研究生英語課件(東北大學(xué))writing-courseware

WRITINGCOURSEContentsIntroduction:whattoknowbeforewritingBasicSkills:howtodevelopagoodwritingPracticalWriting:howtowriteforpracticalcommunicationIntroductionwhattoknowbeforewritingKeyelementsWordSentenceParagraphEssayWorddivisionThegeneralprincipleistodivideawordaccordingtoitssyllables.Whydowehavetodivideaword?FortheconvenienceoftypingForthebetterunderstanding/usingofawordderivedfromanotherwordorformedbywordroots.PrinciplesOne-syllablewordscannotbedivided,likethrough,march,brainandpushed.Donotwriteoneletterofawordattheendorbeginningofaline,evenifthatonelettermakesupasyllable,suchasa.lone,trick.y.Avoidseparatingpropernamesofpeopleorplaces,likeChi.na,Aus.ten.Dividehyphenatedwordsonlyatthehyphen:father-in-law,empty-handed.Donotdividewordsinawaythatmaymisleadthereader:pea.cock,re.ally.Dividewordswithprefixesorsuffixesbetweentheprefixorsuffixandthebasepartoftheword:.Dividetwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsbetweenthetwoconsonants:strug.gle,shat.terExercisesalivehandybonusthoughtsettingpermissiondictatorshipgratitudesociablecorrectnessfar-reachingsister-in-lawalivehandybo.nusthoughtset.tingfar-reachingsister-in-lawDictionDictionisthechoiceanduseofwords.LevelsofWordsFormalCommoncolloquialGeneralandspecificwordsagoodman:kind,honest,just.generous,warm-hearted,selfless,brave,honorablegoodfood:tasty,delicious,rich,fresh,appetizing,abundantExerciseswalkcryhouselaughWalkStagger〔蹣跚〕,march,wander,ramble〔閑逛〕,pace〔踱步〕,loiter〔徘徊〕,stride〔大踏步〕,lurch〔蹣跚〕,limpCryweep,sob,whimper〔啜泣〕,blubber〔哭訴〕,wail〔嚎啕〕,moan〔嗚咽〕HouseMansion〔大廈〕,villa〔別墅〕,cottage〔村舍〕,bungalow〔平房〕,cabin〔棚屋〕,hut〔木屋〕,shed〔貨棚〕,barn,shelter.laughsmile,grin〔咧嘴笑〕,giggle,chuckle,guffaw〔狂笑〕,titter〔傻笑〕,snigger〔竊笑〕,beam〔面露喜色〕EnglishSentenceWritingBasicSentenceWritingExpandingBasicSentencepatternsParallelStructurePunctuationBasicSentencePatternsSV(Subject+IntransitiveVerb)SVCs(SubjectComplement)SVO(TransitiveVerb)SVOiOd(in/directObject)SVOCo(ObjectComplement)SV(Subject+IntransitiveVerbItcomes.Shecried.Mr.Lipassedaway.SVCs(Subject+LinkingVerb+SubjectComplement)

Itiseighto’clockShefeelssad.Exerciseisagoodwaytoloseweight.SVO(Subject+TransitiveVerb+Object)Heisreadingthenewspaper.Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?SVOiOd(Subject+TransitiveVerb+IndirectObject+DirectObject)Shegavemeabook.Mothertellsherastoryeverynight.SVOCo(Subject+TransitiveVerb+Object+ObjectComplement)Wemadehimmonitor.Iheardhimsinging.GeneralandspecificdescriptionGeneral:Itisoftenwindyanddustyhereinspring.Specific:Inspringthereisoftenaverystrongnorthwestwind.Itcarriessomuchfinedustwithitthatsometimesthesunbecomesobscure.Thereisnoescapefromthefinedust;itgetsintoyoureyes,yourears,yournostrils,andyourhair.Itgoesthroughthecracksofclosedwindowsandcoversyourdesksandchairs.HomeworkDevelopthefollowingsentenceintoaparagraphthatismorespecificandvivid.Studentsdomanyinterestingthingsafterclasses……Review

General:Studentsdomanyinterestingthingsafterclasses.

