中國(guó)打擊野生動(dòng)物非法貿(mào)易最佳實(shí)踐

WWFChina’sBestPracticesinCombatingIllegalWildlifeTrade在中國(guó)境內(nèi)繁衍的野生動(dòng)物中，沒(méi)有哪個(gè)物種比藏羚羊（Tibetanantelope）的保護(hù)更與貿(mào)易密切相關(guān)。素有“高原精靈”美稱的藏羚羊，因其羊絨生產(chǎn)的沙圖什（shahtoosh）披肩質(zhì)地輕柔纖細(xì)、富有彈性、保暖性強(qiáng)，在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家以幾千甚至上萬(wàn)美元的價(jià)格銷售，使該物種從20世紀(jì)末期遭到瘋狂獵殺，種群數(shù)量從20世紀(jì)初的近100萬(wàn)只降到了1995年的不足7.5萬(wàn)只。1997年，該物種被《瀕危野生動(dòng)植物種國(guó)際貿(mào)易公約》列入“附錄I”，有效限制了其國(guó)際貿(mào)易。為拯救這一物種，中國(guó)先后建立新疆阿爾金山等7處藏羚羊自然保護(hù)區(qū)，實(shí)施強(qiáng)有力的就地保護(hù)和執(zhí)法，青海省治多縣原西部工委書(shū)記索南達(dá)杰等人為保護(hù)藏羚羊而獻(xiàn)身，更是中國(guó)強(qiáng)力保護(hù)執(zhí)法的寫(xiě)照。中國(guó)成功保護(hù)藏羚羊的實(shí)踐表明，對(duì)嚴(yán)厲打擊盜獵及破壞棲息地違法行為是動(dòng)物保護(hù)的根本和有效措施，同時(shí)配合施以流通和消費(fèi)環(huán)節(jié)的打擊非法貿(mào)易措施?！吨袊?guó)打擊野生動(dòng)物非法貿(mào)易最佳實(shí)踐》高度概括了中國(guó)各級(jí)政府、行業(yè)、NGO和公眾在該領(lǐng)域的行動(dòng)，旨在通過(guò)總結(jié)并分享中國(guó)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)，鼓勵(lì)其他國(guó)家采取類似行動(dòng)，不斷加強(qiáng)本國(guó)的野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)工作，持續(xù)推動(dòng)全球打擊野生動(dòng)物非法貿(mào)易的交流與合作，最終扭轉(zhuǎn)全球生物多樣性持續(xù)減少和生態(tài)環(huán)境不斷惡化的被動(dòng)局面。《中國(guó)打擊野生動(dòng)物非法貿(mào)易最佳實(shí)踐》由世界自然基金會(huì)組織編寫(xiě)，中國(guó)野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)、打擊網(wǎng)絡(luò)野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易全球互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)聯(lián)盟和可持續(xù)旅行聯(lián)盟成員企業(yè)的大力支持。采用的案例和數(shù)據(jù)均由當(dāng)事部門和機(jī)構(gòu)提供。本文編撰也得到了GIZ和WWFUK的支持。AmongthewildanimalsthatthriveinChina,nospecieshasbeenmorecloselylinkedtotradeforitspreservationthantheTibetanantelope.TheTibetanantelopeisknownasthe“ElvesofthePlateau”.Becausethesoft,slender,elasticandwarmshahtooshmadefromitswoolissoldinthedevelopedcountriesatthepriceofthousandsoreventensofthousandsofdollars,itwashuntedferociouslysincetheendofthe20thcentury.Itspopulationdecreasedfromnearlyonemillionintheearly20thcenturytolessthan75,000in1995.In1997,itwaslistedintheCITESAppendixI,whicheffectivelyrestrictedtheinternationaltradeofthisspecies.TosavetheTibetanantelope,Chinahascarriedoutstrongprotectionandlawenforcement,establishingsevennaturereservesforitinQiangtanginTibet,HohXilandSanjiangyuaninQinghai,Altyn-TaghinXinjiangandotherplaces.Mr.Suonandajie,aCounty-levelleaderfromQinghaiProvince,andmanyothershavesacrificedtheirlivesforprotectingTibetanantelopes,whichdemonstratesChina’sstrongactioninprotectingwildlifeanditshabitat.China’ssuccessfulprotectionoftheTibetanantelopeprovesthatspeciesprotectionrequirestheprotectionofitssource.Thefundamentalandeffectivemeasuresaretocombatpoachingandillegalactsofhabitatdestruction,whichshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestocrackdownonillegalwildlifetradeinsupplychainandconsumption.China’sBestPracticesinCombatingIllegalWildlifeTradesummarizesactionsofChinesegovernmentsatalllevels,industries,NGOsandthepublicinthisfield.BysummarizingandsharingChina’sexperience,itaimstoencourageothercountriestotakesimilaractionsandstrengtheneachcountry’sownwildlifeprotection.Itisalsohopedtopromoteglobalexchangesandcooperationincombatingillegalwildlifetradesoastoreversetheshrinkingglobalbiodiversityanddeterioratingecologicalenvironmentultimately.China’sBestPracticesinCombatingIllegalWildlifeTradewaswrittenbytheWorldWideFundforNature(WWF),withmassiveassistancefromtheChinaWildlifeConservationAssociation,CoalitiontoEndWildlifeTraffickingOnline,andmemberenterprisesoftheSustainableTravelAlliance.Thecasesanddataareprovidedbyrelevantdepartmentsandorganizations.ThewritingwasfundedbyGIZandWWFUK.