2019譯林版高中英語(yǔ)必修三Unit4 Scientists who changed the world 知識(shí)清單（學(xué)生版）

。。。閱讀單詞認(rèn)讀malarian.extractn.vt.penicillinn.mould(AmEmold)n.bacterian.(sing.bacterium)ellectualadj.n.mysteryn.metaln.重點(diǎn)單詞識(shí)記n.共和國(guó)，共和政體adj.致命的；十足的，徹底的n.生存，存活；殘存物，幸存事物n.省，省份n.藥草，香草；草本n.實(shí)驗(yàn)，試驗(yàn)；嘗試，實(shí)踐vi.做試驗(yàn)，進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)；嘗試n.試用，試驗(yàn)；審訊，審判；考驗(yàn)vi.&vt.測(cè)試，試驗(yàn)adj.家庭的，家用的，家務(wù)的n.一家人，家庭vt.延遲，延期adj.足夠的，充足的n.數(shù)據(jù)，資料，材料n.錯(cuò)誤，差錯(cuò)n.智慧，知識(shí)，學(xué)問(wèn)；才智；明智vt.&vi.組織，實(shí)施；指揮；引導(dǎo)；舉止n.電，電能n.學(xué)說(shuō)，論；原理；看法，意見(jiàn)n.雷雨，雷暴n.進(jìn)化；演變，發(fā)展vt.&vi.充電；收費(fèi)；控告；譴責(zé)；使……承擔(dān)責(zé)任；使充滿n.收費(fèi)；控告；譴責(zé)；掌管adj.電的，發(fā)電的，電動(dòng)的adj.突出的n.突出的人(或物)n.炸彈；核武器vt.轟炸n.贊揚(yáng)，認(rèn)可；信用vt.存入金額；把……歸于vt.取消，使無(wú)效；否認(rèn)，否定n.權(quán)威，權(quán)力；官方vt.表明，宣稱；公布，宣布；申報(bào)vt.出版，發(fā)行；發(fā)表；公布核心詞匯拓展__________adj.廣泛的；寬闊的，廣闊的；概括的；開(kāi)闊的→__________adv.廣泛地→__________vt.變寬，擴(kuò)大……的范圍__________vi.&vt.想要，計(jì)劃；意指→__________n.目的；意圖；打算__________adj.有限的→__________n.&vt.限制→__________n.限制；局限；極限__________n.容器；集裝箱，貨柜→__________vt.包含__________adj.有益的，有用的→__________n.益處vt.對(duì)……有益處vi.得益于__________vt.說(shuō)明，解釋；加插圖于→__________n.圖解，圖示__________vt.圍繞，環(huán)繞；包圍；與……緊密相關(guān)→__________adj.周圍的→__________n.周圍的環(huán)境__________vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→__________n.表明；暗示__________n.意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇→__________adj.意外的；偶然的__________adj.有才智的，聰明的；有智力的→__________n.才智__________vt.較喜歡；偏袒；有助于n.幫助，好事；贊同；偏袒→__________adj.贊同的；支持的；有利的→__________adj.最喜愛(ài)的__________n.政治家，從政者；投機(jī)鉆營(yíng)者→__________n.政治(學(xué))→__________adj.政治的__________adj.科學(xué)的，關(guān)于科學(xué)的；細(xì)致嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)摹鷂_________n.科學(xué)→__________n.科學(xué)家__________vt.包含；牽涉，影響；(使)參加→__________adj.有關(guān)的；卷入的；復(fù)雜的__________adj.道德的；道義上的；品行端正的n.品行，道德；寓意→__________adj.不道德的__________n.無(wú)知→__________adj.不了解的，無(wú)知的；無(wú)禮的→__________vt.忽視；不理睬__________n.自由→__________adj.自由的；免費(fèi)的→__________adv.自由地__________vt.&vi.允許，準(zhǔn)許，許可；使有可能n.許可證→__________n.允許，許可__________n.責(zé)任，負(fù)責(zé)；職責(zé)，義務(wù)→__________adj.負(fù)責(zé)的__________n.國(guó)籍；民族→__________adj.國(guó)家的；全國(guó)的；民族的→__________n.國(guó)家；民族__________n.結(jié)婚，婚姻；已婚狀態(tài)→__________v.結(jié)婚核心短語(yǔ)速記查閱，參考；提到，談及(使)加速payoffthroughtrialanderror偶然，意外地withabangletsb.downtakeitforgranted關(guān)于，至于putforward有影響，起作用因?yàn)?，多虧了farfromthetruthworkoutexportn.&vt.出口exposevt.揭露；暴露extraordinaryadj.非凡的；卓越的extremelyadv.極其；非常eyewitnessn.目擊證人featuren.特征；特色fictionn.小說(shuō)；虛構(gòu)，編造fierceadj.猛烈的；兇猛的fleevi.逃走；逃跑flexibleadj.