2022-2023學(xué)年上海市嘉定區(qū)高二（下）期末英語試卷

第=page11頁，共=sectionpages11頁2022-2023學(xué)年上海市嘉定區(qū)高二（下）期末英語試卷一、選詞填空-句子（本大題共1小題，共10.0分）1.

A.appearancesB.imitatingC.distinguishD.isolateE.advantageousF.diverse

G.identicalH.criterionI.markingsJ.poisonousK.threateningWhydifferentspeciesstartlookingexactlythesameIsitbettertostandoutfromthecrowdorbesimilartothebackground？Forbirds，theansweriscomplicated.Whilepeacocks（孔雀）showofftheirbrightlycoloredfeatherstoattractmatesandwardoffpredators（捕食者），otherbirdsfindit（1）______tohidethemselvesbyimitatingthelooksofotherbirds.

Groupsofbirdsflyingtogetheroftencomefromthesamespecies，makingithardto（2）______onefromanother.However，somegroupsofbirdsincludingtwoormorespeciestakeonsimilar（3）______，whichisanuncommonphenomenon."Theyallsharerandomfeatures，likefeathersonheadoryellowbellies（腹部），whichmakesthemalmost（4）______.Youcan'treallytellthemapartwithoutlookingattheir（5）______."saysScottRobinson，afamousscholar.Hisnewstudysuggests（6）______anotherbird'sappearanceisnotacoincidence（巧合）butratheranevolutionarymethodtoincreasetheirchancesofsurvival.Lookinglikeabirdfromadominantspecterhelpsreduceattackfromothermembersandappearmore（7）______topotentialpredators.

"Inimitation，youoftenwanttolooklikesomethingbecausethere'sanadvantagetobeingthatotherthing.Youwantspeciestothinkyou're（8）______orlow-profitabletarget"saysRebeccaKimball，aprofessorofbiology."Ingroupingbirds，oneideaisthatthishasmoretodowithapredator'sabilityto（9）______atarget.Whenthereareagroupofbirdsmovingaround，itmaybeeasierforpredatorstoidentifyanindividualthathasadistinctcolorpattern."

Whileitmaynotseemlikeitatfirst，imitatingotherbirdsishelpingtocreatemore（10）______species.Notonlydobirdsimitatemorethanonespeciesastheygrowup，buttheirappearancevariesovertime.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)二、閱讀理解（本大題共11小題，共22.0分）AAschoolgirlhascreatedasolar-poweredbackpackthatfilters（過濾）outairpollutionafterbeinginspiredbyherasthmatic（患哮喘病的）mother.

EleanorWoods，12，fromatowninnorthernEngland，enteredthe"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionafterhermotherputtheapplicationforminherroom.Shewentontowintheawardforherinnovativebag.

The"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionwaslaunchedtochangeperceptions，encouragemorediversitywithinengineeringandtoshowchildrenhowtheycouldcombineaninterestinfashionwithacareerinSTEM（science，technology，engineeringormaths）.

Poweredbygreenenergyfromsolarpowerandadynamo—amachinethatchangesmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy—thebackpackfilterspollutedairbeforefanningoutcleanerairnearby.

"Ihaveanairfilterathomebecausemymumhasmildasthma.MyBreatheBetterBackpackisallaboutkeepingmyfriends，familyandclassmatessafeusinganairfilter.Itlookscoolandwillhelpgetkidsoutsideandfightoffcolds，"saidEleanor."Thefirstthingthatcametomindisthatblueisoneofmyfavoritecolorsandbluefeelscleanandthebubblesontheoutsidehaveacleanthemeforbreathing."

ThepandemicencouragedEleanor'sawarenessofhowpollutionaffectsaperson'shealthandthespreadofdiseases.Spendingalotoftimewithherasthmaticmumoverseverallockdownsgavethe12-year-oldfoodforthought.Theschoolgirladded，"Mygenerationisreallyawareofpollution，andwehavelessonsonitatschoolalongwithdiseasesspreading，andthisisanotherreasonIdesignedthis，becauseitisgettingmuchworse."Theyoungdesignersaidsheisbecomingincreasinglyawareofthepollutionthatsurroundsher，asshelivesonamainroad.Eleanorsaid，"Iwalktoschool，nexttotheroad，andcantastethepetrolwhenbusescomethrough."

