十年高考高考英語真題分項詳解 專題23 閱讀理解 任務(wù)型閱讀（含解析）-人教高三全冊英語試題

十年（2010~2020）高考英語真題分項詳解23閱讀理解·任務(wù)型閱讀1.（2020年，江蘇卷）請認(rèn)真閱讀下面短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意:請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。每個空格只填一個單詞。HumorIfyouseehumorasanoptionalformofentertainment,you’remissingsomeofitsbiggestbenefits:Humormakesaverage-lookingpeoplelookcuteanduninterestingpeopleseementertaining.Studiesshowthatagoodsenseofhumorevenmakesyouseemsmarter.Bestofall,humorraisesyourenergy,andthatcanhaveaneffectoneverythingyoudoatschool,atwork,orinyourpersonallife.Theincreaseofenergywillevenmakeyoumorewillingtoexercise,andthatwillraiseyouroverallenergyevenmore.Humoralsotransportsyourmindawayfromyourdailytroubles.Humorletsyoubetterunderstandlifeandsometimeshelpsyoulaughateventheworstofyourproblems.Inmyexperience,mostpeoplethinktheyhaveasenseofhumor,andtosomedegreethat’strue.Butnotallsensesofhumorarecreatedequal.SoIthoughtitwouldbeusefultoincludesomehumortipsforeverydaylife.Youdon’thavetobethejoketellerinthegroupinordertoshowyoursenseofhumor.Youcanbetheonewhodirectstheconversationtofuntopicsthatareripeforotherstoaddhumor.Everypartyneedsastraightperson.You’llappearfunandfunnybyassociation.Whenitcomestoin-personhumor,effortcountsalot.Whenpeopleseeyoutryingtobefunny,itfreesthemtotryitthemselves.Soevenifyourowneffortsathumorfallshort,youmightbefreeingthelongkepthumorinothers.Peopleneedpermissiontobefunnyinsocialsettingsbecausethere’salwaysariskthatcomeswithhumor.Forin-personhumor,qualityisn’tasimportantasyoumightthink.Yourattitudeandeffortcountalot.Somepeople--andIwasoneofthem--believethathumorouscomplaintsaboutthelittleproblemsoflifemakehumor,andsometimesthatisthecase.Theproblemcomeswhenyoustartdoingtoomuchcomplaint-basedhumor.Onefunnyobservationaboutprobleminyourlifecanbefunny,butfiveisjustcomplaining,nomatterhowsmartyouthinkyouare.Funnycomplaintscanwearpeopleout.Self-deprecating(自嘲式)humorisusuallythesafesttype,buthereagainyoudon’twanttoovershootthetarget.Oneself-deprecatingcommentisagenerousandevenconfidentformofhumor.Youhavetobeatleastabitself-assuredtolaughatyourselfinfrontofothers.Butifyoudoittoooften,youcantransformintheeyesofothersfromaconfidentjokertoaChihuahuadog.HumorBenefitsofhumor●Humorisformof1..Humorcanimproveone’s2.andpersonality.●Humorcanmakeone3.inhiswork,study,andlife.●Humorhasapositive4.effectwhenweareindifficulties.5.tofollow●6.othersforaconversationoffunisasgoodastellingajokeyourselfwhenshowingyoursenseofhumor.●Qualitycounts7.thanattitudeandeffort-evenstupidjokecan8.othersofriskandembarrassment.Trapsto9.●Onehumorouscomplaintmakesfunnyperson.Buttoomanycomplaintswill10.youraudience.●Self-deprecatingcommentsshowone’sassurance.ButtoomuchdeprecationwillmakeaChihuahuadog.【答案】1.entertainment2.appearance/look3.energetic4.psychological5.Tips/Suggestions/Advice6.Preparing7.less8.relieve/free9.avoid/skip10.bore/tire/exhaust【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了幽默的好處，講遵循的技巧以及所要避開的陷阱。1.原詞再現(xiàn)題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Ifyouseehumorasanoptionalformofentertainment,you'remissingsomeofitsbiggestbenefits(如果你把幽默看作是一種可選的娛樂形式，你就錯過了它的一些最大的好處)”可知，幽默是一種娛樂形式。