靈活的；柔韌的；易彎曲的TuYouyouhasbecomethefirstfemalescientistofthePeople’sRepublicofChinatoreceiveaNobelPrize,awardedforhercontributiontothefightagainstmalaria,oneofthedeadliestdiseasesinhumanhistory.(動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ))屠呦呦成為中華人民共和國(guó)第一位獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的女科學(xué)家。她獲獎(jiǎng)是因?yàn)樗诳箵舣懠仓凶龀龅呢暙I(xiàn)，瘧疾是人類歷史上最致命的疾病之一。Inspiredbyanover1,600-year-oldtextaboutpreparingqinghaoextractwithcoldwater,Turedesignedtheexperimentsandtriedextractingtheherbatalowtemperatureinordernottodamageitseffectivepart.(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ))據(jù)一本1600多年前的古籍記載，古人通過(guò)冷水制備青蒿提取物，受此啟發(fā)，屠呦呦重新設(shè)計(jì)了實(shí)驗(yàn)，為了不破壞其(抗瘧的)有效成分，她嘗試在低溫下提取青蒿。However,itwasnotuntilthe1970sthatTusucceededindiscoveringqinghaosu,aftermanyfailedexperiments.(itwasnotuntil...that...強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)然而，直到20世紀(jì)70年代，屠呦呦才在多次試驗(yàn)失敗之后發(fā)現(xiàn)了青蒿素。WithoutherbroadknowledgeofbothtraditionalChinesemedicineandWesternmedicine,Tumightneverhavediscoveredqinghaosu.(含蓄虛擬條件句)如果沒(méi)有她豐富的中西醫(yī)知識(shí)，屠呦呦可能永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)青蒿素。Now,wescientiststakeitforgrantedthatitisperfectlypossibletoliveandnotknow.(it作形式賓語(yǔ))現(xiàn)在，我們科學(xué)家理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為，人類生而有所不知是完全有可能的。請(qǐng)先從表格中選用本單元所學(xué)詞匯完成下列短文，然后核對(duì)答案并背誦該短文。referto,beneficial,limited,payoff,intendOnceuponatime,therewasamanwhowasadmiredbymostpeopleforhisgreatscientificachievements.Sincehewasyoung,hehadbeeninterestedintraditionalChinesemedicine,1.__________tobeafamousdoctor.Butbecauseofpoverty,hedroppedoutofschool.Hedidn’tgiveupthough.Hecontinuedtolearnbyhimself.Oncesomepeopleinhisvillagedevelopedadeadlydisease.Tocurethem,he2.__________manybooksandeventuallysomeherbssavedthem.Theirsurvivalencouragedhimsogreatlythathebegantodomorescientificexperiments,exploringabroaderworld.Atthattimeequipmentwas3.__________andhecouldn’tgetsufficientdata,butheovercamethesedifficulties.Afewyearslater,hisefforts4.__________!Hewroteanicelyillustratedbookandhaditpublished.Healsogavelecturesindifferentprovinces,encouragingotherstofurtherexplorethetreasurehouseoftraditionalChinesemedicine,whichcanbe5.__________toglobalhealthcare.提示：題干中加底紋詞匯為本單元詞匯intendvt.打算；計(jì)劃；想要；意指(intentionn.目的；意圖；打算)intendtodo/doingsth.打算做某事intendsb.todosth.打算讓某人做某事hadintendedtodosth.(＝intendedtohavedonesth.)本打算做某事(但事實(shí)上沒(méi)做)beintendedfor/todosth.旨在，預(yù)定……用途；為……打算(或設(shè)計(jì))的withtheintentionof抱有……的目的；打算……Iintend__________(take)upapart-timejob,throughwhichIcanhavebroadhorizons.