中國(guó)政府建立起由林草、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村、市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管、公安、海關(guān)、海警等部門組成的野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)管理與執(zhí)法隊(duì)伍體系，對(duì)野外動(dòng)物資源保護(hù)、人工繁育、市場(chǎng)經(jīng)營(yíng)、國(guó)內(nèi)運(yùn)輸、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易等實(shí)行全鏈條監(jiān)管，全方位打擊破壞野生動(dòng)物違法犯罪行為。TheChinesegovernmenthasestablishedastrongteamforprotectionmanagementandlawenforcement,whichconsistsofauthoritiesonforestryandgrassland,agricultureandruralaffairs,marketregulation,publicsecurity,customs,andcoastguard.Itrealizedawholechainmonitoringonwildliferesources,captivebreeding,marketoperation,domestictransportation,importandexport,forcrackingdownonwildlifecrimesallthewayalongthechains.中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)持保護(hù)優(yōu)先、規(guī)范利用、加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管原則，健全野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)的預(yù)防性和懲罰性措施，形成了以《中華人民共和國(guó)野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法》《中華人民共和國(guó)刑法》為主體，《中華人民共和國(guó)瀕危野生動(dòng)植物進(jìn)出口管理?xiàng)l例》和有關(guān)司法解釋為補(bǔ)充的野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法律體系。在中國(guó)，野生動(dòng)物犯罪根據(jù)犯罪情節(jié)不同量刑不同，情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的處十年以上有期徒刑或者無(wú)期徒刑，并處罰款以及沒(méi)收非法標(biāo)本、非法所得甚至個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)。中國(guó)政府建立了野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)主管部門審批、CITES科學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)咨詢?cè)u(píng)估、CITES管理機(jī)構(gòu)核發(fā)證書(shū)、海關(guān)憑證查驗(yàn)放行、公安機(jī)關(guān)打擊走私的履行CITES體制；實(shí)施比公約為更嚴(yán)厲的國(guó)內(nèi)措施，將非原產(chǎn)中國(guó)的CITES附錄I、II動(dòng)物物種分別核準(zhǔn)為中國(guó)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物，對(duì)CITES附錄II、III動(dòng)物物種的進(jìn)口也實(shí)行允許進(jìn)口證明書(shū)管理制度；嚴(yán)格禁止出售、收購(gòu)、運(yùn)輸、攜帶、郵寄、進(jìn)出口犀牛和虎及其制品，全面停止進(jìn)口象牙和商業(yè)性加工銷售象牙及其制品活動(dòng)，全面禁止食用陸生野生動(dòng)物，全面禁止以食用為目的的獵捕、交易和運(yùn)輸陸生野生動(dòng)物和國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)水生野生動(dòng)物。TheChinesegovernmentprioritizestheprotectiononwildanimals,allowslegalutilization,implementsstrictsupervisionconstantly,andoptimizespreventiveandpunitivemeasuresforprotectingwildanimals.Ithasformedalegalsystemforwildanimalprotection.TheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaontheProtectionofWildlifeandtheCriminalLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaarethemainstay,andtheRegulationsOnImportAndExportofEndangeredWildlifeinthePeople’sRepublicOfChinaandrelevantjudicialinterpretationsarethesupplement.Penaltiesagainstcrimesonwildanimalsvaryaccordingtothecircumstances.Ifthecircumstancesareparticularlysevere,thepenaltieswillbeimprisonmentofnotlessthantenyearsorevenlifeimprisonment,aswellasafineandconfiscationofillegalspecimens,illegalgainsorevenpersonalproperty.TheChinesegovernmenthasestablishedasystemtoimplementCITESrequirements.Inthissystem,theauthoritiesonprotectingwildanimalsinchargeofreviewingandapproving;theCITESScientificInstitutionsconducttheconsultationandevaluation,theCustomsinspectandreleasegoodsaccordingtorequireddocuments,andthepublicsecurityauthoritiesareresponsibletocrackdownonsmuggling.ChinaalsoimplementsmeasuresmorestringentthanCITESrequirements.AnimalspeciesinCITESAppendixIandIIthatoriginatefromothercountriesarelistedasChina’skeystate-protectedwildanimals,andtheimportofanimalspeciesinCITESAppendixIIandIIIissubjecttotheimportpermit.