考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷17（共185題）

考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷17（共9套）（共185題）考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。)Thefirstofficialtransplantfromananimaltoahumanoccurredbackin1682.TherecipientwasaRussiannoblemanwithaninjuredhead;asurgeonpatchedhimupwithapieceofdogskull.Bythelate1800sfrogskingraftswerethefashion.OneBritisharmysurgeonclaimedhundredsofsuccessesforsevereburnsvictimsandpatientswithskinulcers.Xenotransplantation,assuchanimal-to-humandonationsareknown,hashadasurprisinglylonghistory.Unfortunatelyalmostallattemptshavebeenmiserablefailures.Scienceonlylearntwhyinthe1940swiththediscoveryofrejection.Whenhumanorgansaretransferredfrompersontoperson,theimmunesystemattacksanddestroyswhatitseesasaforeignsubstance.Whenthebodypartcomesfromanotherspeciestheattackisusuallyevenmorefierce.Thefactis,nowtherearen'tenoughhumandonorstosatisfythedemandandtherewillneverbe.Soresearcherstheworldoverareseekingwaystogetaroundtherejectionreactionsforxenotransplants.Manyareconfidentwewilleventuallyperfecttheanimal-humandonationandtheorganshortagewillbesolvedforever.Themostlikelycandidatesarepigs.Theyareroughlythesamesizeaspeople,somechanicallyspeaking,theirorgansshouldbeuptothejob.Pigsalsohaveethicaladvantages.Itcouldbesaid,forinstance,thatchimpanzeesshouldneverbeusedforhumantransplants;thatthereissomethinginherentlywrongwithkillingandharvestingthebodypartsofaperfectlyhealthyapejusttokeepsomeelderly,sickpersonalive.It'shardtomakethesameargumentforpigs:Webreedthemtoeatanyway.Still,therewillnodoubtbepeoplewhofeeluneasyabouthavingpartsofotherspeciesputintopeople.Personally,thealternative—death—makesmemoreuneasy.Butthere'saveryrealconcernwithxenotransplantation:thepossibilityofnewdiseasesbeingintroducedintheprocess.Onthepositiveside,peopleandpigshavebeenlivinginclosecontactforthousandsofyearsandonlyafewillnesseshavebeenpassedontous.Somesaythereforethechanceofanewhighlydeadlymaladybeingcaughtisremote.Butthere'sabigdifferencebetweenlivingwithapigandhavingpartofoneinsideyou.Provirusesareapotentialsourceofproblems.Whencertainvirusesinfectanimalsorpeopletheyhijackthevictim'sbodyanddirectittoproducemorecopiesoftheinfectiousvirus.Whatisworse,thevirusescouldbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Patientsundergoingxenotransplantationwillbeespeciallyvulnerable,becausetheirnaturaldefensesaredown.Thehuntisontofindanypotentiallydangerouspigproviruses.1、AlmostallattemptsinxenotransplantationhavefailedbecauseA、rejectionwasdiscovered.B、theorgansfromotheranimalscarriedcertainviruses.C、theywereunethicalpracticesandwereobjectedtobythesociety.D、therecipient’sbodymechanismsrejectedaforeignsubstance.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：幾乎所有的異種器官移植嘗試都以失敗告終，這是因?yàn)閇A]人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了排異反應(yīng)。