(2019·全國(guó)Ⅰ，書(shū)面表達(dá))TheChinesepaper-cuttingexhibitiontobeheldnextweekendissaidtobeintended__________theforeignstudentswhoareinterestedinChineseculture.母親讓她的孩子們坐在一起，目的是考慮一下他們能做些什么來(lái)幫助那個(gè)叫伯納德的可憐男孩。(2020·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ，讀后續(xù)寫)Themotheraskedherkidstosittogether.我本打算這個(gè)周末和你一起出去，但出了意外的事。所以我要寫信向你道歉。(應(yīng)用文寫作之道歉信)________________________________________butsomethingunexpectedhappened.SoI’mwritingtoexpressmyapologytoyou.surroundvt.圍繞；環(huán)繞；包圍；與……緊密相關(guān)(surroundingadj.周圍的surroundingsn.周圍的環(huán)境)surround...with...使……包圍……besurroundedwith/by被……包圍Heisabrilliantfigure,whoiswell-educatedandbroughtupinsuperior__________(surround).這只饑餓的熊跟著鼻子的嗅覺(jué)來(lái)到我們的營(yíng)地，營(yíng)地被高高的鐵絲籬笆包圍著。(2020·6月浙江，讀后續(xù)寫)Thehungrybearfolloweditsnosetoourcamp,which____________________________ahighwirefence.Becausethisforestissurroundedbytheclearwaters,itcanprovidevisitorswithawonderfulchancetoseeendangeredbirdsinthewild.→______________________________,thisforestcanprovidevisitorswithawonderfulchancetoseeendangeredbirdsinthewild.(用過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)升級(jí))favourn.幫助；偏袒；恩惠；贊同，支持vt.較喜歡；偏袒；有助于[favourableadj.贊同的，支持的；有利的；優(yōu)惠的favouriten.特別喜愛(ài)(歡)的東西adj.最喜愛(ài)的，最喜歡的]asksb.afavour＝askafavourofsb.請(qǐng)某人幫忙doafavourforsb.＝dosb.afavour給某人以恩惠；幫助某人owesb.afavour欠某人一個(gè)人情infavourof支持；贊同；有利于Dome__________favourandturntheradiodownwhileIamonthephone,willyou?Iamall__________favourofsupplyingthehomelesswithfoodandwaterfreeofcharge.Weassurethatwewilloffergoodsofhighqualitywith__________(favour)prices.Englishismy__________(favour)subjectandI’vewonseveralprizesinEnglishcontests.SoIthinkthatI’mqualifiedfortheposition.(應(yīng)用文寫作之申請(qǐng)信)我寫這封信是想請(qǐng)你在即將到來(lái)的面試中幫助我。(應(yīng)用文寫作之求助信)I’mwritingthisletter,.chargev.充電；收費(fèi)；控告；譴責(zé)；使……承擔(dān)責(zé)任；使充滿n.費(fèi)用；控告；主管，掌管；充電量chargesb.with(doing)sth.=accusesb.of(doing)sth.指控某人犯……罪；因(做)……而控告某人chargesb.moneyforsth.因某物/事收某人錢freeofcharge(＝forfree)免費(fèi)inchargeof掌管(表狀態(tài))inthechargeof被……掌管；由……負(fù)責(zé)takechargeof掌管(表動(dòng)作)Howmuchmoneydidtheauthoritieschargeyou__________runningtheshopwithoutapermit?HaveyouheardthatourclassmateTomhasbeencharged__________beinginvolvedinthecrime?Allthestafftakeitforgrantedthathiseldersonwilltakecharge__________thecompanyinplaceofhim.Yourorderwillbedeliveredfree__________chargewithinaten-milelimit.Thewomantakingchargeofthecompanywaschargedwithgambling.→Thewoman____________________thecompany____________________gambling.involvev.包含；需要；牽涉；影響；涉及；使參加(卷入)……(involvedadj.有關(guān)的；卷入的；復(fù)雜的)involvesb.in(doing)sth.使某人卷入(做)某事involvedoing...