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtosell,purchase,transport,carry,mail,importandexportrhinos,tigersandtheirproducts.Theimport,commercialprocessingandsellingofivoryanditsproductsarebannedinChina.Thehunting,tradingandtransportationofwildterrestrialanimalsorkeystate-protectedwildaquaticanimalsforfoodisalsobanned.?WWF執(zhí)法成果各級(jí)部門辦理野生動(dòng)植物案件數(shù)量（起）收繳野生動(dòng)物（只）收繳野生動(dòng)植物7,000130,000414,00053038080227,0005,200264-645,80036,000274,00026,000AchievementAuthoritiesCasesInvestigatedWildAnimalsConfiscatedWildlifeProductsConfiscated(kg)ForestryandGrassland7,000130,000414,000AgricultureandRuralAffairs530380MarketRegulation80227,0005,200Customs264-645,800PublicSecurity36,000274,00026,000建立“打擊野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易部際聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度”EstablishingtheInter-ministerialOfficeinCombatingIllegalWildlifeTrade2016年中國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)建立了由國(guó)家林業(yè)和草原局牽頭，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、外交部、公安部、交通運(yùn)輸部、海關(guān)總署、國(guó)家市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督管理總局、國(guó)家網(wǎng)信辦等27個(gè)部門和單位參加的“打擊野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易部際聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度”，地方各級(jí)政府隨后也陸續(xù)建立了相關(guān)聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度，通過(guò)召開(kāi)年度會(huì)議、制定專門政策、舉辦聯(lián)合培訓(xùn)班、開(kāi)展合作調(diào)研、督導(dǎo)執(zhí)法工作、組織專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)、強(qiáng)化國(guó)際合作等，協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)全鏈條打擊野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。In2016,theStateCouncilofChinaapprovedtheestablishmentofanInter-ministerialOfficeinCombatingIllegalWildlifeTrade.ThisisledbytheNationalForestryandGrasslandAdministrationandcomprised27authoritiesincludingtheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairs,theMinistryofForeignAffairs,theMinistryofPublicSecurity,theMinistryofTransport,theGeneralAdministrationofCustoms,theStateAdministrationforMarketRegulation.Correspondentsystemswereestablishedlateratvariouslevelstoassistincombatingtheillegalwildlifetrade.TheOfficehasconvenedannualmeetings,formulatedpolicies,organizedjointtraining,researchandspecialcampaigns,supervisedlawenforcementandstrengtheninginternationalcooperation,soastocoordinatelyadvancethewhole-chaincrackdownuponillegalwildlifetrade.成立“部門間CITES執(zhí)法工作協(xié)調(diào)小組”EstablishingtheNationalInter-agencyCITESEnforcementCoordinationGroup2011年由中國(guó)CITES管理機(jī)構(gòu)牽頭成立了“部門間CITES執(zhí)法工作協(xié)調(diào)小組”，由林草、農(nóng)業(yè)、海關(guān)、公安、交通、海警、郵政等9個(gè)部門的12個(gè)司局組成。2013年在全國(guó)31個(gè)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市也分別建立了省級(jí)部門間CITES執(zhí)法工作協(xié)調(diào)小組。通過(guò)加強(qiáng)部門間聯(lián)動(dòng)執(zhí)法監(jiān)管，實(shí)現(xiàn)了履約執(zhí)法工作全國(guó)覆蓋。該協(xié)調(diào)小組因成功組織開(kāi)展眼鏡蛇系列國(guó)際打擊行動(dòng)，于2012、2013、2014年連續(xù)三年獲得CITES秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)表彰證書(shū)。In2011,theNationalInter-agencyCITESEnforcementCoordinationGroupwassetup,whichwasledbytheCITESManagementAuthorityofChinaandcomprisedby12departmentsin9authoritiescoveringforestryandgrassland,agriculture,customs,publicsecurity,transportation,coastguardandpostservice.In2013,31provincial-leveladministrativeunitshaveformedlocalcoordinationsystemsaccordingly.Bystrengtheningcross-agencycoordination,theCITESenforcementnowcoversthewholecountry.TheGrouphassuccessfullyorganizedaserialcross-enforcementoperationknownasOperationCobra,hence,itwasawardedtheCITESSecretary-General’sCertificateofCommendationforthreeconsecutiveyearsfrom2012to2014.