[B]其他動(dòng)物的器官攜帶某些病毒。[C]這些嘗試都是不道德的，遭到全社會(huì)的反對(duì)。[D]受體的身體結(jié)構(gòu)排斥外來(lái)物質(zhì)。文章第二段指出，直到20世紀(jì)40年代發(fā)現(xiàn)了排異反應(yīng)，人們才明白導(dǎo)致失敗的原因。當(dāng)人類器官?gòu)囊粋€(gè)人移植到另外一個(gè)人時(shí)，受體的免疫系統(tǒng)將其視為外來(lái)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行攻擊和破壞。如果供體是另一物種，則排異反應(yīng)通常更為強(qiáng)烈。因此，正確答案為[D]，原因在于受體排斥外來(lái)物質(zhì)。2、Wecan’tchooseorgansofapesfortransplantationbecauseA、theirorganscarrydeadlyviruses.B、itismorallywrongtokillanape.C、theyarenotthesamesizeaspeople.D、theyarenotashealthyashumanbeings.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：我們不能將類人猿的器官用于移植是因?yàn)閇A]它們的器官攜帶致命的病毒。[B]殺死一只類人猿是不道德的。[C]它們的軀體尺寸與人類不一樣大。[D]它們不如人類健康。文章第三段指出，選擇豬具有道德優(yōu)勢(shì)。然后接著說(shuō)，無(wú)論如何絕不能為了讓年邁多病的人繼續(xù)活下去而殺死一只健康的類人猿，取出人類所需的部分。也就是說(shuō)，殺死類人猿這種珍稀動(dòng)物是不道德的。所以正確答案為[B]。3、What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsxenotransplantation?A、Favorable.B、Critical.C、Resistant.D、Doubtful.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：作者對(duì)異種器官移植的態(tài)度如何?[A]贊同。[B]批評(píng)。[C]抵制。[D]懷疑。文章第二段指出，目前沒(méi)有足夠的人類供體可以滿足器官移植之所需——而且永遠(yuǎn)難以滿足。第三段指出，有人對(duì)在人體中植入其他物種的組織或器官感到不安，但就作者個(gè)人而言，另一種選擇——死亡——更令他感到不安。因此，我們推斷出作者對(duì)異種器官移植還是贊同的，答案為[A]。4、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A、Whenthebodypartcomesfromthesamespecies,therecipient’simmunesystemwillacceptitwithnorejection.B、Thereislittleconcernaboutpig-to-humandonationbecauseit’scomparativelysafetolivewithapig.C、Provirusescouldmakethebodyproducemoreinfectiousviruseswhentheyaretransplantedintohumanbeings.D、Recipientsofxenotransplantationwillliveamorehealthylifebecausetheirimmunesystemwillbeperfected.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：根據(jù)本文，下列哪項(xiàng)的表述正確?[A]移植的身體器官來(lái)自同一個(gè)物種時(shí)，受體的免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)接受移植的器官，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生排異反應(yīng)。[B]豬為人類提供移植器官，人們對(duì)此沒(méi)有太多的憂慮，因?yàn)楹拓i密切相處相對(duì)而言比較安全。[C]當(dāng)前病毒被移植到人類體內(nèi)之后，可以使人體產(chǎn)生更多的傳染性病毒。[D]異種器官移植的受體會(huì)更加健康，因?yàn)樗麄兊拿庖呦到y(tǒng)會(huì)被完善。文章最后一段指出，當(dāng)潛在的病毒侵入動(dòng)物體或人體后，它們將會(huì)侵占受害者的身體并引導(dǎo)它產(chǎn)生更多傳染性病毒的副本。因此，[C]正確。5、Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A、TheBrightFutureforMan’sHealthB、TheExplorationonXenotransplantationC、TheMostLikelyCandidatesforXenotransplantationD、Animals’RoleinSavingMan’sLife標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本文的最佳題目是什么?[A]人類健康的光明未來(lái)[B]探索異種器官移植[C]異種器官移植的最佳供體[D]動(dòng)物在拯救人類生命中的作用迅速瀏覽全文后我們很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)文章談?wù)摰脑掝}是異種器官移植。第一段講述了它的歷史；第二段談到這方面探索失敗的原因；第三段談到豬是最合適的供體；第四段談到前病毒的危險(xiǎn)。所以，整篇文章談?wù)摰亩际钱惙N器官移植方面的研究和探索問(wèn)題，因此答案為[B]。ThereisanewservicefromExpedia,Travelocityandothertravelwebsites:environmentalexpiation.Ifyouwish,whenyoubuyaplaneticket,theywillfigureouthowmuchcarbonyourtripwillbeaddingtotheatmosphereandchargeyoutomakeupforit.Themoneygoestononprofitgroupsthateitherplanttreestoabsorbthecarbonorproduceanequalamountofenergyinaneco-friendlyway.Youarestillincreasingthecarbonintheair,butsomeoneelse,thankstoyou,isreducingitbyanequalamount.Theneteffect:noadditionalcarbonintheatmosphere.Ofcourse,thisisallstrictlyvoluntary.Ifyouwanttodestroytheearthforfuturegenerationsandfaceyourkids,who'velearnedallaboutglobalwarminginsecondgrade,that'syourprivilege.Similardealsareavailableforothereco-embarrassments.SomecommentatorshaveuncharitablycomparedcarboncreditstotheindulgencessoldbythemedievalCatholicChurch.Butindulgencesareapparentlymisunderstood.TheCatholicEncyclopedia,inaneye-rolling,"Herewegoagain"tone,scoldsthatanindulgence"isnotapermissiontocommitsin,norapardonoffuturesin."Nodoubtenvironmentalistswouldinsistthesameaboutcarboncredits:theyarenotagiftcertificateorget-out-of-jail-freecardforwould-bepolluters.ButtheysuredoplayoneonTV.Suchisthemagicofcapitalism.Themagicworksbestinaworldofdramaticinequalities.Fortunately,thatisjusttheworldwearelivingin.Thegreaterthegapbetweenrichandpoor,bothdomesticallyandglobally,themorearichpersonwillpayandthelessapoorpersonwillrequire.Theusualobjectionscanbemadetoallofthis:Whyshouldrichpeoplebeabletobuytheirwayoutofenvironmentalguiltwhenpoorpeoplecan't?Theusualansweristhatthedealdoesn'tcreatetheinequalityandforbiddingthedealdoesn'treduceit.Ifyoutellarichpersonthisisonethingheorshecannotbuy,youarealsotellingapoorpersonthatthisisonethingheorshecannotsell.Wecanarguealldayaboutwheretodrawthelineandsaytorichandpoor:Youcannotmakethisdeal,evenifitbenefitsbothofyou.Itistooinappropriate.Orhere'sathought:Wecancreateamarketinwinningtheargument.Therichpersoncanpurchasetherightnottobechallenged,andthepoorperson,forafee,canagreetoshutup.Everybody'shappy.6、Theword"expiation"(Line2,Paragraph1)probablymeansA、compensation.B、exploration.C、protection.D、contamination.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：第一段第二行中的expiation的意思可能是[A]補(bǔ)償。[B]探究。[C]保護(hù)。[D]污染?？梢詮奈恼碌谝欢蔚诙渲械膍akeupfor推測(cè)出“環(huán)境補(bǔ)償”這項(xiàng)服務(wù)。[C]“保護(hù)”是干擾項(xiàng)，從后文對(duì)這一服務(wù)的解釋可以看出補(bǔ)償?shù)哪康氖菫榱谁h(huán)保。7、TheattitudeoftheauthortowardthenewserviceisA、positive.B、critical.C、neutral.D、unclear.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：作者對(duì)這項(xiàng)新服務(wù)的態(tài)度是[A]肯定的。[B]批評(píng)的。[C]中立的。[D]模糊的。從文章第一段的最后一句Ifyouwantto…that’syourprivilege．可看出，作者覺(jué)得不選擇該項(xiàng)新服務(wù)的行為相當(dāng)于“破壞后代的地球、無(wú)法坦然面對(duì)孩子”，可見(jiàn)作者對(duì)這樣的新服務(wù)持肯定態(tài)度。[B]文章沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)；[C]和[D]是對(duì)作者態(tài)度的誤解。8、"ButtheysuredoplayoneonTV"(Line7,Paragraph2)impliesA、similardealsareonTVprogramssometimes.B、carboncreditsarewelcomedbysomecommentators.C、theCatholicEncyclopediaisright.D、theauthoragreeswithsomeenvironmentaliststosomedegree.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：第二段第七行的ButtheysuredoplayoneonTV暗示[A]有時(shí)電視節(jié)目中會(huì)出現(xiàn)類似的交易。[B]有些評(píng)論家非常歡迎碳排放額度。[C]天主教百科全書(shū)是正確的。[D]作者在某種程度上同意某些環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者的看法。ButtheysuredoplayoneonTV．出現(xiàn)在第二段段尾，indulgences被誤解，故carboncredits也一樣被誤解。作者在某種程度上同意某些環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者的看法。[A]文章沒(méi)有涉及；[B]和[C]是對(duì)文段的誤讀。故選[D]。9、Whichstatementistrueaccordingtothepassage?A、CarboncreditsarecontradictorywithCapitalism.B、Forbiddingtheservicecandecreaseinequality.C、Theauthorbelievesthegapbetweenrichandpoorfacilitatescarboncredits.D、Thelastsentenceinthelastparagraphindicatestheharmonybetweentherichandthepoor.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：根據(jù)本文，下列哪項(xiàng)表述正確?[A]碳排放額度和資本主義相矛盾。[B]禁止這項(xiàng)服務(wù)可以緩解不平等狀況。[C]作者認(rèn)為貧富差距促進(jìn)碳排放額度的實(shí)施。[D]最后一段的最后一句話表明了窮人和富人之間的和諧。可以從文章第三段第二句的Themagicworks…dramaticinequalities．以及文章末尾的Everybody’shappy．看出，作者認(rèn)為貧富差距在某種程度上能夠促進(jìn)碳排放額度的實(shí)施；[A]、[B]、[D]三項(xiàng)是對(duì)作者態(tài)度和意圖的錯(cuò)誤理解，故選[C]。10、ThebesttitleforthispassagewouldbeA、TheDeclineofEnvironmentContamination.B、Expiation—ANewMethodofProtectingEnvironment.C、TheRevitalizationofCapitalism.D、InequalityProducesProsperity.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本文的最佳題目是[A]環(huán)境污染的減少。[B]環(huán)境補(bǔ)償——保護(hù)環(huán)境的新方法。[C]資本主義的復(fù)興。[D]不平等產(chǎn)生了繁榮。從文章內(nèi)容可以看出，本文主要是對(duì)一項(xiàng)新服務(wù)“環(huán)境補(bǔ)償”和碳排放額度的分析，消除人們對(duì)于這項(xiàng)新事物的誤解。[A]“環(huán)境污染的減少”在文章中未涉及；[C]“資本主義的復(fù)興”與文章內(nèi)容不相符；[D]“不平等產(chǎn)生了繁榮”本身就是一個(gè)謬論，文中作者只是說(shuō)不平等有利于這項(xiàng)新服務(wù)的開(kāi)展。故選[B]。Newscientificstudiesrevealthehiddencostsofmultitaskingastechnologyincreasinglytemptspeopletodomorethanonethingatatime.WhetherpeopletogglebetweenbrowsingtheWebandusingothercomputerprograms,talkoncellphoneswhiledriving,pilotjumbojetsormonitorairtraffic,they'reusingtheir"executivecontrol"processes—thementalCEO—foundtobeassociatedwiththebrain'skeyneuralregions.Theseinterrelatedcognitiveprocessesestablishprioritiesamongtasksandallocatethemind'sresourcestothem."Foreachaspectofhumanperformance—perceiving,thinkingandacting—peoplehavespecificmentalresourceswhoseeffectiveuserequiressupervisionthroughexecutivementalcontrol,"saysDavidMeyer,Ph.D.attheUniversityofMichigan.Tobetterunderstandexecutivecontrol,aswellasthehumancapacityformultitaskinganditslimitations,JoshuaRubinstein,Ph.D.ofU.S.FederalAviationAdministration,andDavidMeyer,andJeffreyEvans,Ph.D.attheUniversityofMichigan,studiedpatternsintheamountsoftimelostwhenpeopleswitchedrepeatedlybetweentwotasksofvaryingcomplexityandfamiliarity.Thefindingsrevealedthatforalltypesoftasks,subjectslosttimewhentheyhadtoswitchfromonetasktoanother,andtimecostsincreasedwiththecomplexityofthetasks,soittookasignificantlylongtimetoswitchbetweenmorecomplextasks.Timecostswerealotgreaterwhensubjectsswitchedtotasksthatwererelativelyunfamiliar.Theygot"uptospeed"fasterwhentheyswitchedtotaskstheyknewbetter,anobservationthatmayleadtointerfacesdesignedtohelpovercomepeople'sinnatecognitivelimitations.Theresearcherssaytheirresultssuggestthatexecutivecontrolinvolvestwodistinct,complementarystages:goalshifting("Iwanttodothisnowinsteadofthat")andruleactivation("I'mturningofftherulesforthatandturningontherulesforthis").Bothstageshelppeopleunconsciouslyswitchbetweentasks.Ruleactivationitselftakessignificantamountsoftime,severaltenthsofasecond—whichcanaddupwhenpeopleswitchbackandforthrepeatedlybetweentasks.Thus,multitaskingmayseemmoreefficientonthesurface,butmayactuallytakemoretimeintheend.Accordingtotheresearchers,thisinsightintoexecutivecontrolmayhelppeoplechoosestrategiesthatmaximizetheirefficiencywhenmultitasking.Theinsightmayalsoweighagainstmultitasking.Forexample,Meyerpointsout,amerehalfsecondoftimelosttotaskswitchingcanmeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathforadriverusingacellphone,becauseduringthetimethatthecarisnottotallyundercontrol,itcantravelfarenoughtocrashintoobstaclesthedriverhaveotherwiseavoided.11、Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A、TheroleofmentalCEO—executivecontrolprocess.B、Thehighefficiencyandhiddencostsofmultitasking.C、Executivecontrolofcognitiveprocessesintaskswitching.D、Thebenefitsofstudyingexecutivementalcontrol.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本文的主要內(nèi)容是什么?[A]大腦首席執(zhí)行官的作用——“執(zhí)行控制”程序。[B]處理多種任務(wù)的高效率和隱性代價(jià)。[C]任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中認(rèn)知程序的執(zhí)行控制。[D]研究大腦執(zhí)行控制的好處。本篇文章主要講述的是戴維·梅爾和其他兩位研究人員從大腦執(zhí)行控制的角度來(lái)分析人們?cè)谔幚矶喾N任務(wù)時(shí)時(shí)間損失問(wèn)題的研究結(jié)果，所以正確答案為[C]，即任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中認(rèn)知程序的執(zhí)行控制。12、ThefunctionofmentalCEOistoA、associatetheactivitieswiththeneuralregions.B、helppeopledealwithmanytasksatthesametime.C、establishprioritiesamongcomplicatedtasks.D、supervisetheuseofspecificmentalresources.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：大腦首席執(zhí)行官的功能是[A]將活動(dòng)與神經(jīng)區(qū)域相連。[B]幫助人們同時(shí)處理多種任務(wù)。[C]對(duì)復(fù)雜的任務(wù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)先排序。[D]監(jiān)督特定腦部資源的使用。文章第一段將“執(zhí)行控制”程序比喻成大腦的首席執(zhí)行官。最后一句指出，特定精神資源的有效運(yùn)用需要執(zhí)行精神控制的監(jiān)督，所以本題的正確答案為[D]。選項(xiàng)[C]不全面，“執(zhí)行控制”除了將任務(wù)進(jìn)行排序外，還將腦部資源分配給它們。13、Whichkindoftaskswitchingamongthefollowingwillproducethegreatesttimecost?A、Toswitchtoamorecomplextask.B、Toswitchtoamoreunfamiliartask.C、Toswitchtoaeasiertask.D、Toswitchtoamorefamiliartask.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：下列哪種任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換將花最多的時(shí)間?[A]轉(zhuǎn)向一個(gè)更復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。[B]轉(zhuǎn)向一個(gè)更不熟悉的任務(wù)。[C]轉(zhuǎn)向一個(gè)更簡(jiǎn)單的任務(wù)。[D]轉(zhuǎn)向一個(gè)更熟悉的任務(wù)。文章第二段談到戴維·梅爾和其他兩位研究人員的研究結(jié)果，測(cè)量表明在所有類型的任務(wù)中，調(diào)查對(duì)象從一個(gè)任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)向另外一個(gè)任務(wù)時(shí)都會(huì)損失一些時(shí)問(wèn)，而且損失的時(shí)間會(huì)隨任務(wù)復(fù)雜程度的提高而增多。因此，在比較復(fù)雜的任務(wù)間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)要花很多時(shí)間。而當(dāng)調(diào)查對(duì)象從一個(gè)任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)向另外一個(gè)相對(duì)不熟悉的任務(wù)時(shí)損失的時(shí)間更多。所以，本題的正確答案為[B]。14、Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistruefortheruleactivationstageofexecutivecontrol?A、Itcanhelppeopleconsciouslyswitchbetweentasks.B、Itdoesn’ttakeasmuchtimeasthestageofgoalshifting.C、Peoplewillusesimilarruleswhileperformingdifferenttasks.D、Itcanhelpexplainwhytimeislostduringtaskswitching.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：下列關(guān)于執(zhí)行控制規(guī)則啟用階段的表述中，哪一項(xiàng)是正確的?[A]它能幫助人們有意識(shí)地在任務(wù)之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。[B]它不像目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換階段那樣花時(shí)間。[C]人們?cè)谕瓿刹煌娜蝿?wù)時(shí)使用相似的規(guī)則。[D]它有助于解釋任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中的時(shí)間損失問(wèn)題。文章第三段指出，執(zhí)行控制涉及兩個(gè)明顯而互補(bǔ)的階段：目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換和規(guī)則啟用。這兩個(gè)階段幫助人們?cè)谌蝿?wù)之間無(wú)意識(shí)地進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。其中規(guī)則啟用階段本身要占用較大比例的時(shí)間，大概十分之幾秒。當(dāng)人們?cè)诓煌娜蝿?wù)間不停地進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)，這一階段所占用的時(shí)間就會(huì)越積越多。因此，本題的正確答案為[D]“有助于解釋任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中的時(shí)間損失問(wèn)題”。15、TheexampleaboutthedriverinthethirdparagraphisusedtoillustratethatA、cardriversshouldnotdrivesofastwhileusingacellphone.B、cardriversshouldshifthisgoalsconsciouslytoavoidtheaccidents.C、multitaskingisnotasefficientaspeoplehaveexpectedandmaytakemoretime.D、multitaskingshouldbeavoidedinsomecasesforthesakeofsafety.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：第三段中司機(jī)的例子是用來(lái)說(shuō)明[A]汽車(chē)司機(jī)不應(yīng)當(dāng)在使用手機(jī)時(shí)開(kāi)太快。[B]汽車(chē)司機(jī)應(yīng)當(dāng)有意識(shí)地轉(zhuǎn)換目標(biāo)以避免發(fā)生事故。[C]處理多種任務(wù)并不像人們料想的那樣有效率，而且可能會(huì)花更多的時(shí)間。[D]在有些情況下，為了安全起見(jiàn)應(yīng)該避免同時(shí)處理多個(gè)任務(wù)。文章第三段倒數(shù)第二句指出，對(duì)于執(zhí)行控制的理解可能會(huì)反對(duì)人們同時(shí)處理多種任務(wù)。梅爾指出，人們?cè)谵D(zhuǎn)換任務(wù)時(shí)僅僅損失的半秒鐘，對(duì)一個(gè)使用手機(jī)的司機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)，有可能就意味著生與死的差別。因此，本題的正確答案為[D]，即該例是為了說(shuō)明在有些情況下，為了安全起見(jiàn)應(yīng)該避免同時(shí)處理多個(gè)任務(wù)。