Specific:Everymorningandafternoonthesportsfieldsarealivewithenergeticstudents.Footballandbasketballmatches,volleyball,andbadminton,track-trainingandgymnasticsareallinfullswing.Eventhealleywaysunderthetreesandaroundtheflowerbedsprovideenoughspaceforenthusiaststopractice.Throughthewindowscomesthepitter-patterofping-pongballs,thesoundofsongsandmusic,orlaughteranddiscussion.ABOUTTITLE

Writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline.Capitalizethefirstandlastwordsandallotherwords(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)exceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions,shortprepositions,andthetoinfinitives.ExercisesmyfirstvisittothepalacemuseumthepeoplewithoutacountryrulestoabidebyDickensandDavidCopperfieldwhatcantheartistdointheworldoftoday?themythofa“Negroliterature〞theEnglish-speakingpeopleinQuebecMyFirstVisittothePalaceMuseumThePeopleWithoutaCountryRulestoAbideByDickensandDavidCopperfieldWhatCantheArtistDointheWorldofToday?WhatReformMeanstoChinaTheMythofa“NegroLiterature〞TheEnglish-SpeakingPeopleinQuebecPunctuationTheComma

Commausageisinsomerespectsaquestionofpersonalwritingstyle:somewritersusecommasliberally,whileothersprefertousethemsparingly.MostmodernNorthAmericanstyleguidesnowrecommendusingfewercommasratherthanmore,sowhenfacedwiththeoptionofusingacommaornot,youmayfinditwisetorefrain.Forinstance,theuseofacommabeforethe"and"inaseriesisusuallyoptional,andmanywriterschoosetoeliminateit,providedthereisnodangerofmisreading:Weboughtscarves,mittens〔連指手套〕andsweatersbeforeleavingforIceland.(commaunnecessarybefore"and")Weateapples,plums,andstrawberryandkiwi〔獼猴桃〕compote.(commaneededbefore"and"forclarity)CommaUsage1.Useacommabeforeaco-ordinatingconjunctionthatjoinsindependentclauses(unlesstheindependentclausesareveryshort):Iwrappedthefreshfishinthreelayersofnewspaper,butmyvanstillsmelledliketroutforthenextweek.(commaswithtwoindependentclauses)Sheinvitedhimtoherpartyandheaccepted.(commaunnecessarywithshortclauses)2.Useacommaafteranintroductoryadverbclauseand,often,afteranintroductoryphrase(unlessthephraseisveryshort):Afterthehospitalhadcompleteditsfund-raisingcampaign,ananonymousdonorcontributedanadditional$10,000.(afterintroductoryadverbclause)Fromtheeastwalltothewest,hercottagemeasurestwentyfeet.(afterintroductoryprepositionalphrase)Inthebottomdraweryouwillfindsomepinkspandextights.(nocommawithshort,closelyrelatedphrase)3.Useacommatoseparateitemsinaseries:Playinginabandcanbeexciting,butmanypeopledonotrealizethehardshipsinvolved:constantrehearsals,playinguntil2a.m.,handlingdrunkenaudiencemembers,andtransportingheavyequipmenttoandfromgigs.(thecommapreceding"and"isoptionalunlessneededtopreventmisreading)4.Usecommastosetoffnon-restrictiveelementsandotherparentheticalelements.Anon-restrictivemodifierisaphraseorclausethatdoesnotrestrictorlimitthemeaningoftheworditismodifying.Itis,inasense,interruptingmaterialthataddsextrainformationtoasentence.Eventhoughremovingthenon-restrictiveelementwouldresultinsomelossofmeaning,thesentencewouldstillmakesensewithoutit.Youshouldusuallysetoffnon-restrictiveelementswithcommas:ThepeopleofHaiti,whofordecadeshavelivedwithgrindingpovertyandmind-numbingviolence,areunfamiliarwiththeworkingsofatruedemocracy.Arestrictivemodifierisaphraseorclausethatlimitsthemeaningofwhatitmodifiesandisessentialtothebasicideaexpressedinthesentence.Youshouldnotsetoffrestrictiveelementswithcommas:ThoseresidentsofOttawawhodonotholdsecure,well-payingjobsmustresentthecommonportrayalofthecityasalandofopportunity.Notethatyoucanusetwootherpunctuationmarkstosetoffnon-restrictiveelementsorotherparentheticalinformation:parenthesesanddashes.Enclosingparentheticalinformationinparenthesesreducestheimportanceofthatinformation:Mr.Grundy'sdrivingrecord(withonesmallexception)wasexemplary.5.Placingparentheticalinformationbetweendasheshastheoppositeeffect:itemphasisesthematerial:Mr.Grundy'sdrivingrecord--withoneexception--wasexemplary.Nevertheless,youshouldusuallysetoffparentheticalinformationwithcommas.TheSemicolon