故填entertainment。2.語意轉(zhuǎn)化題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Humormakesaverage-lookingpeoplelookcuteanduninterestingpeopleseementertaining.(幽默能讓相貌平平的人看起來可愛，讓不感興趣的人看起來很有趣。)”可知，幽默可以改善一個人的外表和個性。故填appearance/look。3.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Bestofall,humorraisesyourenergy,andthatcanhaveaneffectoneverythingyoudoatschool,atwork,orinyourpersonallife.(最重要的是，幽默能提升你的精力，這會對你在學(xué)校、工作或個人生活中所做的一切產(chǎn)生影響。)”可知，幽默能使人在工作、學(xué)習(xí)和生活中充滿活力。句中名詞energy轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞energetic故填energetic。4.語意轉(zhuǎn)化題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Humoralsotransportsyourmindawayfromyourdailytroubles.(幽默還能使你的思維從日常煩惱中解脫出來。)”可知，幽默讓你理解生活，有時幫助你在最困難時能夠大笑。可以推斷出當(dāng)我們遇到困難時，幽默會對我們的心理產(chǎn)生影響。故填psychological。5.原詞再現(xiàn)題。根據(jù)文章第四段“SoIthoughtitwouldbeusefultoincludesomehumortipsforeverydaylife.(所以我覺得在日常生活中加入一些幽默技巧會很有用。)”可知，這里為幽默所要遵循的建議或技巧。故填Tips/Suggestions/Advice。6.語意轉(zhuǎn)化題。根據(jù)文章第五段“Youcanbetheonewhodirectstheconversationtofuntopicsthatareripeforotherstoaddhumor.(你可以把談話引向有趣的話題，而這些話題已經(jīng)為其他人增添了幽默感。)”可知，這里指為他人準(zhǔn)備一場有趣的對話。所填詞中缺少主語，所以用動名詞作主語。故填Preparing。7.語意轉(zhuǎn)化題。根據(jù)文章第六段“Whenitcomestoin-personhumor,effortcountsalot.(說到個人幽默，努力是很重要的。)”和”Forin-personhumor,qualityisn’tasimportantasyoumightthink.Yourattitudeandeffortcountalot.(對于面對面的幽默，質(zhì)量并不像你想象的那么重要。你的態(tài)度和努力很重要。)”可知，質(zhì)量沒有態(tài)度和努力重要。故填less。8.原詞再現(xiàn)題。根據(jù)文章第六段“Soevenifyourowneffortsathumorfallshort,youmightbefreeingthelongkepthumorinothers.(所以，即使你自己的幽默努力失敗了，你也可能釋放了別人長期保持的幽默。)”可知，即使是一個愚蠢的笑話也能讓別人免于風(fēng)險和尷尬。短語relieve/free…of…免于……。故填relieve/free。9.歸納總結(jié)題。根據(jù)表格此欄后面的內(nèi)容可知，這里是講幽默所需要避開的陷阱。故填avoid/skip。10.語意轉(zhuǎn)化題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段”O(jiān)nefunnyobservationaboutaprobleminyourlifecanbefunny,butfiveisjustcomplaining,nomatterhowsmartyouthinkyouare.Funnycomplaintscanwearpeopleout.(對生活中某個問題的一個有趣的觀察可能很有趣，但五個就是只有抱怨了，不管你認(rèn)為自己有多聰明。有趣的抱怨會讓人筋疲力盡。)”可知，太多的抱怨只會讓人厭煩或筋疲力盡。故填bore/tire/exhaust。2.（2019年，江蘇卷）請認(rèn)真閱讀下面短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意：請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。每個空格只填一個單詞。TheCostofThinkingDespitetheirmanydifferences,allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics,suchaslargebrainsandtheabilitytowalkuprightontwolegs.Thefirstuniquehumancharacteristicisthathumanshaveextraordinarilylargebrainscomparedwithotheranimals.Itseemsobviousthatevolutionshouldselectforlargerbrains.Mammals(哺乳動物)weighingsixtykilogramshaveanaveragebrainsizeof200cm2.Modernmanhasabrainaveraging1200-1400cm2.Wearesofondofourhighintelligencethatweassumethatwhenitcomestobrainpower,moremustbebetter.Unfortunately,thatisnotthecase.Thefactisthatahugebrainisahugedrain—consumptionofenergy—onthebody.It’snoteasytocarryaround,especiallywhenboxedinsideamassiveskull(傾骨).It’sevenhardertoprovideenergy.Inmodernman,thebrainaccountsforabout2-3%oftotalbodyweight,butitconsumes25%ofthebody’senergywhenthebodyisatrest.Bycomparison,thebrainsofapes(類人猿)requireonly8%ofrest-timeenergy.Earlyhumanspaidfortheirlargebrainsintwoways.Firstly,theyspentmoretimeinsearchoffood.Secondly,theirmusclesgrewsmallerandweaker.It’shardlyanobviousconclusionthatthisisagoodwaytosurvive.Achimpanzee(黑猩猩)can’twinanargumentwithamodernman,butitcantearthemanapartlikearagdoll.Anotheruniquehumancharacteristicisthatwewalkupright.Standingup,it’seasiertofindfoodorenemies.Inaddition,theirarmsthatareunnecessaryformovingaroundarefreedforotherpurposes,likethrowingstonesorsignaling.Asaresult,humanscanperformverycomplextaskswiththeirhands.Yetwalkinguprighthasitsdisadvantage.Thebonestructureofourancestorsdevelopedformillionsofyearstosupportacreaturethatwalkedonallfoursandhasarelativelysmallhead.Adjustingtoanuprightpositionwasquiteachallenge,especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull.Humankindpaidforitsbroadvisionandskillfulhandsbackachesandpainfulnecks.Weassumethatalargebrainmakeshugeadvantages.Itseemsobviousthatthesehavemadehumankindthemostpowerfulanimalonearth.Buthumansenjoyedalloftheseadvantagesforafull2millionyearsduringwhichtheyremainedweakandmarginalcreatures.Thushumanswholivedamillionyearsago,despitetheirbigbrainsandsharpstonetools,livedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals.TheCostofThinkingIntroduction?Largebrainsfortheirbodiesandtheabilitytowalkuprightaretwo11.ofhumanbeings.The12.oflargehumanbrains?Thelargerbrainsmaynotbebetterbecauseofthecost.?Thebigbrainsmakeitharderforthebodytomovearoundandconsumemoreenergy.?Theanimalbrainrequiresless13.whenthebodyisatrest.?Largehumanbrainsconsumemorefood,andweakenmuscles.The14.ofwalkingupright?Walkinguprightmakesiteasytofindfoodor15.againstenemies.?Freedhandscanservesome16.purposesandperformcomplextasks.?Walkinguprightchallengesthehumanbonestructure,and17.thesizeofbrains.?Walkinguprightresultsin18.sufferings.Conclusion?Withalargebrain,humanbeings19.otherbeingsintermsofintelligence.?Weakandmarginal,humanbeingsremained20.ofmeat-eatinganimals.【答案】11.characteristics12.disadvantages13.energy14.impact(s)15.guard16.other17.limits18.physical19.beat20.fearful/afraid【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明人用大腦思考的代價。人類與動物相比有兩大特點：大大的大腦和直立行走。超大的大腦使人類擁有更高的智商，但卻消耗巨大的能量。直立行走讓人類擅長尋找食物和抵御敵人，解放了的雙手來更復(fù)雜的事。但卻讓人類遭受腰痛和頸部疼痛等。雖然有這些缺點，但仍然使人類成為地球上最強(qiáng)大的動物。11.考查信息歸納。根據(jù)第一段allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics,suchaslargebrainsandtheabilitytowalkuprightontwolegs.可知，大腦袋和雙腿直立行走的能力是人類共有的特點(characteristics)。故填characteristics。12.考查信息歸納。72題就是對第三段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)。第三段主要敘述了人類的大腦長得比較大的缺點。因此本空格填寫disadvantages。13.考查信息來源。根據(jù)第三段中的Thefactisthatahugebrainisahugedrain—consumptionofenergy—onthebody.It’snoteasytocarryaround,especiallywhenboxedinsideamassiveskull(傾骨).It’sevenhardertoprovideenergy.Inmodernman,thebrainaccountsforabout2-3%oftotalbodyweight,butitconsumes25%ofthebody’senergywhenthebodyisatrest.可知，人類巨大的大腦是一個巨大的能量消耗。當(dāng)身體處于休息時，大腦要消耗25%的身體能量。相比之下，類人猿的大腦只需要8%的休息時間能量。人類與動物相比，動物需要的能量（energy）要比人類少。故填energy。14.考查信息歸納。分析空后的75--78小題所在的第五段和第六段的內(nèi)容可知，此部分主要敘述了直立行走對人類的影響。故填impact(s)。15.考查信息轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)第五段的第一句Anotheruniquehumancharacteristicisthatwewalkupright.Standingup,it’seasiertofindfoodorenemies.可知，另一個獨特的人類特征是我們直立行走。站起來更容易找到食物或發(fā)現(xiàn)敵人。