Speakingafterwinningthecompetition，Eleanorsaidtheimpactofherbackpackwillhefar-reaching."Ifjustafewpeoplestartusingit，itcouldbereallygoodfortheplanet，"shesaid.2.Accordingtothepassage，the"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionaimsto______.A.introducethediversitywithinengineering

B.developpeople'sinterestinfashiondesign

C.encourageapplicationofSTEMtofashion

D.raisethepublicawarenessofairpollution3.EleanorinventedtheBreatheBetterBackpackto______.A.curehermother'smildasthmabytransformingenergy

B.helpthosewhoneedairfiltersbyreducingairpollution

C.attractkids1attentionbyitscolorsandbubblesoutside

D.preventdiseasesspreadingbyfanningoutcleanerair4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthebackpack？______A.Theoutsidedesignofitshowsthethemeofthecompetition.

B.Eleanor'sinspirationtoinventitcomesfrombubbles.

C.Itisequippedwithanenergytransfertoproducefreshair.

D.Itsimpactonthecompetitionwillbefar-reaching.5.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage？______A.UseofBackpackBringsBenefitstoEnvironment

B.YoungDesignersareBecomingAwareofPollution

C.MotherassistsSchoolgirlinWinningCompetition

D.SchoolgirlCreatesBagthatFiltersoutAirPollutionBBBCScienceFocusMagazineSubscriptionIdeas，discoveries，andthebigquestionsanswered

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A.Bycreatinganaccountonyouareabletoseewhenyournextissueisduet，howmanyissuesyouhaveremainingonyourcurrentpayment，changeyourdeliveryaddress，andIrenewyoursubscription.6.Accordingtothepassage，ifreaderschoose"Singlepayment"，thepriceofanissueoftheprinteditionisabout______.A.＄6 B.＄8 C.＄14 D.＄207.Accordingtothepassage，you'llreceive______asafirstmagazineifyouforgettosetadate.A.thefirstissue B.thelatestcopy

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D.answersomequestionsraisedbytheregularreadersCAsplasticwasteincreasesrapidlyaroundtheworld，anessentialquestionremainsunanswered：Whatharm，ifany，doesitcausetohumanhealth？

Afewyearsago，asmicroplasticsbeganturningupintheorgansoffishandshellfish，theconcernwasfocusedonthesafetyofseafood.Shellfishwereaparticularworry，becauseintheircase，unlikefish，weeattheentireanimal—stomach，microplasticsandall.In2017，Belgianscientistsannouncedthatseafoodloverscouldconsumeupto11，000plasticparticles（粒子）ayearbyeatingmussels（貽貝），afavoritedishinthatcountry.

Bythen，however，scientistsalreadyunderstoodthatplasticscontinuouslyfragmentsmallpiecesintheenvironment，tearingovertimeintofibersevensmallerthanastrandofhumanhair—particlesaresosmallthattheyeasilyflyintheair.AteamattheU.K.'sUniversityofPlymouthdecidedtocomparethethreatfromeatingpollutedwildmusselsinScotlandtothatofbreathingairinatypicalhome.Theirconclusion：Peoplewilltakeinmoreplasticbybreathinginortakingtiny，invisibleplasticfibersfloatingintheairaroundthem—fibersfromtheirownclothes，carpets，andsoftcoveringonfurniture—thantheywillbyeatingthemussels.

So，itwasn'tmuchofasurprisewhen，in2022，scientistsfromtheNetherlandsandtheU.K，announcedtheyhadfoundtinyplasticparticlesinlivinghumans，intwoplaceswheretheyhadn'tbeenseenbefore：deepinsidethelungsofsurgicalpatients，andinthebloodofunknowndonors.Neitherofthetwostudiesansweredthequestionofpossibleharm.Buttogethertheysignaledashiftinthefocusofconcernaboutplasticstowardthecloudofdustparticlesintheair，someofthemaresosmallthattheycangetintodeepinsidethebodyandeveninsidecells，inwaysthatlargermicroplasticscan't

DickVethaak，aprofessorofecotoxicology（生態(tài)毒理學(xué)），doesn'tconsidertheresultsalarming，exactly—"but，yes，weshouldbeconcerned.Plasticsshouldnotbeinyourblood.""Weliveinamulti-particleworld，"headds，referringtothedust，pollen（花粉），andsmogthathumansalsobreatheineveryday."Thetrickistofigureouthowmuchplasticscontributetothatparticleburdenandwhatdoesthatmean."9.Whatdoestheword"fragment"inpara.3probablymean？______A.breakinto B.takein C.pickout D.makeup10.ThestudydonebyateamattheUK.'sUniversityofPlymouthshowsthat______.A.microplasticsfromthingsinourdailylifeantmorepoisonous