Youwillusuallyusethesemicolontolinkindependentclausesnotjoinedbyaco-ordinatingconjunction.Semicolonsshouldjoinonlythoseindependentclausesthatarecloselyrelatedinmeaning.Abdominalexerciseshelppreventbackpain;properpostureisalsoimportant.Theauditorsmadesixrecommendations;however,onlyonehasbeenadoptedsofar.Donotuseasemicolontolinkadependentclauseoraphrasetoanindependentclause.[WRONG]Althoughgainingandmaintainingahighlevelofphysicalfitnesstakesagooddealoftime;theeffortpaysoffinthelongrun.[RIGHT]Althoughgainingandmaintainingahighlevelofphysicalfitnesstakesagooddealoftime,theeffortpaysoffinthelongrun.Generally,youshouldnotplaceasemicolonbeforeaco-ordinatingconjunctionthatlinkstwoindependentclauses.Theonlyexceptiontothisguidelineisifthetwoindependentclausesareverylongandalreadycontainanumberofcommas.[WRONG]Theeconomyhasbeensluggish(緩慢)forfouryearsnow;butsomesignsofimprovementarefinallybeginningtoshow.[RIGHT]Theeconomyhasbeensluggishforfouryearsnow,butsomesignsofimprovementarefinallybeginningtoshow.Itmaybeusefultorememberthat,forthemostpart,youshoulduseasemicolononlywhereyoucouldalsouseaperiod.Thereisoneexceptiontothisguideline.Whenpunctuatingalistorseriesofelementsinwhichoneormoreoftheelementscontainsaninternalcomma,youshouldusesemicolonsinsteadofcommastoseparatetheelementsfromoneanother:Henry'smotherbelievesthreethings:thateverysituation,nomatterhowgrim,willbehappilyresolved;thatnooneknowsmoreabouthumannaturethanshe;andthatHenry,whoisthirty-fiveyearsold,willneverbeabletodohisownlaundry.TheColonWritersoftenconfusethecolonwiththesemicolon,buttheirusesareentirelydifferent.WhentoUseaColonThecolonfocusesthereader'sattentiononwhatistofollow,andasaresult,youshoulduseittointroducealist,asummation,oranideathatsomehowcompletestheintroductoryidea.Youmayusethecoloninthisway,however,onlyafteranindependentclause:HevisitedthreecitiesduringhisstayintheMaritimes:Halifax,SaintJohnandMoncton.Theirlobbyingeffortswereultimatelyuseless:thebillwassoundlydefeated.Mymothergavemeonegoodpieceofadvice:toavoidwastingtimeandenergyworryingaboutthingsIcannotchange.TheDashAsnotedinthesectiononcommas,youcanuseadashatthebeginningandendofparentheticalinformation.Usually,youwillusedasheswhenyouwanttoemphasisetheinformation,butyoumightalsousethemiftheparentheticalinformationistoolongorabrupttobesetoffwithcommas.Ithinkyouwouldlookfinewearingeitherthesilkblouse--theonewiththebluepattern--ortheangorasweater.(abruptinterruption)Theideaofreturningtothebasicsintheclassroom--anotionwhich,incidentally,hasbeenquietlysupportedforyearsbymanyrespectedteachers--isfinallygainingsomecurrencywithschooladministrators.(lengthyinterruptioncontaininginternalcommas)Youcanuseadashtoconcludealistofelements,focusingthemalltowardonepoint.Chocolate,cream,honeyandpeanutbutter--allgointothisfabulouslyrichdessert.Dashesalsomarksharpturnsinthought.Weporedoverexotic,mouth-wateringmenusfromNemoCatering,MenuduJour,TasteTemptations,andthreeotherreputablecaterers--andrejectedthemall.

RightorfaultyhandlingofcomplexsentencesFaulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown.Inittherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.InthesmalltownwhereIwasborn,therewasonlyoneschool,andIstudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn.TypesofSentences--accordingtotheiruseTypesofSentencesDeclarative〔陳述的〕Interrogative〔疑問的〕Imperative〔命令的〕Exclamatory〔感慨的〕TypesofSentences--accordingtotheirstructureTypesofSentencesSimpleCompoundComplexCompound-ComplexAsimplesentencehasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate-verb.Heboughtapileofbooksyesterday.Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentsimplesentencesrelatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbyacoordinatingconjunctionorbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.Heandhidbrotherwenttotownandboughtapikeofbooks.Acomplexsentencecontainsonemainclauseandoneormoredependentclauses,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.Wethinkeveryyoungcoupleshouldsetupahomeoftheirown.Acompound-complexsentencecontainsatleasttwomainclausesandatleastonedependentclause-acombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence.Wethinkeveryyoungcoupleshouldsetupahomeoftheirown,andwepitythecouplewhomustsharetheirhomewithaparent,letalonewithotherrelatives.TypesofSentences

--loose,periodic,balanced--fromarhetoricalpointofviewLoosesentences

Aloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;inotherwords,itputsfirstthingsfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.PeriodicSentences(尾重句〕

Thereversearrangementmakesaperiodicsentence:themainideaisexpressedatorneartheendofit,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.CompareShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.

Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.JaneAusten

Whenasentencecontainstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction,itisonewithparallelconstruction.ExampleLetusberuthlessinourcriticism,crueltopersonalvanities,indifferenttoage,rankorexperienceifthesestandinourway.NormanBethuneParagraphParagraphisthebasicunitoforganizationinwritinginwhichagroupofrelatedsentencesdevelopsonemainidea.Aparagraphcomprisesthreemajorstructuralparts:AtopicsentenceSupportingsentencesAconcludingsentenceStartwithanOutlineAbriefoutlinewillmakeiteasiertodeveloptopicsentencesandtoarrangeyourparagraphsinthemosteffectiveorder.Youshouldbeginyouroutlinebystatingthethesisofyourpaper:TheEnglishCivilWarwascausedbyacombinationoffactors,includingtheempowermentandorganizationofPuritanforces,theabsolutisttendenciesofJamesIandthepersonalineptitudeofhissonCharlesI.Next,listthetopicsentencesforeachoftheparagraphs(orsections)ofthepaper:1.Thewaranditsaftereffectslastedtwentyyears.Historically,theProtestantshadbelievedthemselvespersecuted.2.Inthe1620sProtestantsdominatedParliamentandattemptedtoenactlegislationwhichwouldprovideguidelinesforbothreligiousworshipandpoliticalrepresentation.3.Duringhisreignintheearly1600s,JamesIhadattemptedtosilencePuritanprotestsandtosolidifytheroleofthemonarchyasunquestionedheadofstate.4.CharlesI'slackofpersonaldiplomacyandhisadvisers'desireforpersonalpowergavethePuritanstheexcusestheyneededtodeclarewaronthemonarchy.Youmightnoticethatthetopicsentencesderivedirectlyfromthethesis,andexplain,prove,orexpandoneachofthethesis'claims.Onceyouhaveanoutlineathand,youcanfollowthreestepstohelpyouwriteyourparagraphseffectively:1.Useyourthesistohelpyouorganisetherestofyourpaper.2.Writealistoftopicsentences,andmakesurethattheyshowhowthematerialineachparagraphisrelatedtoyourthesis.3.Eliminatematerialthatisnotrelatedtoyourthesisandtopicsentences.