發(fā)現(xiàn)敵人就是為了防御敵人。因為or為連詞，在此句中連結(jié)兩個動詞短語，故空格填動詞?！癵uardagainst...”為固定搭配，意為“防御……”，故本空填寫guard。16.考查信息查找。根據(jù)第五段中的theirarmsthatareunnecessaryformovingaroundarefreedforotherpurposes,likethrowingstonesorsignaling.Asaresult,humanscanperformverycomplextaskswiththeirhands.可知，解放了的雙手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。17.考查信息歸納。根據(jù)第五段Yetwalkinguprighthasitsdisadvantage.Thebonestructureofourancestorsdevelopedformillionsofyearstosupportacreaturethatwalkedonallfoursandhasarelativelysmallhead.Adjustingtoanuprightpositionwasquiteachallenge,especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull.可知，直立行走也有缺點。我們祖先進(jìn)化了上百億年，?骼也只能支撐四肢行走和有一個相對較小的頭。直立行走對人類的骨架是一個相當(dāng)大的挑戰(zhàn)，限制了人的頭腦的大小。故本空填limits。18.考查信息轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)第六段Humankindpaidforitsbroadvisionandskillfulhandsbackachesandpainfulnecks.可知，直立對人類的骨架是一個相當(dāng)大的挑戰(zhàn)，人類為其廣闊的視野和靈巧的雙手付出了代價，換來的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立導(dǎo)致身體方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。19.考查信息歸納。根據(jù)最后一段Weassumethatalargebrainmakeshugeadvantages.Itseemsobviousthatthesehavemadehumankindthemostpowerfulanimalonearth.可知，我們假設(shè)一個大腦袋會帶來巨大的優(yōu)勢。很明顯，這些使人類成為地球上最強(qiáng)大的動物。由此可推斷出人類的大腦比其他動物大，在智力方面人類比其他動物更聰明，即在智力方面擊敗了(beat)其他動物。故本空填beat。20.考查信息查找。根據(jù)最后一段Buthumansenjoyedalloftheseadvantagesforafull2millionyearsduringwhichtheyremainedweakandmarginalcreatures.Thushumanswholivedamillionyearsago,despitetheirbigbrainsandsharpstonetools,livedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals.可知，盡管人類享受著所有這些優(yōu)勢，但也是弱小的生物。因此盡管擁有巨大的大腦和鋒利的石器，但一百萬年前的人類也時常生活在對食肉動物的恐懼中。因為空前是系動詞，故本空要填形容詞(afraid/fearful)可知，此處要填名詞，故填fearful/afraid。3.（2018年，江蘇卷）請認(rèn)真閱讀下面短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意：請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。每個空格只填一個單詞。HowArtsPromoteOurEconomyWhenmostpeoplethinkofthearts,theyimaginetheendproduct,thebeautifulpainting,awonderfulpieceofmusic,oranaward-winningperformanceinthetheater.Butartsgroupsbringbroadervaluetoourcommunities.Theeconomicimpactoftheartsisoftenoverlookedandbadlyjudged.Theartscreatejobsthathelpdeveloptheeconomy.Anygivenperformancetakesatourbusfullofartists,technicalexperts,managers,musicians,orwriterstocreateanappealingpieceofart.Thesepeopleearnalivingwagefortheirprofessionalknowledgeandskills.Anothergroupoffolksisneededtohelpmarkettheevent.“Ifyoubuildittheywillcome”isamisleadingbelief.Painters,digitalmediaexperts,photographers,bookingagentsandpromotersarehiredtosellticketsandpromotetheevent.AccordingtotheDallasAreaCulturalAdvocacyCoalition,artsagenciesemploymorethan10,000peopleasfull-orpart-timeemployeesorindependentcontractors.Asuccessfulartsneighborhoodcreatesarippleeffect（連鎖反應(yīng)）throughoutacommunity.In2005,whentheBishopArtsTheatrewasdonatedtoourtown,thelocationwasconsideredapoorareaoftown.Afterinvestingmorethan$1millioninreconstructingthebuilding,webeganproducingafullseasonoftheaterperformances,jazzconcerts,andyear-roundartseducationprogramsin2008.Nearly40percentofjazzloversliveoutsideoftheDallascitylimitsanddriveorflyintoenjoyaneveningintheBishopArtsDistrict.Nodoubtthetheaterhascontributedtothearea’sdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.Today,therearegalleries,studios,restaurantsandnewlybuiltworkspaceswhereneighborsshareexperiences,wherethereisrenewedlifeandenergy.Inthisway,artsandculturealsoserveasapublicgood.TeCoTheatricalProductionsInc.madeuseofBloomberg’sinvestmentof$35,000togetnearly$400,000inpublicandprivatesectorsupportduringthetwo-yearperiod.Further,Dallasartsandarts-basedbusinessesproduce$298foreverydollarthecityspendsonartsprogrammingandfacilities.InPhiladelphia,ametroareasmallerthanDallas,theartshaveaneconomicimpactofalmost$3millionandsupport44,000jobs,80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry,includingaccountants,marketers,constructionworkers,hotelmanagers,printers,andotherkindsofartworkers.Theartsareefficienteconomicdriversandwhentheyaresupported,theentiresmall-businesscommunitybenefits.Itiswrongtoassumeartsgroupscannotmakeaprofit.Butinordertostayinbusiness,artsgroupsmustproducereturns.Ifyouareastudentstudyingthearts,chancesareyouhavebeenill-advisedtohaveaplanB.Butthosewhotrulyunderstandtheeconomicimpactandcanworktochangethepatternscancreateawiderangeofcareerpossibilities.ArtsasaneconomicdriverOurcommunities21.fromartsintermsofeconomy.22.ofarts’promotingoureconomyArtsactivitydemandsa(n)23.effort.Itinvolvescreation,performance,and24..★Artistsmakealivingthroughtheircreativework.★Othersgetpaidbymarketingtheevent.Artshaveagraduallyspreading25..Theycouldhelppromoteotherindustrieswhethertheylieinsideoroutsidearts.★Besidestickets,somejazzloverswillpaytheir26.toandfromtheevents.★Artscontributetoculturaldevelopmentwhenpeoplegathertogethertosharetheirexperienceandrenewtheirenergy.Investmentinartscouldproducepotential27.economicresults.★TeCouseda$35,000artinvestmenttoattractanoverallsupportof$400,000.★InDallas,onedollarinvestedinartscouldharvestandextraordinaryreturnofnearly$300.★InPhiladelphiatheartshavecreatedabout35,000jobopportunitiesforworkers28.artsindustry.ArtstudentsmakingagoodlivingWiththese29.inmind,artstudentsneednotworryabouttheircareerandhavea(n)30.plan.【答案】21.benefit22.Ways23.joint/collective24.Promotion/marketing25.Effect26.fares27.Positive28.outside/beyond29.statistics/data/analyses30.Alternative【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述藝術(shù)是如何促進(jìn)我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的。21.同義轉(zhuǎn)化題。根據(jù)文章第一段Butartsgroupsbringbroadervaluetoourcommunities.(藝術(shù)團(tuán)體給我們的社區(qū)帶來了更大的價值。)，所填詞的主語為Ourcommunities，故應(yīng)為我們的社區(qū)從藝術(shù)中收益，所以用短語benefitfrom從……受益。故填benefit。22.歸納題。分析右邊表格各小點的內(nèi)容可知，這里應(yīng)該為藝術(shù)提升我們經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法，所以用way，注意首字母大寫及復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填Ways。23.歸納題。根據(jù)文章第二段Anygivenperformancetakesatourbusfullofartists,technicalexperts,managers,musicians,orwriterstocreateanappealingpieceofart.可以歸納出，藝術(shù)活動需要集體共同努力。故填joint/collective。24.詞性轉(zhuǎn)化題。根據(jù)文章第三段Painters,digitalmediaexperts,photographers,bookingagentsandpromotersarehiredtosellticketsandpromotetheevent.中的動詞promote轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞promotion，也可以用同義名詞marketing。故填promotion/marketing。25.