英語(yǔ)一歷年真題版

Section ListeningThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat panythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouarengthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestPartAForquestions1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutthegeographyofBelgium.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)GeographyofThreemaincoastalcentral1Highestaltitudeofthecoastal Climatenearthe3Particularlyrainymonthsofthe4AveragetemperaturesinJulyin PartBForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithMr.SaffofromtheInstitutefortheFuture.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)WhatisSaffoaccordingtoTheInstitutefortheFutureprovidesservicestoprivatecompanies TheInstitutebelievesthattothinksystematicallyaboutthelong-rangefutureis Tosucceedinanything,oneshouldbeflexible,curiousand WhatdoesSaffoconsidertobeessentialtotheworkofa6789PartCYouwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnamingnewborns.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.WhatdoweoftendowiththethingsweAskfortheirNamebabiesafterPutdowntheirChoosenamesforTheunpleasantmeaningofanoldfamilynameisoftenoverlooked thefamilytreeisfairlythefamilytieisstrongthenameiscommonlynobodyinthefamilycomSeveralmonthsafterababy’sbirth,itsname showthebeautyofitsdevelopmorelosetheoriginalhelpformthe Questions14-16arebasedonthebiographyofBobbyMoore,anEnglishsocceryer.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.HowmanymatchesdidMooreyduringhisprofessionalIn1964,BobbyMoorewas England’sfootballeroftheasoccercoachinWestamedalistforhisanumberoftheOrderoftheBritishAfterMooreretiredfromying,thefirstthinghedid editingSundayworkingforCapitalmanagingprofessionalsoccerdeveloasportsQuestions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkonthecityofBelfast.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.Belfasthaslongbeenfamousfor oillinenfooddeepwaterWhichofthefollowingdoesBelfastchieflyWhenwasBelfastInInInthe16thInthe17thWhathappenedinBelfastinthelate18thFrenchrefugeesTheharborwasShipbuildingbegantoThecitywastakenbytheYounowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEETSection UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence. ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior werenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminal withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatcommitcrimesin totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus, asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantaged thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommit lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly29juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat30 tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment31makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin32leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso33 changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;34,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome35wascommoninthetraditionalfamily36.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other37causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased38ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing39ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B]assimilation[C] [D][A][B][C][D][A][B]but[C][D]or[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A]in[B]on[C]by[D]at[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D]SectionIIIReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“ searchagent.”It’saninctivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchose legal,inlectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselfora Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.”saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo--thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs--thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem--andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,viceofmarketingforEventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwitha alsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.HowdidRedmonfindhisBysearchingopeningsinajobBypostingamatchingpositioninaByusingaspecialserviceofaByE-mailinghisresumetoaWhichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchLackofLimitednumberofLowerFewersuccessfulTheexpression“tipservice”(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobably WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejobTofocusonbetterjobToattractmorereturningToreservespaceformoreToincreasetherateofWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothe[A]alsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheir[C]alsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealready[D]SomeagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareOverthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZo?Zysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanandvice-havesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergandi)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeoplearelillyhavingaZZZ.forjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiacAkindofoverlookedAtypeofconspicuousAtype alAkindofbrandWhatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeInbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtoThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZo?Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’SomeformofdiscriminationistoosubtletoThe4thparagraphsuggests questionsareoftenputtothemoreinligentalphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromteachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheirWhatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareli llyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,ParagraphTheyaregettingTheyarenoisilydozingTheyarefeelingTheyarebusywithwordWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothePeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromThentoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytoPuttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalWhenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketo,either.Mostofhersspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shopatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon’tknowifothersaregoingtoabandonme,too.”shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Lines1-2,Paragraph1),theauthor.SperocanhardlymaintainherSperoistoomuchengagedinherSperohasgrownoutofherbadSperoisnotinadesperateHowdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicWhenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines3-4,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout goldrealstockventureWhycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicTheywouldbenefitincertainThestockmarketshowssignsofSuchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaThepurchasingpowerwouldbeTowhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoAnewboom,ontheTightenthebelt,thesingleCautionallright,panicThemoreventures,themoreAmericanstodaydon’tceaveryhighvalueoninlect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation--nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-inlectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthaninlectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-inlectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforinlectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewill easecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivil“Inlectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-InlectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-inlectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeinligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-inlectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized--goingtoschoolandlearningtoread--sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Inlect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeinligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Inlectisthecritical,creative,andcontemtivesideofthemind.Inligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileinlectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.Schoolremainsacewhereinlectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytoinlectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastinlectualWhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinThehabitofthinkingProfoundknowledgeofthePracticalabilitiesforfutureTheconfidenceininlectualWecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistory favoring supportingschoolsuppressingnative TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschooling Emerson,accordingtothetext,is apioneerofeducationanopponentof ascholarinfavorof anadvocateofregularWhatdoestheauthorthinkof Itissecondto ItevolvesfromcommonItistobeItunderliesPartBReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61)Greeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic”language,werenotalwayssograteful.63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,thestudyofAmericannlanguages.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappro