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BhutanLabor
MarketAssessmentReportJumana
Alaref,
Laurine
Martinoty,
Mariana
Viollaz,Esther
Bartl,
Phillippe
Leite,
and
Alvin
Etang
Ndip?
2024The
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Alaref,Laurine
Martinoty,
MarianaViollaz,Esther
Bartl,Phillippe
Leite,and
AlvinEtang
Ndip.
2024.“BhutanLabor
MarketAssessment
Report.”
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e-mail:pubrights@ContentsAcknowledgmentsAbout
the
Authors
and
ContributorsAbbreviationsviiviiixExecutive
Summary1
Overview15Introduction......................................................................................51.1Objectivesofthereport.........................................................................
111.2Structureofthereport
.........................................................................
112
Profile
and
Challenges
Facing
Workers
in
Bhutan13Introduction.....................................................................................132.1Evolutionofthelabormarketoverthelast10years
................................................
132.2Laborforceparticipationratesformenandwomenalongthelifecycle
..............................
212.3Unemploymentamongyouthandeducatedworkersin2022
.......................................272.4Currentstateofemployment
..................................................................
302.5Qualityofemployment:Hoursworked,wages,informality,andajobqualityindex.
..................
352.6Internalmobility
.............................................................................
44Summary
......................................................................................
463
Firm
Dynamics
in
Bhutan
and
Its
Alignment
with
Labor
Supply48Introduction....................................................................................
483.1Pro?leof?rmsinBhutan.
.....................................................................
483.2Labordemandprospects.
.....................................................................
543.3Barriersto?rmgrowthandbusinessmanagementpractices
.......................................67Summary
.......................................................................................704
Bhutan’s
Employment
Support
Programs
and
Delivery
System73Introduction.....................................................................................734.1ObjectivesofemploymentsupportprogramsandtheirrationaleforBhutan.
.........................734.2Bhutan’s
employmentsupportprogramsanddeliverysystem.......................................764.3Conclusion:Ways
tostrengthenemploymentsupportprogramsinBhutanandinternationalbestpractices
...................................................................................
85iii5
Policy
DirectionsAppendixes9298ADataSources
..................................................................................
98BSupplementaryFiguresandTables,
Chapter2.....................................................
99CPublic-PrivateWage
DifferentialsinBhutan.......................................................143DSupplementaryFiguresandTables,
Chapter3.
....................................................148EOverviewofSelectedALMPs
....................................................................162FSupplementaryTables,
Chapter4
................................................................164ReferencesBoxes1662.1Blinder-Oaxacadecompositionmethodology....................................................
402.2Job
qualityindex—dimensionsandmethodology
.................................................
444.1Objectivesofactivelabormarketprograms
.......................................................754.212thFive-Year
Plan(2018–23)....................................................................784.3TheTVETsysteminBhutan.....................................................................814.4GlobalevidencefromLatinAmerica’s
Jovénesprograms
..........................................
864.5TheRepublicofKorea’s
TVETsystem
............................................................874.6Bangladesh’smicro?nancesystem..............................................................
884.7GreenJobs
..................................................................................
894.8Documentingglobalbestpracticesinlaborinterventions
..........................................91Figures1.1ImpactofhydropoweronGDP,
1985–2021..........................................................61.2Povertyrate(US$3.65/day),2017and2022
.........................................................61.3HumanDevelopmentIndex,2010–21..............................................................71.4ContributionsofTFP,
capital,andlabortoeconomicgrowth,2001–19
.................................71.5MonthlymigrationthroughParo
InternationalAirport,2015–22.
....................................
81.6World
Bank’sHumanCapitalIndex,Bhutanandselectedcountries
..................................
81.7Educationandmaternalandchildhealthincomes,BhutanandLMICs
...............................101.8Populationpyramid,Bhutan
....................................................................
112.1Working-agepopulationandratioofindividualsages15–64todependentsunder15andabove64,2013–22
......................................................................................142.2Educationleveloftheworking-agepopulation,1950–99
...........................................
152.3Laborforceparticipation(LFP)rate,bygenderandlocation,2013–22
................................
162.4Laborforceparticipation(LFP)rate,bygenderandeducation,2013–22
..............................172.5Employmentrates,overallandbygender,2013–22
................................................182.6Employmentrates,bylocation,2013–22.
.........................................................
19iv2.7Unemploymentrate,overallandbygender,2013–22
..............................................
202.8Unemploymentrate,overallandbylocation,2013–22..............................................
212.9Laborforceparticipationrate,bygenderandlifecycle,2013—22
...................................
222.10Laborforceparticipationrate,bygender,location,andlifecycle,2022.............................
222.11Laborforceparticipationrateofprime-ageindividuals(25–54),bygender,location,andeducation,2022
.............................................................................
232.12Laborforceparticipationrate,bygender,location,andmaritalstatus,2022
........................
242.13Motivesforinactivity,bygenderandagegroup,2022
............................................