原詞再現(xiàn)題。根據(jù)文章第四段Asuccessfulartsneighborhoodscreatesarippleeffect（連鎖反應(yīng)）throughoutacommunity.中的原詞effect可以得出答案。故填effect。26.歸納題。根據(jù)文章第四段Nearly40percentofjazzloversliveoutsideoftheDallascitylimitsanddriveorflyintoenjoyaneveningintheBishopArtsDistrict.可以歸納出，爵士愛好者除了買票之外，還需要付來去交通費、住宿費等費用。故填fares。27.歸納題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段theartshaveaneconomicimpactofalmost$3millionandsupport44,000jobs,80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry,includingaccountants,marketers,constructionworkers,hotelmanagers,printers,andotherkindsofartworkers.可知，藝術(shù)品投資可以產(chǎn)生潛在的積極經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。故填positive。28.原詞再現(xiàn)題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段theartshaveaneconomicimpactofalmost$3millionandsupport44,000jobs,80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry,includingaccountants,marketers,constructionworkers,hotelmanagers,printers,andotherkindsofartworkers.中的outside可以得出答案，也可以用其同義詞beyond。故填outside/beyond。29.歸納題。這里是對文章的總結(jié)，藝術(shù)生應(yīng)該考慮到上文這些統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)或分析，故無需擔(dān)心他們的職業(yè)。故填statistics/data/analyses。30.同義轉(zhuǎn)化題。根據(jù)文章最后一段Butthosewhotrulyunderstandtheeconomicimpactandcanworktochangethepatternscancreateawiderangeofcareerpossibilities.中的changethepatterns轉(zhuǎn)化為同義詞alternative。故填alternative。點睛：任務(wù)型閱讀以“藝術(shù)如何促進(jìn)我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)HowArtsPromoteOurEconomy”為題，重點分析了藝術(shù)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的途徑?？疾榱丝忌谛畔z索、內(nèi)容歸納、語言結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的知識與能力。填寫答案時要注意與已填部分的形式保持一致，同時要注意時態(tài)、語態(tài)、句式等。檢查核對初步完成的所要求的任務(wù)，注意拼寫是否正確以及大小寫等。4.（2017年，江蘇卷）請認(rèn)真閱讀下面短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意：請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。每個空格只填一個單詞。PopulationChangeWhyistheworld’spopulationgrowing?Theanswerisnotwhatyoumightthink.Thereasonfortheexplosionisnotthatpeoplehavebeenreproducinglikerabbits,butthatpeoplehavestoppeddroppingdeadlikeflies.In1900,peoplediedattheaverageageof30.By2000theaverageagewas65.Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury,decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore,around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworld’speoplenowliveinsuchnations),butyou’dbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina,forinstance.Whatdoesitimply?First,Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry.Second,ifotherfactorssuchastechnologyremainconstant,economicgrowthandmaterialexpectationswillfallwellbelowrecentstandardsandthiscouldinvitetrouble.Russiaisanothercountrywithpopulationproblemsthatcouldbreakitseconomicpromise.Since1992thenumberofpeopledyinghasbeenbiggerthanthatofthosebeingbornbyamassive50%.Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.Whyisthisoccurring?Nobodyisquitesure,butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.Ifcurrenttrendsdon’tbend,Russia’spopulationwillbeaboutthesizeofYemen’sbytheyear2050.InthenorthofIndia,thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates,butinthesouth,wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace,birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist,birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030,asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.AsfortheUSA,itisalmostuniqueamongdevelopednationsinhavingapopulationthatisexpectedtogrowby20%from2010—2030.Moreover,theUSAhasatrackrecordofsuccessfullyacceptingimmigrants.Asaresultit’slikelytoseeariseinthesizeofitsworking-agepopulationandtowitnessstrongeconomicgrowthoverthelongerterm.71_______72_______73_______74_______75_______76_______77_______78_______79_______80_______【答案】lowersize/scaleimmediateeconomicold/olderearlierliving/lifeequalityimmigrationcompensate【解析】本文是一篇議論文，論述了世界人口的變化對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，以及如何正確處理好人口變化問題。71.lower根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury,decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.”可以判斷，在21世紀(jì)的出生率要低于（lower）20世紀(jì)。72.size/scale根據(jù)第二段第二句“Furthermore,around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.”可知，幾乎所有的發(fā)達(dá)國家都在經(jīng)歷著不穩(wěn)定的人口出生率；據(jù)此可以判斷，發(fā)達(dá)國家保持人口規(guī)?；虺錾嚷剩╯ize/scale）是有難度的。73.immediate根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades”可知，發(fā)展中國家的人口出生率下降會在幾十年時間里導(dǎo)致全球勞工的短缺，據(jù)此可知，導(dǎo)致的這種結(jié)果不是立即（immediate）導(dǎo)致的，而是經(jīng)過幾十年時間。74.economy根據(jù)第三段第二句“First,Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry”，結(jié)合右側(cè)欄的內(nèi)容可知，該處主要介紹人口的發(fā)展對經(jīng)濟(jì)（economy）的影響。75.old/older根據(jù)第三段第一句“AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina,forinstance”可知，中國年輕工人人口大量減少；據(jù)此可以判斷，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展要面臨人口問題，因為現(xiàn)有工人年齡變大了，老了（old/older），卻得不到補(bǔ)充。76.earlier根據(jù)第四段第三句中“Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.”可知，官方數(shù)據(jù)顯示，自1993年以來，俄羅斯的人口減少了5%，而俄羅斯人的壽命比1961年的人要短；據(jù)此可以判斷，俄羅斯人的過早（earlier）死亡率影響了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。77.living/life根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二句中“...butpoordietanabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit”可知，不健康的飲食和長期酗酒對俄羅斯人的健康有著不良的影響，據(jù)此可以判斷，如果改變俄羅斯人的生活（living/life）方式，則會延長他們的壽命。78.equality根據(jù)第五段最后三句“Inafurthertwist,birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasanlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030,asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.”可知，在貧窮的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，教育水平落后，出生率最高；印度大批工人沒有受到教育；據(jù)此可以判斷，印度經(jīng)濟(jì)要想發(fā)展，應(yīng)當(dāng)讓每個人都享有同等（equality）的教育機(jī)會。79.immigration根據(jù)第六段第一句“Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration”，結(jié)合第六段其它內(nèi)容可知，美國通過移民（immigration）來解決員工短缺問題。80.compensate根據(jù)第六段第一句“Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration”和第三句“Moreover,theUSAhasatrackrecordofsuccessfullyacceptingimmigrants”可知，美國通過移民補(bǔ)償了（compensate）員工的短缺。compensatefor為固定搭配，意為“賠償，補(bǔ)償損失”。5.（2016年，江蘇卷）請閱讀下面短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意：請將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號的橫線上。每個空格只填一個單詞。