中國(guó)在其中西部22個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）實(shí)施“生態(tài)護(hù)林員”制度，賦予生態(tài)護(hù)林員宣傳野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)以及對(duì)管護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)的森林、濕地、沙化土地等資源進(jìn)行日常巡護(hù)并制止、報(bào)告所發(fā)現(xiàn)的亂捕濫獵野生動(dòng)物、亂采濫挖野生植物等行為的職責(zé)。截至2020年，累計(jì)選聘110.2萬(wàn)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駬?dān)任生態(tài)護(hù)林員，累計(jì)安排生態(tài)護(hù)林員資金201億元。22provincial-leveladministrativeunitsinthecentralandwesternChinahaverecruitedforestrangers,authorizingtheserangerstopublicizelawsandregulationsonwildlifeprotection,inspectforests,wetlands,anddesertifiedlandsregularlyintheprotectedareas,andpreventandreportillegalhuntingofwildanimalsorremovalofwildplantsorotherunlawfulactivities.Asof2020,RMB20.1billionwasallocatedinsubsidiesforrecruiting1.102millionlocalresidentsasforestrangers.中國(guó)政府構(gòu)建了省、市、縣、鄉(xiāng)、村五級(jí)林長(zhǎng)體系，明確由地方各級(jí)政府主要負(fù)責(zé)同志擔(dān)任林長(zhǎng)，負(fù)責(zé)保護(hù)發(fā)展本行政區(qū)域的森林和野生動(dòng)植物資源，包括防范非法獵捕、交易野生動(dòng)物活動(dòng)的發(fā)生。截止到2022年7月，全國(guó)共有各級(jí)林長(zhǎng)近120萬(wàn)名。TheChinesegovernmenthasestablishedaforestchiefschemeatprovincial,city,county,townshipandvillagelevels.Headsoflocalgovernmentsworkastheforestchiefsandareresponsiblefortheprotectionanddevelopmentoflocalforestsandwildliferesources,includingpreventingillegalhuntingandtradingofwildanimals.AsofJuly2022,therearenearly1.2millionforestchiefsacrossthecountry.打擊野生動(dòng)物非法貿(mào)易行為，最重要的一環(huán)就是對(duì)涉案的野生動(dòng)物及其制品進(jìn)行鑒定并進(jìn)行價(jià)值認(rèn)定。在中國(guó)，經(jīng)司法部或者公安部依法核準(zhǔn)登記的司法鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)已達(dá)32家。2017年和2019年，中國(guó)政府先后發(fā)布了《野生動(dòng)物及其制品價(jià)值評(píng)估方法》和《水生野生動(dòng)物及其制品價(jià)值評(píng)估辦法》，確定了野生動(dòng)物基準(zhǔn)價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄。司法機(jī)關(guān)根據(jù)涉案野生動(dòng)物的價(jià)值定罪量刑。Themostimportantpartofcombatingillegalwildlifetradeistoidentifyandassessthevaluethewildlifeandderivedproductsinvolved.InChina,theMinistryofJusticeandtheMinistryofPublicSecurityhaveapprovedandregistered32judicialauthenticationinstitutions.In2017and2019,theChinesegovernmentissuedtheAssessmentMethodfortheValueofWildAnimalsandTheirproductsandtheAssessmentMethodfortheValueofAquaticWildAnimalsandTheirproducts,establishingacatalogueofbenchmarkvaluestandardsforwildanimals.Judicialauthoritiesmakedecisionsbasedonthevalueofthewildanimalsinvolved.清風(fēng)行動(dòng)QingfengAction:2021年起，國(guó)家林業(yè)和草原局會(huì)同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、中央政法國(guó)家互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息辦公室等8個(gè)部門，在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)組織開(kāi)展“清風(fēng)行動(dòng)”。在2021和2022年“清風(fēng)行動(dòng)”中，全國(guó)共查辦野生動(dòng)物案件18617起，打掉犯罪團(tuán)伙980個(gè)，打擊處理違法犯罪人員20830人，對(duì)破壞野生動(dòng)植物資源的“捕、售、購(gòu)、運(yùn)、食”進(jìn)行全鏈條打擊。From2021,theNationalForestryandGrasslandAdministration,togetherwiththeMinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairs,theCentralCommitteeofPoliticalandLegalAffairs,theMinistryofPublicSecurity,theMinistryofTransport,theGeneralAdministrationofCustoms,theStateAdministrationforMarketRegulation,andtheCyberspaceAdministrationofChina,haveorganizednationwideQingfengActiontocombatwildlifetrafficking.TheCampaignsin2021and2022haveinvestigatedandprosecuted18,617illegalwildanimalcases,busted980criminalgangs,anddealtwith20,830criminals,crackingdownonhunting,trading,transportingandconsumingwildlifeproducts.昆侖行動(dòng)OperationKunlun:中國(guó)公安部門連續(xù)組織開(kāi)展“昆侖行動(dòng)”，先后偵破了四川雅安“12.3”（涉案川金絲猴18只、小熊貓17只）、山東日照“6.20”（涉案鸚鵡螺2件、虎斑寶貝650件）等一批大要案件，摧毀了一大批犯罪窩點(diǎn)、犯罪網(wǎng)絡(luò)、犯罪團(tuán)伙，依法嚴(yán)懲了一大批犯罪分子。