B.peopleeatingpollutedmusselsaremorelikelytogetdiseases

C.invisibleplasticfibersaremoreharmfultotheenvironment

D.theinfluenceofmicroplasticsinmusselsislessthanthought11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A.microplasticsinpollutedwildmusselscancauseseriousdiseases

B.there'snoneedtoworryabouttheplasticsfoundinhumanblood

C.wecanavoidbreathingparticlesbyfiguringoutparticleburden

D.moreattentionshouldbepaidtothedustparticlesthanplastics12.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage？______A.AreMicroplasticsHarmfultoUs？

B.ShouldMicroplasticsbeinOurBlood？

C.CanMicroplasticsGetintoOurBodies？

D.DoWeKnowAnythingaboutMicroplastics？三、閱讀七選五（本大題共4小題，共8.0分）Directions：Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.

TextingorTalking？Thetelephonewasanamazinginvention.Peoplecouldfinallyspeaktoeachotherinstantlyfromonehometoanother.Themobilephonetookthistechnologyfurther，meaningwecouldmakecontactwithpeopletoandfromalmostanywhereintheworld.（1）______

Idon'tmeanwehavetakenupletterwritingagain.Althoughahandwrittenletterhasapersonaltouch，sendingitbypostistooslowtosatisfyourdesiretokeepintouchimmediately.（2）______AstudyintheUKafewyearsagofound49percentofteenagerspreferredtosendatextratherthanspeaktosomeone.

CertainlysendinganSMS，textormessagethroughachatappmeanswecancomposewhatwewanttosay，andwecanbemoreefficientinsayingit—especiallyifweexpressourselvesbyusingemojis（表情符號(hào)）.（3）______Textmessagingalsoallowsprivacy—otherpeoplecan'toverhearyourtextifyou'reinapublicplacesuchasonatrain.

（4）______Wemayevenforgettheartofpleasantries（客套）.Atextcanbemisinterpretedtoobecauseyoumissoutonaspeaker'sintonation（語調(diào)）.Wealwaysspeakwithmelodyandintonationtoourvoice…youtakethatchannelofinformationoutofcommunication，youloseanotherwaythatsenseisbeingconveyed.

A.Buttextinginsteadoftalkingcanseemantisocial.

B.Itcanalsobequickerthanhavingtochatwithsomeone，althoughIfeelyoucanstillendupwastingtimebyhavingafulldiscussionbytext!

C.Butdespitehavingtheinstantabilitytotalktooneanother，itseemsmanyofusprefertocommunicatebytext.

D.Ifit'stakingyoumorethan10minutestocomposearesponse，youmaybebetteroffcallingtheperson.

E.Theprivacyofmessagessentandreceivedisprotected.

F.Butwhatoursmartphonesnowallowustodoenablesustocommunicateinanynumberofquick，cheapbutsilentways.13.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G14.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G15.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G16.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G四、完形填空（本大題共15小題，共15.0分）MostpeoplehaveseenanimalssolveproblemsinonecontextoranotherWhetherit'sadoggettingfoodoutofapuzzletoy，asquirrel（松鼠）breakingintoa"squirrel-proof，birdfeeder，or—inwhatishopefullyararerexperience—abearopeningadoortogettothefoodinside!

Doallindividualswithinaspeciescomeupwith（1）______solutionstoproblems？Oraresomeindividualsmoreinnovativethanothers？Inungulates（forexample，goatsandhorses），socialoutsidersaremorelikelytoinnovatethantheir（2）______groupmates：ifanindividualspendstimeontheouterareasoftheirgroup，theyaremorelikelytosucceedataproblem-solvingtask.

（3）______，insomespeciesofprimates（靈長類動(dòng)物）andbirds，ithasbeenshownthatindividualswithlowsocialstanding—thatis，thosewhoregularlylosefights，andwhodon'thave（4）______ofaccesstovaluableresources—tendtoinnovatemore.

Theaboveexamplestieintothetheorythattheindividualswhoareleastabletogainaccesstogoodquality（5）______，suchasfoodandshelter，arethemostlikelytoinnovate.This"badcompetitor"theorysuggeststhatindividualsinnovatebecausetheymustdosoto（6）______.Imagineyou'reagoatwhocan'tgetaccesstothefeedingcontainerbecauseyou'renotinthein-group.You'dprobablybemore（7）______tofigureouthowtoopenacontainerwithfoodinsidethanyourmorepopular（andwell-fed）groupmates.