AnExtensionoftheHumanBrainOtherpeoplecanhelpuscompensateforourmentalandemotionaldeficiencies(欠缺)，muchasawoodenlegcancompensateforaphysicaldeficiency.Tobeexact,otherpeoplecanextendourintelligenceandhelpusunderstandandadjustouremotions.Whenanotherpersonhelpsusinsuchways,heorsheisparticipatinginwhatI’vecalleda＂socialprosthetic(義肢的）system.＂Suchsystemsdonotneedtooperateface-to-face,andit’scleartomethattheInternetisexpandingtherangeofmyownsocialprostheticsystems.It’salreadyabigbankofmanyminds.Eveninitscurrentstate,theInternethasextendedmymemoryandjudgment.Regardingmemory:OnceIlookupsomethingontheInternet,Idon’tneedtokeepallthedetailsforfutureuse—Iknowwheretofindthatinformationagainandcanquicklyandeasilydoso.Moregenerally,theInternetfunctionsasifitweremymemory.ThisfunctionoftheInternetisparticularlystrikingwhenI’mwriting;I’mnolongercomfortablewritingifI’mnotconnectedtotheInternet.It’sbecomenaturaltocheckfactsasIwrite,takingaminuteortwotodipintoPubMed,Wikipedia,orotherwebsites.Regardingjudgment:TheInternethasmademesmarterinmatterssmallandlarge.Forexample,whenI’mwritingatextbook,ithasbecomesecondnaturetocheckadozendefinitionsofakeyterm,whichhelpsmedigintothecoreandunderstanditsmeaning.Butmorethanthat,Inowregularlycomparemyviewswiththoseofmanyothers.IfIhavea＂newidea,＂Inowquicklylooktoseewhethersomebodyelsehasalreadythoughtofit,orsomethingsimilar—andIthencomparewhatIthinkwithwhatothershavethought.Thiscertainlymakesmyownviewsclearer.Moreover,IcanfindoutwhethermyreactionstoaneventarereasonableenoughbyreadingaboutthoseofothersontheInternet.TheseeffectsoftheInternethavebecomeevenmorestrikingsinceI’vebegunusingasmartphone.Inowregularlypulloutmyphonetocheckafact,watchavideo,readweibo.Suchactivitiesfillthespacesthatusedtobedeadtime(suchaswaitingforsomebodytoarriveforalunchmeeting).Butthat’stheupside(好處).ThedownsideisthatinthosedeadperiodsIoftenwouldletmythoughtsflowandsometimeswouldhaveanunexpectedinsightoridea.Thoseopportunitiesarenowfewerandfartherbetween.AnExtensionoftheHumanBrainAprostheticnature●The32.canhelpmakeupforourmentalandemotionaldeficienciesasawoodenlegcancompensateforabodilydeficiency.●It33.inourdailyevents,extendingourintelligence,comprehendingourfeelings,andexpandingtherangeofsocialactivities.Wonderfulaspects:memoryandjudgment●OntheInternet,wecouldquicklyandeasilylocatethedetails,andcheckfacts,without34.theminmind.●TheInternetmakesussmarterover35.kindsofthings.Itprovidesadozendefinitionsofakeytermforustofindthe36.ofthematter.●TheInternetenablesustoexchangeideaswithmanyothersto37.ourclaims,andto38.ouractions.The39.sidesofsmartphones●Smartphonesmakeiteasierandmore40.tocheckreality,watchvideoclips,readweibo.●Smartphones41.thepossibilityfornewandinsightfulminds,andstealawayourdeadtime.【答案】32.Internet33.participates/joins34.keeping35.all/different/various36.heart/core37.check38.judge39.mixed/two40.convenient41.reduce【解析】32.Internet原詞再現(xiàn)。根據(jù)第一段第四句Suchsystemsdonotneedtooperateface-to-face,andit’scleartomethattheInternetisexpandingtherangeofmyownsocialprostheticsystems.可知因特網(wǎng)可以拓寬社會義肢系統(tǒng)的范圍，也就是說網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以彌補(bǔ)我們精神和情感上的缺陷。33.participates/joins同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句It’salreadyabigbankofmanyminds.Eveninitscurrentstate,theInterneth