ChinesepolicehavelaunchedtheOperationKunlunconsecutivelyandresolvedseveralmajorcases.Forexample,thecaseinYa’anCity,SichuanProvinceinvolved18Sichuangoldenmonkeysand17redpandas,andthecaseinRizhaoCity,ShandongProvinceinvolved2Nautiloidsand650Tigercowries.TheOperationbustedplentifulcriminalbases,networksandgangsandpunishedcriminalsinaccordancewiththelaw.?NFGA國(guó)門利劍行動(dòng)OperationNationalSword:?ChinaCoastGuard?ChinaCustoms?China?ChinaCustoms“1.17”特大象牙走私案“CaseJanuary17”-amajorelephantivorysmugglingcase2019年，海關(guān)總署“1.17”專案組指揮黃埔海關(guān)緝私局，在合肥、南京、北京、福州、青島海關(guān)緝私局和地方公安機(jī)關(guān)的支持配合下，在多地展開(kāi)收網(wǎng)行動(dòng)，抓獲犯罪嫌疑人20名，查獲象牙2748根，合計(jì)7.48噸。通過(guò)近年來(lái)的嚴(yán)厲打擊，我國(guó)走私象牙等瀕危物種案件大幅減少，打擊成果得到國(guó)際社會(huì)廣泛認(rèn)同，聯(lián)合國(guó)助理秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)喬伊斯女士盛贊“中國(guó)為全世界作出了榜樣”。Inrecentyears,ChinaCustomshasledandlaunchedseveralcrackdownoperations.In2019,the“CaseJanuary17”taskforceoftheGeneralAdministrationofCustomsdirectedtheAnti-smugglingBureauoftheHuangpuCustoms,withthesupportoflocalAnti-smugglingBureauandpoliceinHefei,Nanjing,Beijing,FuzhouandQingdao,toarrest20suspectsandseize2,748piecesofivory,totaling7.48tons.ChinaCustoms’consistentandseverecrackdownsonivorysmugglinghavebeenhighlycommendedbytheinternationalmedia,andwonAsiaEnvironmentalEnforcementAwardsbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramseveraltimes.保護(hù)海洋生物專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)Specialactiontoprotectmarinelife中國(guó)海警局持續(xù)加大對(duì)海上非法獵捕、交易、走私瀕危野生動(dòng)物違法犯罪行為打擊力度。先后部署開(kāi)展了打擊非法獵捕紅珊瑚專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)、“GC（硨磲貝英文首字母縮寫(xiě)）”等專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)，近些年來(lái)共查獲危害珍貴、瀕危野生動(dòng)物案和走私珍貴動(dòng)物制品案件60余起，抓獲涉案人員350余人，查扣紅珊瑚330余公斤、硨磲1000余噸。TheChinaCoastGuardcontinuestointensifyitsfightagainstillegalhunting,trading,andsmugglingofendangeredwildanimalsonthewaters.Ithasorganizedspecialoperationsagainsttheillegalhuntingofredcoralandgiantclams.Inrecentyears,theyhaveinvestigatedover60casesofharmingandsmugglingvaluableandendangeredwildanimalsandtheirproducts,withover350suspectsarrested,andover330kilogramsofredcoralandmorethan1,000tonsofgiantclamsseized.?CWCA中國(guó)對(duì)罰沒(méi)野生動(dòng)物及其制品以放生野外、返還原產(chǎn)國(guó)、調(diào)撥、拍賣、變賣、保管封存、無(wú)害化處理等7種方式進(jìn)行處置。2014年8月18日，中國(guó)政府向巴基斯坦政府移交中國(guó)喀什海關(guān)同年6月13日罰沒(méi)的204只走私黑池龜。Chinadisposesconfiscatedwildlifeanditsproductsin7ways,includingreleasingitintothewild,returningthemtothesourcecountry,reallocation,auction,sale,storageandinnocenttreatment.OnAugust18,2014,theChinesegovernmentreturned204smuggledblackpondturtlestothePakistanigovernment,whichhadbeenseizedbyKashgarCustomsonJune13,2014.中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)決支持非洲象的保護(hù)，對(duì)象牙非法貿(mào)易零容忍。2014年1月6日，中國(guó)政府在廣東省公開(kāi)銷毀6100千克罰沒(méi)象牙，這是中國(guó)首次公開(kāi)銷毀執(zhí)法查沒(méi)象牙。2014年5月15日，中國(guó)香港特別行政區(qū)政府公開(kāi)銷毀1000千克罰沒(méi)象牙。2015年5月29日，中國(guó)政府在北京公開(kāi)銷毀了660多千克罰沒(méi)象牙。中國(guó)三次公開(kāi)銷毀非法象牙及其制品，表明中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)決打擊象牙非法貿(mào)易的決心和實(shí)際行動(dòng)。TheChinesegovernmentfirmlysupportstheprotectionofAfricanelephantsandhaszerotolerancefortheillegalivorytrade.OnJanuary6,2014,theChinesegovernment,forthefirsttime,publiclydestroyed6100kgsofconfiscatedivoryinGuangdongProvince.OnMay15,2014,thegovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina(HongKongSAR)publiclydestroyed1000kgsofseizedivory.OnMay29,2015,theChinesegovernmentpubliclydestroyedover660kilogramsofconfiscatedivoryinBeijing.TheabovethreeactivitiesdemonstratethedeterminationandactionsoftheChinesegovernmenttocrackdownontheillegalivorytrade.?CWCA?CWCA??CWCA中國(guó)政府與有關(guān)國(guó)家、區(qū)域或國(guó)際政府間組織開(kāi)展野生動(dòng)植物執(zhí)法合作，針對(duì)偷獵和跨國(guó)販運(yùn)瀕危野生動(dòng)植物實(shí)施系列聯(lián)合執(zhí)法行動(dòng)，全鏈條打擊野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易。