Review:TopicSentences

Choosethebestamongtheseveraltopicsentencesforeachparagraphbelow.IsawaroundVelvaareleasefromwhatwaslikeslaverytothetyrannical〔專制〕soil,releasefromtheignorancethatdarkensthesoulandfromthelonelinessthatcorrodesit.InthisgenerationmyVelvafriendshaverejoinedthegeneralAmericansocietythattheirpioneeringfathersleftbehindwhentheyfirstmadethebarrentrek(跋涉〕inthedaysofthewheatrush.AsIsithereinWashingtonwritingthis,Icanfeeltheirnearness.(fromEricSevareid,"Velva,NorthDakota")1.Family-sizedfarmsarenotproductive.2.Igrewuponafamily-sizedfarm,nearatowncalledVelva.3.Manypoliticiansdeplorethepassingoftheoldfamily-sizedfarm,butI'mnotsosure.4.Peoplemovedawayfromthecitiesinthelatenineteenthcentury,insearchoffertilelandforfarming.Thefirstisthewear-and-tearhypothesisthatsuggeststhebodyeventuallysuccumbs〔聽任〕totheenvironmentalinsultsoflife.Thesecondisthenotionthatwehaveaninternalclockwhichisgeneticallyprogrammedtorundown.Supportersofthewear-and-teartheorymaintainthattheverypracticeofbreathingcausesustoagebecauseinhaled〔吸入〕oxygenproducestoxicby-products.Advocatesoftheinternalclocktheorybelievethatindividualcellsaretoldtostopdividingandthuseventuallytodieby,forexample,hormonesproducedbythebrainorbytheirowngenes.(fromDebraBlank,"TheEternalQuest"[edited]).1.Therearetwobroadtheoriesconcerningwhattriggersahuman'sinevitabledeclinetodeath.2.Somescientistsbelievethathumanscontainan"internaltimeclock"whichforcesthemeventuallytodie.3.Weallmustdiesomeday.4.MybiologyprofessorgaveaninterestinglectureThursday.Thestrictestmilitarydisciplineimaginableisstilllooserthanthatprevailingintheaverageassembly-line.Thesoldier,atworst,isstillabletoexercisethehighestconceivable〔可想到的〕functionsoffreedom--thatis,heorsheispermittedtostealandtokill.Nodisciplineprevailinginpeacegiveshimorheranythingremotelyresemblingthis.Thesoldieris,inwar,inthepositionofafreeadult;inpeaceheorsheisalmostalwaysinthepositionofachild.Inwarallthingsareexcusedbysuccess,evenviolationsofdiscipline.Inpeace,speakinggenerally,successisinconceivableexceptasafunctionofdiscipline.(fromH.L.Mencken,"ReflectionsonWar"[edited]).1.Soldiersneeddiscipline.2.Wecommonlylookonthedisciplineofwarasvastlymorerigidthananydisciplinenecessaryintimeofpeace,butthisisanerror.3.Althoughsoldiersarenotalwaysdisciplined,theyserveanimportantsocialfunctioninwartime.4.Intimesofpeace,soldiersoftenconverteasilyfromwartimepursuitstothedisciplinenecessarysuccessfullytocompeteineventhemostcompetitivemarketplace.InMontreal,aflashingredtrafficlightinstructsdriverstocareen〔猛沖〕evenmorewildlythroughintersectionsheavilypopulatedwithpedestriansandoncomingvehicles.Instartlingcontrast,anamber〔黃色〕lightinCalgarywarnsdriverstoscreamtoahaltontheoffchancethattheremightbeapedestrianwithin500meterswhomightconsidercrossingatsomeunspecifiedtimewithinthecurrentday.InmyhometowninNewBrunswick,finally,trafficlights(alongwithpaintedlinesandpostedspeedlimits)donotapplytotractors,allterrain〔地面〕vehicles,orpickuptrucks,whichtogetheraccountformostvehiclesontheroad.Infact,wereanyobservantCanadiandroppedfromanalienspacevesselatanunspecifiedintersectionanywhereinthisvastland,heorshecouldalmostcertainlyorienthim-or-herselfaccordingtothesurroundingtrafficpatterns.1.PeopleinCalgaryarecarefulofpedestrians.2.Althoughtheinterpretationoftrafficsignalsmayseemhighlystandardized,closeobservationrevealsregionalvariationsacrossthiscountry,distinguishingtheEastCoastfromCentralCanadaandtheWestassurelyasdominantdialectsorpoliticalinclinations.3.PeopleinMontrealdrivefasterthanpeopleinAlberta,andMaritimersgenerallydon'tpayanyattentiontotrafficsignalsatall.4.Canadiansdonotfollowtrafficsignalsproperly.

Supplythekeysentence.…Itcanbeseeneverywhereandoneveryone.WomenandlittlechildrenwearT-shirts,asdoteenagers,universitystudentsandmenfromallwalksoflife.T-shirtsarewornontheplayground,atthebeachorintown.Theycanalsobewornforwork.YetT-shirtsremainrelativelyinexpensiveandlongwearingaswellaseasytocarefor.Smartbutcomfortableandconvenienttowear,theyhavebecomeoneofAmericannewestideasonfashion.