However，whilethereissupportforthistheoryinsomespecies，manyspeciesshowopposingpatterns.（8）______，beinga"badcompetitor"doesn'tseemtobeageneraldriverofinnovationacrossspecies.（9）______appearstohaveamoregeneralinfluenceonanimalinnovativeness.Ameta-analysis（綜合分析）across37studiesofanimalinnovationfoundthatbeingbrave（thatis，approaching（10）______objectsandexploringnewenvironments）waslinkedtoinnovativebehavior.Forexample，braveCaribgrackles（aspeciesofbird）andungulatesaremorelikelytoinnovatethantheirmoreeasilyfrightenedgroupmates.（11）______hasalsobeenlinkedtoinnovationinavarietyofspecies，fromzebrafinches（斑胸草雀）toAsianelephants.

Bothmakeinstinctivesense.Themorelikelyanindividualisto（12）______withanewproblem（thatis，thebravertheyare，andthemoretimetheyspendtryingtosolveaproblem（thatis，themorepersistenttheyare），themorelikelytheyaretofinda（n）（13）______.

Regardlessofthereasonindividualsinnovate，onceanindividualfindsasolutiontoaproblem，（14）______aprobleminvolvingresourceaccess，theirbehaviorcanspreadlikewildfire.Otherindividualspayattentionwhenagroupmateinnovates，and（15）______theproblem-solvingbehavior.17.

A.instant B.comprehensive C.fair D.creative18.

A.friendly B.popular C.close D.faithful19.

A.Similarly B.Inevitably C.Apparently D.Gradually20.

A.purpose B.priority C.pressure D.potential21.

A.services B.materials C.goods D.resources22.

A.pretend B.compete C.survive D.evolve23.

A.reluctant B.excited C.motivated D.confused24.

A.Thus B.Besides C.Still D.Meanwhile25.

A.Emotion B.Gender C.Appearance D.Personality26.

A.living B.novel C.endangered D.ideal27.

A.Persistence B.Intelligence C.Performance D.Confidence28.

A.conflict B.compare C.interact D.identify29.

A.position B.object C.solution D.chance30.

A.absolutely B.fortunately C.definitely D.particularly31.

A.copy B.change C.influence D.evaluate五、語法填空（本大題共1小題，共10.0分）32.Mostunderratedpleasuresofone'slifeOneofthebiggestdriversofgoodrelationshipsinourlivesisadevelopedlevelofunderstandinginthoserelationships.Therelationships（1）______thisunderstandingendupcreatingtoomuchmaintenancework.Soitbecomesmorelikeluggageoratleastsomethingthatneedsattentionorcareratherthanfun.

Irealizeditwithacoupleoffriendsofmine.Recentlymy"friendecosystem"hadasuddenchange.Acoupleofthem（2）______（leave）althoughIstillhaveacouplearound.Iamalsoaddingacoupleofnewones.

Thewholechangemademethoughtful.Istartedtothinkaboutthecauseofbeingbetterfriendswithsome.Itturnsoutthatamongthelargenumberofotherfactors，oneofthekeyonesis（3）______（understand）.Itcanthenbeextendedtopersonalandevenbusinessrelationships.

While（4）______（hire）akeyemployee，onecanbesurethatitwillworkwelliftheotherpersonenjoysandunderstandsyouwell.Itwillbefar（5）______（productive）astherelationshiprelatedmaintenanceislowandyoucanfocusonactualoutput.It（6）______helpyouevenwhenyouarelookingforfundingpartners，seedcapitalorbusinessjointventures（企業(yè)）.

Finally，howdoyouensureyouareunderstood？Tostartwith，makesurethatthepeoplewho（7）______（matter）toyouinanycapacitylikebusiness，managerial，personalorfamilyhaveanopenrelationshipwithyou.Creatinganopenenvironment（8）______otherscandiscussconstructiveaspectsordifficultdiscussionisimportant.

Beingcaringandrespectfulto（9）______andbeingtruthfularetwodifferentthings.Truthfulnessisasimportantasbeingrespectfulandcaring.Inthelongterm，truthfulnesswillresultinacaringrelationship，（10）______youareunderstoodwellandhaveanopenrelationship，youcan'tbetruthful.