242.14Female
laborforceparticipation,bypresenceofchildren,2022
...................................
252.15Female
laborforceparticipation,bygenderanddependenthouseholdmembers,2022
..............
252.16Reasonsforbeingnotineducation,employment,ortraining(NEET),bygender(ages15–24),2022
....
262.17Unemploymentrate,overallandbyage,education,location,andgender,2022.......................272.18Unemploymentduration,2021
................................................................
282.19Self-reportedreasonforunemployment,youthandnonyouth,2021.
..............................
282.20Sectorpreferenceofjob-seekers,byagegroup,2021.
............................................
292.21Reasonsforsectorpreference,byagegroupandsector,2021.
.....................................
292.22Averagerealmonthlywageandreservationwage,byeducationandage,2022
......................
302.23Employmentrate,overallandbyage,education,location,andgender,2022.........................312.24Structureofemployment,2022...............................................................
332.25Shareofindustriesintotalemploymentanditsevolution,2013–22
................................
342.26Relativeemploymentgrowthandproductivity,2013–21
..........................................
352.27Numberofhoursworkedandstandarddeviations,bydemographiccharacteristics,economicsector,employmenttype,andgender,2022..........................................................372.28Averagemonthlyandhourlywages,overall,andbyeducation,gender,andarea,2022.
..............
382.29Distributionoftotalemploymenttypes,bylocation,2022
.........................................
412.30Weekly
workinghoursandrealhourlywagesofemployeesincompanies,businesses,ornongovernmentalorganizations,byformalitystatus,2017
............................................
422.31Formal
andinformaljobsandattachedbene?ts,2017
............................................
432.32Job
qualityindex,bylocationandgender,2018–22
..............................................
442.33ReasonformovingreportedbyBhutan-bornworking-ageindividuals,2019.
.......................
452.34CurrentlabormarketstatusofBhutan-bornworking-agemigrants,2019
..........................
463.1Pro?leof?rmsbyeconomicsector,region,size,andemploymentshare,2018and2022.
..............
503.2Averagenumberofworkershiredandexiting?rms,2019–21
.......................................
513.3Net
jobcreation,byyearandregion,2019–22
.....................................................
513.4Net
jobcreation,byyearandeconomicsector,2019–21.
...........................................
523.5Laborproductivityandnetjobcreationratein2021
..............................................
533.6Distributionofcurrentemploymentandexpectedlabordemand,byoccupation,2022
...............
563.7Expectedlabordemandforservicesandsalesworkersandcraftandrelatedtradesworkers,byeducation,2022
...............................................................................573.8Comparisonoftheexpectedlabordemandandthecurrentlaborforceandinactivepopulation,byeducation,2022
..............................................................................
583.9Percentageof?rmsreportinghiringdif?culties,byreason,2022.
..................................
59v3.10Percentageof?rmsfacingworkershortages,byoccupationandeducationlevel,2022
................613.11Ratioofnumberofjob-seekerstonumberofworkers,byeducationandregion,2022
................
623.12Distributionofforeignworkers,byoccupation,2022
............................................
643.13Employees’perceptionsoftheirdigitalandinformationtechnologyskills,2022
.....................
663.14Majorconstraintstogrowth,by?rmsize,2022
..................................................
683.15Correlationsbetweensalaryincrement/employeepromotionsystemsandhiringdif?culties,workershortages.andretentionchallengesacrosseconomicsectors,2022
..............................714.1PillarsoftheemploymentdeliverysysteminBhutan.
..............................................764.2Total
numberofTVETgraduates,byyearandgender,2018–22
.....................................
824.3ShareofTTI
graduates,bygender,2018–22
......................................................
82TablesES.1Policydirectionstoaddresschallengesinthelabormarket
........................................
43.1Distributionofexpectedvacanciesoverthenextoneortwoyears,byoccupation,2022
................553.2Percentageof?rmsfacinghiringdif?culties,2022
...............................................
593.3Types
ofhiringdif?culties,byoccupation,2022
..................................................
603.4Impactsofworkershortageson?rmperformance,2022
..........................................
633.5Levelofconnectionwithpotentialpartnersforprovidingtraining,2022
............................
643.6Trainingneedsforthenext?veyears,2022.
.....................................................
653.7Trainingcriticalforthecurrentoccupationandfundingplansaccordingtoemployees,2022
..........
653.8Importanceoffactorsforbusinessexpansionordiversi?cationplans,2022
..........................673.9Constraintsinthemanagementof?rms,2022
...................................................
683.10Compliancewithlaborregulations,by?rmsize,2022
...........................................
694.1OverviewofselectedALMPs
....................................................................794.2NumberofregulargraduatesinTTIs
andIZCs,
byyearandgender
.................................
825.1Mappingofpolicydirectionsaccordingtofourbroadlabormarketchallenges
.......................
96viAcknowledgmentsThis
WorldBank
report
was
prepared
by
a
team
led
by
Jumana
Alaref.
