswifeandchildren,andhemustberesponsibleforthem.

Furthermore,hehastoworkhardtofulfillhiswifeandchildren'sexpectation.Hebecomes

alovingman,whonotonlyloveshiswifeandchildren,butalsolovesothers.Aloving

husbandandaqualifiedfathercancontributethegreatestmerittothepublictoalarge

extent.Whomakethis?Ofcourse,wifeandchildrenmakeit.Inthissense,wecansaythat

wifeandchildrenare“akindofdisciplineofhumanity".

3Baconprefersmarriagetosinglelife.Doyoufindhisargumentsconvincing?

Key:Yes,IthinkBacon'sargumentsareconvincing.Heproveshispointsbythemeansof

comparison.Heclearlypointsoutthedisadvantagesofsinglelifeandtheadvantagesofa

marriagelife.Suchas,asinglepersononlycaresabouthimselfanddoesnotpayattention

tothefuture;amarriedmantendstobecomeresponsible,tender,enthusiasticandwarm-

hearted.Asthesentencegoes“wivesareyoungmen'smistresses,companionsformiddle

age,andoldmen'snurses“whichmeansthatwhenamanisyoung,hiswifecanmakemany

decisionsandarrangementsforthefamily;whenhecomestomiddleage,wifealwaysstays

withhimasacompanion;whenhebecomesold,wifewilltakecareofhimtilltheendoflife.

Eventhoughawomanmarriesabadhusband,marriageoffersachanceforhusbandto

correctthemselves.Thesepointsallarereasonable,whichmakeBacon'sargumentsvery

convincing.

OfStudy

IWearenowlivingintheageof"informationexplosion".Whatlessonscanwelearnfrom

Bacon's"OfStudies'*inouraccesstoinformation?

Key:Today,informationisfloodingintoourlife.AccordingtoBacon'sopinion:"studies

themselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinby

experience^weshouldcombinetheoryandpracticetogether.Thatis,practicingisquite

important.

Intermsofbooks,wehavepaperbooksandE-booksaswell.Whenwereadthem,wecan

learnlessonfromBacon'sidea:"somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,

butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention."When

wefaceinformation,weshoulddosomeselections.Wecannoteasilytrusttheinformation

inbooksoronthecomputers.Moreimportantly,weshouldhaveanindependentmind.

2Inwhatsensedoesreadingmakeafullman?

Key:AsBaconsays“Historiesmakemenwise,poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;

naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend1',wecanknow

thatdifferentbooksandsubjectshavetheirdifferentusesandfunctionsonpeople.Some

bookscanmakepeoplewiserandmakefewermistakes;somebookscanmakepeople

wittierandsensemorebeautyandpleasureoflife;somebookscanmakepeoplemore

scientificandconsideraboutthing

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