TheChinesegovernmentcooperateswithrelevantnational,regionalandinternationalorganizationstoimplementaseriesofjointactionsagainstpoachingandtransnationaltraffickingofendangeredwildlife,alongthesupplychainwiththeoverallobjectiveofaddressingtheillegalwildlifetrade.“眼鏡蛇行動(dòng)”O(jiān)perationCobra2013年中國(guó)會(huì)同美國(guó)、南非、東盟野生動(dòng)植物執(zhí)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)、南亞野生動(dòng)植物執(zhí)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)和盧薩卡議定書(shū)執(zhí)法特別工作組，組織亞洲、非洲等22個(gè)國(guó)家參加“眼鏡蛇1號(hào)行動(dòng)”。中國(guó)共查處走私瀕危物種案件71起，處理違法犯罪人員85人，查獲走私象牙185千克、犀牛角13千克、穿山甲鱗片約50千克。2014年的“眼鏡蛇2號(hào)行動(dòng)”有28個(gè)國(guó)家共同參與，中國(guó)查獲案件218起，查獲走私象牙286千克、網(wǎng)紋斑蟒蛇皮802張、穿山甲鱗片120千克。In2013,thelawenforcementauthoritiesinChinaworkedwithcorrespondentagenciesfromtheUS,SouthAfrica,ASEAN,SouthAsiacountriesandtheLusakaAgreementTaskForcetocarryoutOperationCobraI,whichwasparticipatedby22countriesinAsiaandAfrica.Chinainvestigated71casesinvolvingendangeredspeciessmuggling,arrested85criminals,andseized185kgsofivory,13kgsofrhinohornand50kgsofpangolinscales.In2014,28countriesparticipatedinOperationCobraII.Chinainvestigatedandseized218casesinvolving286kgsofsmuggledivory,802piecesofpythonskins,and120kgsofpangolinscales.?CWCA“雷霆”系列打擊瀕危野生動(dòng)植物走私國(guó)際聯(lián)合行動(dòng)OperationThunderball-aseriesofinternationaljointoperationsagainstendangeredwildlifesmuggling2017-2020年，中國(guó)海關(guān)積極參與國(guó)際刑警組織和世界海關(guān)組織發(fā)起的“雷霆”系列打擊瀕危野生動(dòng)植物走私國(guó)際聯(lián)合行動(dòng)。該行動(dòng)2019年共查獲各類瀕危野生動(dòng)植物及其制品走私案件1828起，查獲走私象牙440根及象牙制品545千克、犀牛角5根、海洋野生動(dòng)物約1萬(wàn)件和木材2550立方米等；2020年查獲野生動(dòng)植物及其制品2000多件，逮捕犯罪嫌疑人699名；2021年，促成1000余起案件的調(diào)查，查獲犯罪嫌疑人約300名。2019年，中國(guó)海關(guān)在深圳承辦了此次行動(dòng)全球總結(jié)會(huì)，共計(jì)43個(gè)海關(guān)成員和相關(guān)執(zhí)法部門、9個(gè)國(guó)際組織和6個(gè)非政府組織的160余名代表參加。From2017to2020,ChinaCustomsactivelyparticipatedinOperationThunderballagainstsmugglingofendangeredwildanimalsandplants,whichislaunchedbyInterpolandtheWorldCustomsOrganization.In2019,1,828smugglingcasesofendangeredwildlifeandtheirproductswereinvestigated,withaseizureof440smuggledivory,545kilogramsofivoryproducts,5piecesofrhinohorns,10,000marinewildlifeand2,550cubicmetersoftimber.In2020,over2,000wildlifeandtheirproductswereseized,and699suspectswerearrested.In2021,over1,000caseswereinvestigated,with300suspectsarrested.In2019,aglobalconferencetosummarizetheoperationoutcomesheldinShenzhen,whichwasattendedbyover160representativesfrom43customsandlawenforcementagencies,9internationalorganizationsand6NGOs.?NFGA雙多邊緝私合作Bilateralandmultilateralanti-smugglingcooperation中國(guó)海關(guān)通過(guò)國(guó)際刑警組織、世界海關(guān)組織、雙邊警務(wù)合作、海關(guān)互助、外交和司法互助渠道，開(kāi)展情報(bào)交換、案件協(xié)查、聯(lián)合辦案以及引渡、遣返、勸返等境外追逃工作，受到聯(lián)合國(guó)毒品與犯罪問(wèn)題辦公室的高度贊譽(yù)。2014年，中國(guó)海關(guān)緝私部門派員赴肯尼亞押解瀕危野生動(dòng)植物走私犯罪嫌疑人回國(guó)，這是中國(guó)首次將潛逃境外的瀕危野生動(dòng)植物走私犯罪嫌疑人緝捕歸案。2019年1月中國(guó)海關(guān)將3名“7.5”特大象牙走私案外逃中國(guó)籍犯罪嫌疑人成功緝拿歸案，這是中國(guó)海關(guān)緝私部門與國(guó)際刑警組織、坦桑尼亞和尼日利亞執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)密切合作的成果。