Chapter
authors
are
Jumana
Alaref,
LaurineMartinoty,
Mariana
Viollaz,
and
Esther
Bartl.
Alvin
Etang
Ndip
and
Phillippe
Leite
served
as
core
members
of
theteam
and
contributors
to
various
chapters.
Nazia
Moqueet
provided
research
assistance
and
support
through-out
the
study,
and
Elfreda
Vincent,
So?a
Said,
Dorji
Drakpa,
and
Tshering
Yangki
offered
administrative
support.SabraLedenteditedthereport,andSeanWillmottservedasitsgraphicdesigner.TheteamwouldliketothankthefollowingWorld
Bankcolleaguesfortheirhelp.AbdoulayeSeck,NicoleKlingen,Stefano
Paternostro,Cem
Mete,
S.
Amer
Ahmed,
and
Adama
Coulibaly
provided
feedback,
guidance,
and
supportfrom
management.
Suhail
Kassem,
Melanie
Simone
Trost,
and
Mauro
Testaverde
served
as
peer
reviewers
at
thedecision
review
stage
of
the
report.
Ashiq
Aziz,
Sonam
Choden
Wangdi,
and
Joachim
Vandercasteelen
providedinput,feedback,andsupportatvariouspointsduringpreparationofthereport.The
team
is
also
grateful
to
the
external
stakeholders
who
offered
feedback
and
assistance
at
different
pointsduring
the
report
preparation
process.
From
the
Royal
Government
of
Bhutan
were
Duptho
Wangmo,
TenzinChoden,
and
Ugyen
Namgyel
from
the
Ministry
of
Education
and
Skills
Development
(MoESD),
and
Dasho
TashiWangmo,DirectorGeneralKunzangLhamo,DilMayaSubba,JamyangTshomo,JigmeThinley,RidgenWangchuk,andTsheringYangki
fromtheMinistryofIndustry,Commerce,andEmployment(MoICE).The
report
bene?ted
from
the
generous
funding
of
the
WorldBank’sRapid
Social
Response
Program
(RSR),
whichisgratefullyacknowledged.The
team
apologizes
to
any
individuals
or
organizations
inadvertently
omitted
from
this
list.
It
is
grateful
to
all
whoprovidedguidanceandassistanceforthisreport.viiAbout
the
Authors
andContributorsJumana
Alaref
is
a
senior
economist
in
the
Social
Protection
and
JobsGlobal
Practice
at
the
WorldBank.
Herworkfocuses
on
strengthening
social
safety
nets,
improving
female
employment,
investing
in
active
labor
market
pro-grams,
and
overall
system
strengthening.
In
South
Asia,
she
has
directed
her
efforts
toward
helping
countries
tobuildadeliverysystemforemploymentsupportservices,aswellastoenhancetheiranalyticalandinformationalcapacity
through
the
establishment
of
labor
market
information
systems.
She
has
also
contributed
to
the
develop-ment
of
national
labor
market
strategies
in
both
Saudi
Arabia
and
Kuwait.
And
she
has
co-led
impact
evaluationson
labor
market
programs
in
Lebanon
and
Tunisia.
She
holds
a
master’s
degree
in
public
policy
from
the
Univer-sityofChicago.Laurine
Martinoty
has
served
as
an
assistant
professor
at
Université
Paris
1
Panthéon
Sorbonne
since
September2016.
She
is
a
member
of
the
research
group
on
international
economics
and
labor
markets
within
the
Centred’Economie
de
la
Sorbonne.
She
has
been
focusing
on
household
responses
to
shocks
in
labor
demand
in
econo-mies
at
all
income
levels.
She
currently
works
on
family
formation
and
labor
market
opportunities
in
Europe,
withanemphasisontheroleofeconomicshocksandgenderattitudes.SheisaconsultantattheWorld
Bank.Mariana
Viollaz
is
a
senior
researcher
at
the
Center
for
Distributive,
Labor
and
Social
Studies
(CEDLAS)
of
theUniversidad
Nacional
de
La
Plata
(UNLP)
in
Argentina.
She
has
a
PhD
in
economics
from
UNLP
and
has
been
apostdoctoral
fellow
at
the
School
of
Industrial
and
Labor
Relations
at
Cornell
University.
Her
research
focuses
ongender
and
labor
economics
in
developing
countries.
She
is
a
consultant
at
the
World
Bank
and
the
Inter-Ameri-canDevelopmentBank.Esther
M.
Bartl
is
a
PhD
student
in
development
economics
at
the
University
of
Sussex,
UK,
and
a
consultant
at
theWorld
Bank.
Her
research
focuses
on
labor
markets
and
international
labor
migration
in
low-
and
middle-incomecountries,inparticularSouthAsiaandCentralAsia.Sheholdsamaster’s
degreeininternationaleconomicsfromSAIS,Johns
HopkinsUniversity.Phillippe
Leite
is
a
senior
social
protection
economist
in
the
South
Asia
unit
of
the
Social
Protection
and
JobsGlobal
Practice
at
the
World
Ban
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