Today,theT-shirthasbecomefashionable.Itcanbeseeneverywhereandoneveryone.WomenandlittlechildrenwearT-shirts,asdoteenagers,universitystudentsandmenfromallwalksoflife.T-shirtsarewornontheplayground,atthebeachorintown.Theycanalsobewornforwork.YetT-shirtsremainrelativelyinexpensiveandlongwearingaswellaseasytocarefor.Smartbutcomfortableandconvenienttowear,theyhavebecomeoneofAmericannewestideasonfashion.Findthekeysentence.JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchtelevision,hedemandsthatIplaywithhim.IfIgetatelephonecall,hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover.Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhat’swrongwithhim.Baby-sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun.Herefusestoletmeeatasnackinpeace.UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat.Then,whenhefinallygrowstired,ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep.Findthekeysentence.Nowlet’slookataninterestingexamplewithcolors.Ifyouownabluecar,youknowitisblue,evenifitisinbrightsunlight,indarknessorunderayellowstreetlight.Youreyestellyouthatitchangescolorinthesedifferentsituations,butyourbrainknowsbetter.Youhavelearntthatcarsdon’tchangecoloralltimeandsoyourbraininterpretstheinformationyoureyesgiveyou.ANarrowed-downTopicThereisusuallyonlyonecentralideainaparagraph.Whenyoubegintowrite,whatyoumustdofirstisnarrowdownthetopic.Theparagraphshouldbelimitedtoonepartpfasubject,althoughthesubjectisprobablymuchlargerthatthesingleaspectdiscussedintheparagraph.Inotherwords,theremustafocusintheparagraph.Locationofthetopicsentences1)Atthebeginningtheclearestkindofparagraphorganization.Ittellsreaderswhattoexpectandhelpsthemunderstandtheparagraph’smainideaimmediately.Also,ithelpsyoustayfocusedonyoursubject.2)Inthemiddleeitherbecauseoftheneedtoprovidereaderswithbackgroundinformationatthebeginningorbecauseofthewriter’sdesiretobuildmomentum(動力〕.3)Attheendrevealthesupportingdetailsbeforethemainidea.Thetopicsentence,therefore,comesattheendofaparagraph.Thisapproachisparticularlyeffectiveforbuildingsuspense(懸疑〕andfordramaticeffect.4〕AtthebeginningandendSuchan“echo〞ofthetopicsentenceaddsemphasis,pointinguptheimportanceyouattachtotheidea.5)Topicsentenceimpliedwithouttheuseofatopicsentence.Writersmustconstructsuchparagraphcarefullysothatreaderscaneasilydiscernthemainidea.

Makeyourparagraphcomplete.ExampleComputersplayanimportantroleinourlife.Theyareusefulinmanywaysandwecanusethemformanypurposes.Theyarereallyveryimportantinourlifeandworkandmoreandmorepeopleliketobuyandusecomputers.Withtherapiddevelopmentoftheelectricinformationindustry,computersarewidelyusedinallwalksoflife.Fromworkshopstomodernofficesandfromtheairlineintheskytorailwaynetworksontheground,youcanalwaysfindcomputers’magicalwork.Peopleattributetheimportantroleofcomputerstotheirfantasticspeedindataprocessingandincredibleimitatingfunction.Makeyourparagraphconcise.ExampleLeteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposesanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.ExerciseWriteaparagraphonCheatingwithatopicsentence,supportingsentencesindetail,andaclosingsentence.Usefulwordsandexpressions:collegestudents;copyonatest;peepat;spyon;takeafurtiveglance;watchstealthily;outofthecornerofone’seye;plagiarize;termpaper;academicdishonesty;flouting(藐視〕ofintegrity〔老實〕；cuttingcorners;reaffirmintegrity’sworth.TopicsChosenbyStudentsCheatinginExamsiswrong.Cheatingispopular(fashionable)amongcollegestudents.Cheatingincollegeshasbeenacommonphenomenon(awidespreadbehavior).Cheatingintheprocessofexaminingisimmoralanditbreakstheruleofacollege.Cheatinghasbecomeoneofthemostseriousproblemsamongcollegestudents.Cheatingisregardedasabehavioroffloutingintegrity.Cheatingmayberesultedfrompressure.…thereareseveralreasonstoexplainthisphenomenon.Samples1

Nomatterwhatthereasonis,cheatingintheexamisnotright.Wearestudents,andwestudyforlearningtheusefulknowledge.Cheatingcanjusthelpyoutopassexams,butyouwillneverknowhowmuchknowledgeyoumasterevenifyoupasstheexam.Thus,youmaylosethemotivationoflearningthecoursewell.Intheend,youmayknownothingbutjusttheskillofcheating.HoweverIamsurethiskindofskillcan’tmakeyoulivearespectfulliving.What’smore,thecostofcheatingisveryhigh.Onceyouarecaught,youwillbepunishedseverely.Worstofall,youwilllosethereputation,andnoonewillthrustyoueasily.So,you’dbetterstudyh