ThroughthechannelsofInterpol,theWorldCustomsOrganization,bilateralpolicecooperation,mutualassistanceincustoms,diplomaticandjudicialmatters,theChinaCustomshasexchangedinformation,assistedorjoinedjointinvestigation,andmadeeffortsinfugitiverepatriationbyextradition,repatriation,andpersuadingtoreturn.ItsworkwashighlypraisedbytheUNODC.In2014,theanti-smugglingauthoritiesoftheChinaCustomssentrepresentativestoKenyatoextraditethesuspectedsmugglersofendangeredwildlifetoChina,thiswasChina’sfirst-everpracticetotakeperpetratorswhofledoverseasbacktoChinajustice.InJanuary2019,theChinaCustomssuccessfullyarrestedthreefledsuspectedChinesenationalsinvolvingthe“CaseJuly5”,aseriouscaseofelephantivorysmugglingwhohadevadedcapture.ThesuccesswasattributedtotheclosecooperationamongauthoritiesinChina,Tanzania,NigeriaandInterpol.“使命1901”和“忠誠(chéng)1901”行動(dòng)Operation“Mission1901”and“Loyalty1901”2019年，中國(guó)海關(guān)緝私部門與越南、新加坡、中國(guó)香港特區(qū)相關(guān)執(zhí)法部門緊密合作，摧毀了兩個(gè)橫跨亞非主要由中越兩國(guó)人員組成的瀕危物種走私犯罪團(tuán)伙，重創(chuàng)從非洲經(jīng)東南亞地區(qū)中轉(zhuǎn)至中越的瀕危物種走私通道。行動(dòng)中各方實(shí)時(shí)互換情報(bào)、協(xié)調(diào)同步收網(wǎng)，在越、新、中國(guó)內(nèi)地和中國(guó)香港特區(qū)共查獲走私象牙2250千克，穿山甲鱗片47500千克，抓獲犯罪嫌疑人17人。后又開(kāi)展境外調(diào)查取證合作，取回涉案樣品等關(guān)鍵證據(jù)。該案成功實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)際聯(lián)動(dòng)，境內(nèi)外同步收網(wǎng)。In2019,theanti-smugglingdepartmentsoftheChinaCustomsworkedcloselywithauthoritiesinVietnam,SingaporeandHongKongSARtodestroytwosmugglingnetworksacrossAsiaandAfricaonendangeredspecies,mainlyinvolvingcriminalsfromChinaandVietnam.TheoperationdestroyedaivorysmugglingchannelsbetweenAfricaandChinaandVietnamviaSoutheastAsia.Duringtheoperation,allpartiesexchangedinformationinreal-timeandcoordinatedasynchronizedarrest,with2250kgsofsmuggledivory,47500kgsofpangolinscalesseizedand17suspectsarrestedinVietnam,Singapore,mainlandChinaandHongKongSARaspartoftheinvestigation.Later,jointoverseasinvestigationandevidencecollectionwerecarriedout,retrievingkeyevidencelikesamplesofcase-relatedobjects.Successfulcross-countrycoordinationandsimultaneousoperationacrossjurisdictionswereachievedaspartofthisoperation.“8.28”特大走私象牙等瀕危動(dòng)物制品案“CaseAugust28”-amajorsmugglingcaseofivoryandotherendangeredanimalproducts2019年，在海關(guān)總署的統(tǒng)一指揮下，南寧、哈爾濱、廣州等海關(guān)聯(lián)合廣西壯族自治區(qū)公安廳，查獲一起特大象牙等瀕危物種走私案，摧毀一個(gè)走私象牙等瀕危物種國(guó)際犯罪團(tuán)伙，抓獲犯罪嫌疑人12名；同時(shí)提供精準(zhǔn)情報(bào)，指引新加坡海關(guān)和新加坡國(guó)家公園局查獲截獲該團(tuán)伙走私的象牙8800千克、穿山甲鱗片11900千克。由于在多起案件中的緊密合作，2019年中國(guó)海關(guān)與新加坡海關(guān)、新加坡國(guó)家公園局被聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境規(guī)劃署授予“亞洲環(huán)境執(zhí)法獎(jiǎng)”。In2019,underthecommandoftheGeneralAdministrationofCustoms,regionalcustomsinNanning,HarbinandGuangzhou,togetherwithPublicSecurityDepartmentinGuangxi,investigatedaseverecaseofsmugglingivoryandotherendangeredspecies,withaninternationalsmugglingcriminalgangdismantledand12suspectsarrested.Atthesametime,theChineseauthoritiesprovidedaccurateinformationtohelptheSingaporeCustomsandtheNationalParksBoardofSingaporetoseize8800kgsofivoryand11,900kgsofpangolinscales.Becauseoftheclosecooperationinmultiplecases,theChinaCustoms,SingaporeCustomsandSingaporeNationalParkBoardwereawardedtheAsiaEnvironmentalEnforcementAwardsbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammein2019.?ChinaCustoms?C“黃金狙擊2021”國(guó)際執(zhí)法行動(dòng)OperationGoldenStrike2021–aninternationallawenforcementaction公安部會(huì)同國(guó)際刑警組織共同開(kāi)展“黃金狙擊2021”國(guó)際執(zhí)法行動(dòng)，參加“雷霆2020”“雷霆2021”等國(guó)際行動(dòng)，集中偵辦了危害珍貴瀕危野生動(dòng)物案等涉境外的野生動(dòng)物案件71起，抓獲犯罪嫌疑人162人，收繳野生動(dòng)物6060頭（只其中國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)動(dòng)物1831頭（只），收繳野生動(dòng)物制品1247千克，涉案價(jià)值3476.3萬(wàn)元。