包括/需要做……be/getinvolvedin參與；卷入；專注于……Nomatterwhatyouliketodo,thereisawaytoget__________(involve)invariousactivitiesonEarthDay.Themansaidheinvolvedhimself__________thisaffairbyaccidentnotonpurpose.Michellefoundajobasahighschoolteacherwhichinvolved__________(spend)quitealotoftimewithstudents.permitv.允許；準(zhǔn)許；許可；使有可能n.通行證；許可證；執(zhí)照(permissionn.允許，許可)permitsb.(todo)sth.允許某人(做)某事permitdoingsth.允許做某事with/withoutone’spermission獲得某人同意/未獲得某人許可Itisrequestedthatweshouldnotbepermitted__________(take)goodsoutofthecontainerunlessinformed.__________Ourschooldoesnotpermit__________(park)neartheschoolgate.天氣允許的話，我們將先乘計(jì)程車然后再飛往我們的目的地。____________________,wewilltakeacabfirstandthenflytoourdestination.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))____________________,wewilltakeacabfirstandthenflytoourdestination.(條件狀語(yǔ)從句)declarev.宣告；宣布；聲明；表明；宣稱；申報(bào)declare...tobe/as...宣布……為……declarewaron/against...向……宣戰(zhàn)declarefor/against表示贊成/反對(duì)Itisdeclaredthat...據(jù)宣布……In1939,Britaindeclaredwar__________GermanyafterGermanyinvadedPoland.Becauseofthesolidevidence,thejudgefinallydeclaredthemanchargedwithmurder__________(be)innocent.Thepoliticiandeclaredstrongly__________thepolicyputforwardattheconference,whichmadetheotherspresentunhappy.據(jù)宣布，新的交通法將于下個(gè)月開(kāi)始實(shí)施生效。(應(yīng)用文寫作之通知)______________________________________________________________________.referto指的是；提到；談及；參考；查閱(referencen.提及；參考；查閱；介紹信)referto...as...把……稱作……refer...to...把……提交給……in/withreferenceto關(guān)于Peoplewhoworkinofficesareusuallyreferredto__________“white-collarworkers”.Pleasewaitpatientlyforafewdays.Wehavereferredyourcomplaint__________oursupplier.You’dbetterwritedownthephonenumberofthatrestaurantforfuture__________(refer).關(guān)于你詢問(wèn)的價(jià)格，那部電影的票價(jià)是每張35元。__________________________________________________,theticketsforthefilmare35yuaneach.speedup(使)加速athigh/low/full/topspeed以高/低/全/最高速ataspeedof...以……的速度pickupspeed加速reducespeed/slowdown減速Theinstructorkeptrepeatingthewords,“Speed__________!”“Slowdown!”“Turnleft!”Ifweshouldthrowtheballat__________speedofaboutfivemilesasecond,itwouldn’tfallbacktotheground.你應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，這可以幫助你更快達(dá)成目標(biāo)。Youshouldformagoodhabitoflearning,______________________________toachieveyourgoal.putforward提議，提出，建議；推薦；將……提前；撥快(鐘表)putaside把……放到一邊；儲(chǔ)存putoff推遲；延期putupwith忍受；容忍putaway把……收拾好；整理；儲(chǔ)蓄puton穿上；上演；增加putup搭建；張貼；舉起；為……提供住宿putdown放下；寫下；鎮(zhèn)壓用put短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空：AweekbeforeEarthDay,posterswere____________________aroundourschool,callinguponustojoinintheactionsforagreenerearth.Wewill____________________thepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.Ican’tmakesenseofthetheory____________________byafamousscholar.Domeafavourtoexplainit.Aslongaswe____________________ourcellphonesandgetdowntospendingtimewithourfamily,wewillneverletourfamilydown.Thecouplecan’t____________________theirchildren’saddictiontocomputergames.Now，wescientiststakeitforgrantedthatitisperfectlypossibletoliveandnotknow.