Whenyougettothatlevelwiththepersonwhereyouarecompletelyunderstood，itwillbeanawesomefeeling!(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)六、單詞拼寫-單句（本大題共7小題，共14.0分）33.Thesinger______（得到鋼琴伴奏）byhersister.（根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子）34.Mychoice______（基于假設(shè)）thathousepricewouldremainsteady.（根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子）35.Afterfourmonths'study，he______（被授予證書）.（根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子）36.Whatthewitnesssaidincourt______（與……不一致）thestatementhemadetothepolice.（根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子）37.Thereportincludes______（公司未來發(fā)展的全面評估）.（根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子）38.Ialwayshavesomeextracashwithme______（以備急需）.（根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子）39.Thetermsofthesupermarket______（使顧客有權(quán)換貨或全額退款）whentheybuylow-qualityproducts.（根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子）七、句子翻譯（本大題共4小題，共16.0分）40.在網(wǎng)上下單時(shí)，記得核對信息。（order）（漢譯英）______41.這個(gè)古鎮(zhèn)以許多傳統(tǒng)活動(dòng)為特色，是絕佳的旅游勝地。（featurev.）（漢譯英）______42.有了這個(gè)應(yīng)用程序，用戶很容易就能在手機(jī)上進(jìn)行個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)。（it）（漢譯英）______43.籃球隊(duì)的成功有賴于學(xué)校的大力支持，學(xué)校提供了充足的資金用于購買訓(xùn)練設(shè)施等必需品。（provide）（漢譯英）______八、書面表達(dá)（本大題共1小題，共25.0分）44.假設(shè)你是明啟中學(xué)的學(xué)生李華，你校圖書館打算開展一次主題為"閱讀的力量"的讀書活動(dòng)，現(xiàn)向全校學(xué)生征集活動(dòng)方案，寫一封信給圖書館，推薦活動(dòng)方案，內(nèi)容須包括：

（1）具體的活動(dòng)安排；

（2）活動(dòng)的意義。

答案和解析1.【答案】【小題1】E【小題2】C【小題3】A【小題4】G【小題5】I【小題6】B【小題7】K【小題8】J【小題9】D【小題10】F【解析】（1）考查形容詞。句意：雖然孔雀炫耀其色彩鮮艷的羽毛來吸引配偶和抵御捕食者，但其他鳥類則發(fā)現(xiàn)通過模仿別的鳥類的外表來隱藏自己是有利的。"findit+adj.+todosth."是固定句型，所以空處應(yīng)用形容詞作賓補(bǔ)。根據(jù)"Whilepeacocks（孔雀）showofftheirbrightlycoloredfeatherstoattractmatesandwardoffpredators（捕食者）"，While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，所以這里與上文形成轉(zhuǎn)折，表示的是雖然孔雀展示自己色彩鮮艷的羽毛，但其他鳥類發(fā)現(xiàn)模仿別的鳥類外表是有利的。advantageous意為"有利的，有好處的"。故選E。

（2）考查動(dòng)詞。句意：成群的鳥類經(jīng)常來自同一物種，使得很難區(qū)分彼此。根據(jù)空前的不定式符號(hào)to，這里應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞原形。根據(jù)空后的"onefromanother"，這里是說難以區(qū)分彼此。distinguish意為"區(qū)分，辨別"。故選C。

（3）考查名詞。句意：然而，有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上物種的一些鳥類群體具有相似的外觀，這是一種罕見的現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)空前的"similar"可知，這里應(yīng)用名詞作賓語。根據(jù)下文中的"Theyallsharerandomfeatures"，這里是說這些鳥的外表相似。appearance意為"外表"，此處不止一只鳥的外表，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故選A。

（4）考查形容詞。句意：它們都有隨機(jī)的特征，比如頭上的羽毛或黃色的腹部，這使它們幾乎完全相同。"make+賓語+賓補(bǔ)"是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，這里應(yīng)用形容詞作賓補(bǔ)。根據(jù)下文中的"Youcan'treallytellthemapart"，這里是說這些鳥看起來幾乎一樣。identical意為"完全同樣的，相同的"。故選G。

（5）考查名詞。句意：如果不看它們的標(biāo)記，你就無法真正區(qū)分它們。根據(jù)空前的their，空處應(yīng)用名詞作賓語。根據(jù)空前的"withoutlookingattheir"，這里是說如果不看這些鳥的標(biāo)記，就不能把它們區(qū)分開，"標(biāo)記"為名詞marking，表示不止一個(gè)標(biāo)記，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故選I。

（6）考查動(dòng)名詞。句意：他的新研究表明，模仿另一只鳥的外表并不是巧合，而是一種增加它們生存機(jī)會(huì)的進(jìn)化方法。根據(jù)空后的"anotherbird'sappearance"和第一段中的"byimitatingthelooksofotherbirds"，這里是說模仿另一只鳥的外表。imitate意為"模仿"，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，suggests后面是一個(gè)賓語從句，空處作主語，應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞形式imitating。故選B。