TheMinistryofPublicSecurityofChina,togetherwithInterpol,jointlylaunchedtheOperationGoldenStrike2021,aninternationallawenforcementaction,andparticipatedintheThunderball2020and2021operation.Inthesecampaigns,theChineseauthoritiesinvestigated71foreign-relatedcasesofharmingpreciousandendangeredwildanimals,arrested162suspects,seized6,060wildanimals,outofwhich1831arenationalkeyprotectedanimals,and1,247kilosofwildanimalproducts,withatotalvalueofRMB34.763million.“湄龍”系列行動(dòng)OperationMekongDragon2018、2019、2020、2021、2022年在聯(lián)合國(guó)毒品與犯罪問(wèn)題辦公室和世界海關(guān)組織亞太地區(qū)情報(bào)聯(lián)絡(luò)中心的支持下，中國(guó)海關(guān)與越南海關(guān)發(fā)起打擊毒品和瀕危野生動(dòng)植物及其制品走私的地區(qū)國(guó)際聯(lián)合行動(dòng)即“湄龍”系列行動(dòng)，共20多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的海關(guān)、警方等執(zhí)法部門參加。經(jīng)過(guò)“湄龍”系列行動(dòng)的持續(xù)打擊，在行動(dòng)期間走私瀕危野生動(dòng)植物及其制品查獲率呈現(xiàn)逐年下降趨勢(shì)，表明亞太地區(qū)打擊瀕危野生動(dòng)植物走私行為取得了顯著成效，成為了亞太地區(qū)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)的旗艦項(xiàng)目。From2018to2022,underthesupportoftheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrimeandtheAsian-PacificRegionalIntelligenceLiaisonOfficeoftheWorldCustomsOrganization,theChinaCustomsandVietnamCustomslaunchedOperationMekongDragon,ajointregionalcampaignagainstsmugglingofdrugsandendangeredwildlifeandtheirproducts.Itisparticipatedbycustoms,policeandotherlawenforcementagenciesfromover20countriesandregions.ThisOperationhasbecomeaflagshiplawenforcementoperationinAsiaandPacificregion,becauseitseffectivecrackdownsonendangeredwildlifetraffickinghaveledtoanannualdecreaseinsmuggleditemsdetectedduringtheOperation.“智慧緝私”暨打擊瀕危物種走私培訓(xùn)交流會(huì)Trainingprogramon“SmartAnti-Smuggling”andCombatingEndangeredSpeciesSmuggling2018年9月，中國(guó)海關(guān)緝私部門與越南海關(guān)調(diào)查局舉辦“智慧緝私”暨打擊瀕危物種走私培訓(xùn)交流會(huì)，中國(guó)海關(guān)就依托大數(shù)據(jù)、云計(jì)算等互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的“智慧緝私”系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了交流，雙方通過(guò)執(zhí)法合作和情報(bào)交流，密切了聯(lián)合打擊瀕危物種走私犯罪的合作機(jī)制。InSeptember2018,aTrainingprogramon“SmartAnti-Smuggling”andCombatingEndangeredSpeciesSmugglingwasheldbyAnti-smugglingagenciesoftheChinaCustomsandtheInvestigationDepartmentsoftheVietnamCustoms.TheChineseauthoritiesintroducedthe“SmartAnti-smuggling”systembasedonbigdataandcloudcomputing.Bothsidesintensifiedthecooperationtojointlycombatthesmugglingofendangeredspeciesthroughlawenforcementandintelligenceexchangecooperation.東南亞海關(guān)打擊瀕危物種走私合作執(zhí)法交流研討會(huì)China-SEALawEnforcementWorkshoponCombatingEndangeredSpeciesSmuggling2021年4月，中國(guó)海關(guān)緝私部門與東南亞國(guó)家海關(guān)聯(lián)合舉辦“東南亞海關(guān)打擊瀕危物種走私合作執(zhí)法交流研討會(huì)”，交流本地區(qū)查辦瀕危物種走私案件的情況和特點(diǎn)，探討聯(lián)合挖掘情報(bào)線索，加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法合作和技術(shù)交流，形成對(duì)瀕危物種跨境有組織犯罪的持續(xù)有力打擊。InApril2021,theanti-smugglingdepartmentsofCustomsinChinaandtheSoutheastAsiacountriesjointlyheldaLawEnforcementWorkshoponCombatingEndangeredSpeciesSmuggling,toexchangehowtoinvestigatesmugglingofendangeredspeciesintheregion,exploringintelligencecooperation,andstrengtheningenforcementcooperationandtechnicalexchangestoensureconsistentfightagainstcross-borderorganizedcrimeonendangeredspecies.中國(guó)—拉美地區(qū)國(guó)家打擊野生動(dòng)物非法販運(yùn)執(zhí)法交流培訓(xùn)China-LatinAmericaLawEnforcementWorkshoponCombatingWildlifeTrafficking2022年7月，中國(guó)海關(guān)舉辦首次“中國(guó)—拉美地區(qū)國(guó)家打擊野生動(dòng)物非法販運(yùn)執(zhí)法交流培訓(xùn)”，建立雙多邊常態(tài)化執(zhí)法信息交流，并探索建立更加規(guī)范務(wù)實(shí)的執(zhí)法合作機(jī)制。InJuly2022,theChinaCustomsheldthefirstChina-LatinAmericaLawEnforcementWorkshoponCombatingWildlifeTrafficking,toestablishtheregularbilateralandmultilateralinformationexchangeonlawenforcement,andexplore