現(xiàn)在，我們科學(xué)家理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為，人類生而有所不知是完全有可能的。在“takeitforgranted＋that從句”中，it是形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)是后面的that從句。與此類似的有relyon/dependon/seetoit＋that從句；appreciateit＋if從句；like/hateit＋when從句。Ateachershouldn’ttake__________forgrantedthateverystudenthasunderstoodwhathesaidinclass.Youcanrelyonmyhelpingyouwhenyouareintrouble.→____________________Iwillhelpyouwhenyouareintrouble.(含有it作形式賓語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句)我喜歡她為我唱歌。____________________shesingssongstome.提示：題干中加底紋詞匯為上一單元詞匯一詞多義練/熟詞生義練——清除閱讀障礙payoffA.還清(債務(wù))B.取得成功，獲得好的結(jié)果C.解雇，遣散Hestudiedhardbeforetheexamination,anditpaidoff.HemadeanA.Over1,000workerswillbepaidoffifthisfactorycloses.Wepaidoffourmortgageafteryearsofhardwork.refertoA.查閱；參考B.談到，提及C.指的是IknewtheladywasreferringtoBillwhenshespokeofabrightyoungman.Whynotrefertoadictionarytocheckthespellingoftheword?Thescientistreferredtoglobalwarmingatleastthreetimesinhisspeech.快速閱讀下列句子并猜測(cè)句中加黑詞匯的意思Asanexaminer,sheshowednofavourtoanycandidate.Therearetraditionalproverbswhichexpressamoralorapieceofadvice.核心知識(shí)強(qiáng)化練——鞏固語(yǔ)言知識(shí)His(limit)salarycanrevealthathelivesinpoverty.Somehow,ourteacherdeclaredTom,anaughtyboy(be)ourmonitor.Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldspeedmakingmereachtheairportintime.I’mfavourofyouropinionthatweshoulddonatethefoodandtentstothepeopleindisasterareaswithoutdelay.Obviously,thebookpublishedlastmonthis(intend)forthedisabledchildren.Tocreatecleaner(surround),everyoneshouldcutbackonthecarbonfootprint.Itisrequestedthathikersshouldhaveacamping(permission)forovernightstaysinthepark.Hewaschargedsettingupanillegalorganizationandwassentencedtoprison.Ifyouwanttoknowmorewithreferencethearrangementsofthemeeting,callmeplease.Hismotherwasawarethattodayhisbedwasneatlymade,andhisclotheswereput,whichsurprisedher.單句寫作——應(yīng)用文增分練(2020·全國(guó)Ⅱ)——農(nóng)場(chǎng)采摘活動(dòng)上周末，我們學(xué)校組織了一場(chǎng)水果采摘活動(dòng)，旨在讓我們學(xué)生體驗(yàn)大自然的美。(intend)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________由于我們的采摘知識(shí)有限，我們是在經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的農(nóng)民的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的。(limit)_______________________________________________________________________________________這次活動(dòng)不僅涉及采摘水果，還有把水果做成沙拉、蛋糕和水果茶。