（7）考查形容詞。句意：看起來像一只優(yōu)勢種類的鳥有助于減少其他成員的攻擊，并顯得對潛在的捕食者更有威脅?？仗帒?yīng)用形容詞，作appear的表語。根據(jù)句中的"Lookinglikeabirdfromadominantspecieshelpsreduceattackfromothermembers"，這里是說外表像優(yōu)勢種類的鳥可以看起來對潛在的捕食者更有威脅。threatening意為"威脅的"。故選K。

（8）考查形容詞。句意：你想讓物種認(rèn)為你是有毒的或好處少的目標(biāo)。根據(jù)空前的you're，空處應(yīng)用形容詞作表語。根據(jù)or后的low-profitable，前后表達(dá)的特征相近，這種特征可以讓捕食者打消獵捕的念頭，所以讓對方認(rèn)為有毒可以達(dá)到目的。poisonous意為"有毒的"。故選J。

（9）考查動(dòng)詞。句意：在對鳥類進(jìn)行分組時(shí)，一種想法是，這更多地與捕食者找出目標(biāo)的能力有關(guān)?？涨坝胁欢ㄊ椒?hào)to，所以空處應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞原形。根據(jù)下文中的"itmaybeeasierforpredatorstoidentifyanindividualthathasadistinctcolorpattern"，捕食者更容易識(shí)別有不同特征的鳥，即有找出目標(biāo)的能力。isolate意為"將……剔出（以便看清和單獨(dú)處理）"。故選D。

（10）考查形容詞。句意：雖然一開始可能看起來不像，但模仿其他鳥類有助于創(chuàng)造更多樣化的物種。根據(jù)空前的more和空后的species，這里應(yīng)用形容詞作定語，修飾名詞species。根據(jù)下文中的"theirappearancevariesovertime"，這里是說模仿有助于創(chuàng)造出更加多樣的物種。diverse意為"多樣化的"。故選F。

本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了不同物種模仿其他物種特征的原因。

如何做選詞填空

1.根據(jù)語法，判斷詞性

一般的空缺都可以通過其所在的句式結(jié)構(gòu)和句法成分來判斷其詞性，從而正確的選詞，進(jìn)一步縮小詞的選擇范圍。

2.利用語境，確定詞形

當(dāng)確定了一個(gè)單詞的詞性后，可通過上下文來幫助判斷其形式，如主謂一致，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，固定短語，名詞的數(shù)和所有格，形容詞，副詞的比較級(jí)等。

2~5.【答案】C、B、C、D【解析】（1）推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段The

"Backpack

to

the

Future"

competition

was

launched

to

change

perceptions，encourage

more

diversity

within

engineering

and

to

show

children

how

they

could

combine

an

interest

in

fashion

with

a

career

in

STEM

（science，technology，engineering

or

maths）.（發(fā)起"未來背包"比賽是為了改變觀念，鼓勵(lì)工程領(lǐng)域的多樣性，并向孩子們展示他們?nèi)绾螌r(shí)尚的興趣與STEM（科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程或數(shù)學(xué)）職業(yè)相結(jié)合。）可知"背包走向未來"競賽旨在鼓勵(lì)STEM在時(shí)尚領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。A．introduce

the

diversity

within

engineering介紹工程中的多樣性；B．develop

people's

interest

in

fashion

design培養(yǎng)人們對時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)的興趣；C．encourage

application

of

STEM

to

fashion鼓勵(lì)STEM在時(shí)尚中的應(yīng)用；D．raise

the

public

awareness

of

air

pollution提高公眾對空氣污染的意識(shí)。故選C。

（2）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段"I

have

an

air

filter

at

home

because

my

mum

has

mild

asthma.My

Breathe

Better

Backpack

is

all

about

keeping

my

friends，family

and

classmates

safe

using

an

air

filter.It

looks

cool

and

will

help

get

kids

outside

and

fight

off

colds，"

said

Eleanor.

