國際市場營銷2課件

國際市場營銷InternationalmarketingWhichinternationalizationphilosophybestdescribestheDisneyAbroad?EthnocentricorintationAmericancultureTokyoPairsHongkongChapter2.TheInternationalMarketingEnvironment(Ⅰ)GovernmentBarriers:

Nationalgovernments,especiallygovernmentsindevelopingcountries,keepatightcontroloverforeigninvestment.TarrifBarriesNon-tarrifBarriesInternationalCompetition:.

--blockingchannelsofdistribution-bindingretailersintoexclusiveagreementsslashingpricestemporarilytopreventproductadopetionⅠ.Regionaleconomicintegration區(qū)域經(jīng)濟一體化19421950

referstoagreementsamonycountriesinageographicregiontoreduce,andultimatelyremove,tariffandnontariffbarrierstothefreeflowofgoods,services,andfactorsofproductionbetweeneachother.一個地理區(qū)域內(nèi)各國一致同意減少并最終消除關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘，以便做到相互之間商品，服務(wù)和生產(chǎn)要素的自由流動。Severallevelsofeconomicintegration

>>FreeTradeArea（自由貿(mào)易區(qū)）>>CustomsUnion（關(guān)稅同盟）>>CommonMarket（共同市場）>>EconomicUnion（經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟）>>PoliticalUnion（政治聯(lián)盟）1)FreeTradeArea（自由貿(mào)易區(qū)）a)Nobarrierstotradeamongmembersb)Eachcountrymaintainsitsowntradebarriersfornonmembers.

Key:各個成員國之間商品和服務(wù)的所有壁壘都沒取消Ex:EFTA(TheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)（歐洲自由貿(mào)易區(qū)）1)establishedin19602)8--4countries3)freetradeinindustrialgoodsNAFTA

北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)createdtheworld’slargestfreemarket.417millionU.S.,Canadian,andMexicanconsumersandatotaloutputof$11trillion.BackgroundJanpanandEU1980Reagan1983Canada1985-1988American&Canada1992American&Canada&Mexico1994BillClintonbecominglawinJanuary1,1994>>

thecontentsofNAFTA:abolitionoftariffs:99%ofgoodsremovalofmostbarriersonserviceprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightsremovalofmostrestrictiononFDIapplicationofnationalenvironmentalstandardstwocommissions:forhealth,safety,wagesorchildlabor.Argument:AgricultureAmerican&Mexico

2).CustomsUnion

a）Notradebarriersinsideb)withcommonexternaltradepolicy（P16）c)desiringgreaterintegrationEx.earlierEU

AndeanPact(安第斯條約）*Peru,Bolivia,Ecuador,Colombia*developingcountries*resource3).CommonMarketAreaP16a)Nobarrierstotradeb)Commonexternaltradepolicyc)Factorsofproduction(生產(chǎn)要素)movingfreely

Factorsofproduction(labor,capital,technology)d)Harmonyandcooperationonfiscal,monetaryandemploymentpolicies.Ex:EU南方共同市場（MERCOSUR）亞松森條約Argentina,Brazil,Paraguay,Uruguay19954).EconomicUnionP16a).Hasallthecharacteristicsofacommonmarket.

(freeflowofproductsandfactorsofproduction)b).Commonexternaltradepolicyc).Acommoncurrency,taxrates,monetaryandfiscalpolicyEx.EU5)PoliticalUnion

P17a)Moreintegratedthananeconomicunionb)acoordinatingbureaucracyEU(EuropeanUnion)

歐洲聯(lián)盟歐盟盟歌：貝多芬第九交響曲

《歡樂頌》銘言：多元一體歐洲日：5月9日1951~19526國（法、德、意、荷、比、盧）

《巴黎條約》--煤鋼共同體1957~1958《羅馬條約》--歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體

--歐洲原子能共同體1965《布魯塞爾條約》--歐洲共同體1967（關(guān)稅同盟）-對外實行統(tǒng)一的關(guān)稅率1991《馬斯特里赫特條約》“馬約”

《歐洲聯(lián)盟條約》-歐洲經(jīng)濟與貨幣聯(lián)盟

-政治聯(lián)盟條約1993歐洲聯(lián)盟成立

--（商品、人員、資本和勞務(wù)自由流通）

（共同市場）1995~2002歐元從正名到正式流通

（經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟）

2004《歐盟憲法條約》2005~2006小分隊（政治聯(lián)盟）Ⅱ.TransactionalInstitutionsandWorldTradeGeneralagreementontariffsandtrade(GATT)Worldtradeorganization(WTO)Internationalmonetaryfund(IMF)WorldbankRegionalinstitutionsBrettonWoodSystemBrettonWoodSystem194444countriesInternationalMonetarySystem《國際貨幣基金組織》

世界銀行WorldBank(中長期)

國際貨幣基金組織IMF（短期）

國際貿(mào)易組織

GATTexchangerate(Fixedvalue)–gold–dollarInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)DevelopedoutoftheBrettonWoodsagreementin1944.Offersgoldandconstituentcurrenciesavailabletomembersforcurrencystabilization.Itwasthegoaloriginallytoprovideforfixedexchangeratesbetweencountries.WorldBankTheinternationalbankforreconstructionanddevelopmentFormedin1944,itprovideseconomicassistanceforthereconstructionofwar-tornand,morerecently,loanstodevelopingcoun