(involve)_______________________________________________________________________________________雖然我們很累，但我們的努力得到了回報(bào)。我們對(duì)“沒(méi)有付出，就沒(méi)有回報(bào)”這句話有了更深的理解。(payoff)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________微型寫作——續(xù)寫提能練[教材續(xù)寫語(yǔ)料]環(huán)境描寫lightningn.閃電thunderstormn.雷雨，雷暴bangn.突然的巨響；猛敲，猛擊人物描寫eviln.罪惡，罪行；害處，壞處adj.惡毒的；有害的marriagen.結(jié)婚，婚姻；已婚狀態(tài)動(dòng)作描寫surroundvt.圍繞，環(huán)繞；包圍；與……緊密相關(guān)letsb.down使某人失望permitvt.&vi.允許，準(zhǔn)許，許可；使有可能putforward提出，提議，建議[續(xù)寫語(yǔ)料運(yùn)用]請(qǐng)從以上語(yǔ)料中選擇合適的詞匯，并用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)渡詞完成以下語(yǔ)段。一天晚上，湯姆被閃電和雷雨驚醒了。當(dāng)他經(jīng)過(guò)父母的臥室時(shí)，碰巧聽(tīng)到他們?cè)跔?zhēng)吵。最后，他的父親提出結(jié)束他們的婚姻，這讓湯姆很震驚。他非常憤怒。湯姆打開(kāi)了門，沖出了房子。他覺(jué)得自己被憤怒和沮喪包裹著。大約過(guò)了一個(gè)小時(shí)，天空中出現(xiàn)了一些星星。慢慢地他平靜下來(lái)。他對(duì)自己說(shuō)：“一切都會(huì)好起來(lái)的。我是不會(huì)允許他們分手的。我相信他們不會(huì)讓我失望的。”O(jiān)nenight,________________________________________________________.Ashepassedhisparents’bedroom,heoverheardthemquarreling.Finally,hisfather_______________________________,whichshockedTom.Hewasveryangry.Tomopenedthedoorandrushedoutofthehouse.Hefelt_____________________________________________________________________.Afteraboutanhour,somestarsappearedinthesky.Slowly,hecalmeddown.Hesaidtohimself,“Everythingwillbeallright._________________________________________________________.Ibelievetheywon’tletmedown.”詞形變化填空（每小題2分，共14分）Somepeoplegoabroadwiththe__________oftryingtheirfortune,whileothers__________tolearnsomeskills.(intend)Luckily,theboy__________thedisasterandhewastheonly__________amongthevillagers.(survive)Thenaturalresourcesare__________.Therefore,wehavenoreasontowastethepreciousresourceswithout__________.(limit)The__________ofthisvillage__________bymountainsaresuitableforhumanbeingstolivein.(surround)Asis__________inthereport,moststudentsinChinaareundergreatstressnowadaysandsomeparentsshowtheirconcernaboutthis__________.(indicate)Hebelievesthatallchildrenarebornwithequal__________.Andhethinksthatthisslowboycanbeas__________asothersiftaughtproperly.(intelligent)Everyoneknowsthe__________oflearningEnglishandifyouworkhard,itwillbe__________toyourfuturecareer.(benefit)The__________showsnoconcernfor__________affairs,whichannoysmanyofhiscolleagues.(politics)ItisindeedanhonorforChina’s__________researchandChinesemedicinetobespreadacrosstheworld,whichalsoencouragesmore__________todevotethemselvestotheircareers.(science)Nowadays,womenhavegainedmuch__________;forexample,theyare__________tochoosetheirjobs.(free)Evenifyouhavea__________,Iwon’t__________youtoenterthehallwithouther__________.(permit)Eventually,myfriendTom__________hisgirlfriendJaneandmanyofusenviedtheirhappy__________.(marry)Allt