"The

first

thing

that

came

to

mind

is

that

blue

is

one

of

my

favorite

colors

and

blue

feels

clean

and

the

bubbles

on

the

outside

have

a

clean

theme

for

breathing."（"我家里有一個(gè)空氣過濾器，因?yàn)槲覌寢層休p度哮喘。我的呼吸更好背包是關(guān)于使用空氣過濾器來保護(hù)我的朋友、家人和同學(xué)的安全。埃莉諾說："它看起來很酷，有助于讓孩子們出去走走，抵御感冒。"我首先想到的是，藍(lán)色是我最喜歡的顏色之一，藍(lán)色感覺很干凈，外面的氣泡有一個(gè)干凈的呼吸主題。"）可知埃莉諾發(fā)明了the

Breathe

Better

Backpack，通過減少空氣污染來幫助那些需要空氣過濾器的人。故選B。

（3）推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段Powered

by

green

energy

from

solar

power

and

a

dynamo—a

machine

that

changes

mechanical

energy

into

electrical

energy—the

backpack

filters

polluted

air

before

fanning

out

cleaner

air

nearby.（該背包由太陽能和發(fā)電機(jī)（一種將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的機(jī)器）提供的綠色能源驅(qū)動(dòng)，在附近扇出更清潔的空氣之前過濾污染的空氣。）可知這種背包配有一個(gè)能量轉(zhuǎn)換器，可以產(chǎn)生新鮮空氣。故選C。

（4）標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)文章第一段A

schoolgirl

has

created

a

solar-powered

backpack

that

filters

（過濾）

out

air

pollution

after

being

inspired

by

her

asthmatic

（患哮喘病的）

mother.（受患有哮喘的母親的啟發(fā)，一名女學(xué)生發(fā)明了一種太陽能背包，可以過濾空氣污染。）可知本文的最佳標(biāo)題是D．Schoolgirl

Creates

Bag

that

Filters

out

Air

Pollution（女學(xué)生創(chuàng)造過濾空氣污染的背包）。故選D。

本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了一位英國北部小鎮(zhèn)的12歲女孩Eleanor

Woods，她因?yàn)槟赣H患有哮喘而創(chuàng)造了一款太陽能背包，可以過濾空氣污染。

一、速讀全文，了解大意知主題。

閱讀能力一般指閱讀速度和理解能力兩個(gè)方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力，考生必須在十分有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)運(yùn)用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀，搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn)，并且理清文章脈絡(luò)，把握語篇實(shí)質(zhì)。

二、看題干，帶著問題讀文章。

首先要掌握問題的類型，客觀信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案；而主觀判斷題考查的是對文章的感情基調(diào)等，這類題必須經(jīng)過對作者的態(tài)度、意圖以及對整篇文章進(jìn)行深一層的推理等。其次，了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對性地對文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對性，提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率。

三、邏輯推理，做好深層理解題。

在實(shí)際閱讀中，有時(shí)作者并未把意圖說出來，閱讀者要根據(jù)字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓義。要求讀者對文字的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。推理題在提問中常用的詞有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。

四、猜詞悟義，掃除閱讀攔路虎。

猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會(huì)"順藤摸瓜"，通過構(gòu)詞，語法，定義，同位，對比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義。

6~8.【答案】A、C、B【解析】（1）數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)圖片中Singlepayment部分的信息，如果一次性支付，14期總價(jià)110美元可以再打折20%，所以每一期所花費(fèi)的錢為110×（1-20%）÷14≈6（美元）。故選A。

（2）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Q．Whenwillmysubscriptionstart？下面的Ifyoudonotselectafuturedateyourfirstmagazinewillthenextissueavailable.（如果你不選擇未來的日期，你的第一本雜志將是下一期）可知，如果你忘記設(shè)定日期，你的第一本雜志將會(huì)是下一期的雜志。故選C。

（3）推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是標(biāo)題BBCScienceFocusMagazineSubscription（BBC科學(xué)焦點(diǎn)雜志訂閱）可推知，這篇文章的主要目的是提供購買雜志的詳細(xì)信息。故選B。

本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章是一個(gè)網(wǎng)站介紹BBC《科學(xué)焦點(diǎn)》雜志的訂閱信息。

閱讀理解題測試考生在閱讀基礎(chǔ)上的邏輯推理能力，要求考生根據(jù)文章所述事件的邏輯關(guān)系，對未說明的趨勢或結(jié)局作出合理的推斷；或根據(jù)作者所闡述的觀點(diǎn)理論，對文章未涉及的現(xiàn)象、事例給以解釋?？忌紫纫屑?xì)閱讀短文，完整了解信息，準(zhǔn)確把握作者觀點(diǎn)。

9~12.【答案】A、D、D、A【解析】（1）猜測詞義題。根據(jù)文章第三段By

then，however，scientists

already

understood

that

plastics

continuously

fragment

small

pieces

in

the

environment，tearing

over

time

into

fibers

even

smaller

than

a

strand

of

human

hair

—

particles

are

so

small

that

they

easily

fly

in

the

air.（然而，到那時(shí)，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)明白，塑料在環(huán)境中不斷分裂成小碎片，隨著時(shí)間的推移，撕裂成甚至比人頭發(fā)絲還小的纖維顆粒如此之小，以至于它們很容易在空氣中飛行。）可知fragment的意思是"分裂，分解"。A．break

into分裂；B．take

in吸收；C．pick

out挑選出來；D．make

up組成。故選A。

（2）推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段Their

conclusion：People

will

take

in

more

plastic

by

breathing

in

or

taking

tiny，invisible

plastic

fibers

floating

in

the

air

around

them—fibers

from

their

own

clothes，carpets，and

soft

covering

on

furniture

—

than

they

will

by

eating

the

mussels.（他們的結(jié)論是：與食用貽貝相比，人們會(huì)通過呼吸或吸入漂浮在周圍空氣中的微小、看不見的塑料纖維來自自己的衣服、地毯和家具上的柔軟覆蓋物來攝入更多的塑料。）可知英國普利茅斯大學(xué)的一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行的研究表明，微塑料對貽貝的影響比想象的要小。故選D。

（3）推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段But

together

they

signaled

a

shift

in

the

focus

of

concern

about

plastics

toward

the

cloud

of

dust

particles

in

the

air，some

of

them

are

so

small

that

they

can

get

into

deep

inside

the

body

and

even

inside

cells，in

ways

that

larger

microplastics

can't（但它們一起標(biāo)志著人們對塑料的關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向了空氣中的塵埃粒子，其中一些粒子非常小，可以進(jìn)入身體深處，甚至細(xì)胞內(nèi)部，而較大的微塑料則不能）可知應(yīng)該更多地關(guān)注灰塵顆粒而不是塑料。故選D。

（4）標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)文章第一段As

plastic

waste

increases

rapidly

around

the

world，an

essential

question

remains

unanswered：What

harm，if

any，does

it

cause

to

human

health？（隨著塑料垃圾在全球范圍內(nèi)迅速增加，一個(gè)基本問題仍未得到解答：它對人類健康造成了什么危害（如果有的話）？）可知本文的最佳標(biāo)題是A．Are

Microplastics

Harmful

to

Us？（微塑料對我們有害嗎？）。故選A。

本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了隨著塑料垃圾在全球的快速增加，一個(gè)重要的問題仍未得到回答：它對人類健康是否有害。

一、速讀全文，了解大意知主題。

閱讀能力一般指閱讀速度和理解能力兩個(gè)方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力，考生必須在十分有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)運(yùn)用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀，搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn)，并且理清文章脈絡(luò)，把握語篇實(shí)質(zhì)。

二、看題干，帶著問題讀文章。

首先要掌握問題的類型，客觀信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案；而主觀判斷題考查的是對文章的感情基調(diào)等，這類題必須經(jīng)過對作者的態(tài)度、意圖以及對整篇文章進(jìn)行深一層的推理等。其次，了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對性地對文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對性，提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率。

三、邏輯推理，做好深層理解題。

在實(shí)際閱讀中，有時(shí)作者并未把意圖說出來，閱讀者要根據(jù)字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓義。要求讀者對文字的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。推理題在提問中常用的詞有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。

四、猜詞悟義，掃除閱讀攔路虎。

猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會(huì)"順藤摸瓜"，通過構(gòu)詞，語法，定義，同位，對比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義。

13~16.【答案】C、F、B、A【解析】（1）推理判斷題。前文Themobilephonetookthistechnologyfurther，meaningwecouldmakecontactwithpeopletoandfromalmostanywhereintheworld.（手機(jī)進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，這意味著我們幾乎可以與來自世界任何地方的人聯(lián)系。）講述了手機(jī)使得和世界任何地方的人聯(lián)系變得更加方便，后文Idon'tmeanwehavetakenupletterwritingagain.（我的意思不是說我們又開始寫信了。）提到前面說的事情不是寫信。所以空處應(yīng)是與前文形成轉(zhuǎn)折，且講述的內(nèi)容應(yīng)和寫信接近，C項(xiàng)"但是，盡管我們能夠即時(shí)相互交談，但我們中的許多人似乎更喜歡通過文本進(jìn)行交流。"符合題意。故選C。

（2）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。前文Althoughahandwrittenletterhasapersonaltouch，sendingitby