AnewmaladyisrunningrampantlyincorporateAmerica:managementphobia.Manypeopledon'twanttobemanager,andmanypeoplewhoaremanagersareitchingtojumpoffthemanagementtrack—orhavealready."Ihatedallthemeetings,"saysa10-yearaward-winningmanager,"AndIfoundthemoreyoudidforpeoplewhoworkedforyou,themoretheyexpected.Iwasacounselor,motivator,financialadviserandpsychologist."Withtechnologychanginginawink,wecanneverslackoffthesedaysifwe'reonthetechnicalside.It'sararepersonwhocanmanagetokeepuponthetechnicalsideandhandleamanagementjob,too.Inaddition,withScottAdams'popularcartooncharacteraswellasmanytelevisionsituationcomediesroutinelyportrayingmanagersasmoronsorenemies,theyjustdon'tgetmuchrespectanymore.Supervisingotherswasalwaysatoughtask,butinthepastthatstresswasoffsetbyhopesforcareermobilityandfinancialrewards.Alongwithasizablepayraise,peoplechosenasmanagerswouldbeginanearlyautomaticclimbupthecareerladdertolucrativeexecutiveperks:stockoptions,companycars,clubmemberships,plusthekeytoexecutivewashroom.Butintoday'sglobal,morecompetitivearena,amanagersitsonaninsecureperch.Restructuringhaseliminatedlayerafterlayerofmanagementascompaniescametoviewtheirorganizationsascollectionsofcompetenciesratherthanhierarchies.Therearefarfewerrungsonthecorporateladderformanagerstoclimb.Inaddition,managerialjobsdemandmorehoursandheadachesthaneverbeforebutofferslimfinancialpaybacksandperks.Inanageofentrepreneurship,whenthemostpraisedpeopleinbusinessarethoselaunchingsomethingnew,managementseemslikeaninvisible,thanklessrole.Employersarelookingforpeoplewhocandothings,notforpeoplewhomakeotherpeopledothings.Managementlayoffshavedonemuchtoerodeinterestinmanagerialjobs.Withmorepeoplewaryofjoiningmanagement,arecorporationsbeinghurtorworryingaboutdevelopingfutureleaders?Notmanyare.Whileemployershavedismissedalotofmanagers,theybelieveasurpluslingersonatmanycompanies.Anotherreasoncompaniesaren'tshortofmanagers,contendsRobertKelley,aCarnegieMellonUniversitybusinessprofessor,"isthatsomanyworkerstodayareself-managed,eitherindividuallyorviateams,youdon'tneedamanager."16、The10-yearaward-winningmanagersuggeststhatA、managerialjobsdemandmorehoursandoffermoreheadaches.B、managersshouldnotdotoomuchbeyondthescopeofhisjob.C、beingamanagerrequiresmanyotherskillsbesidesmanagement.D、apersoncangetalotofdevelopmentinamanagementrole.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：這位連續(xù)十年受到嘉獎(jiǎng)的經(jīng)理的話表明[A]經(jīng)理職位需要付出更多的時(shí)間、遇到更多的麻煩事。[B]經(jīng)理不應(yīng)過(guò)多干涉其職權(quán)范圍之外的事情。[C]除了管理技能之外，經(jīng)理還需要具備很多其他才能。[D]經(jīng)理職位能讓一個(gè)人得到很多歷練。這位經(jīng)理說(shuō)“我要同時(shí)扮演顧問(wèn)、動(dòng)員者、財(cái)務(wù)顧問(wèn)和心理咨詢師的角色?！币簿褪钦f(shuō)，經(jīng)理除了會(huì)管理之外，還需要具備很多其他才能。所以正確答案為[C]。[A]“經(jīng)理職位需要付出更多的時(shí)間”不是這位經(jīng)理說(shuō)的，所以不正確；[B]在原文中并沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)出來(lái)；該經(jīng)理所表達(dá)的是對(duì)自己工作的不滿，所以[D]表述的正面含義是不對(duì)的。17、Theword"perk"(Line3,Paragraph3)probablymeansA、privileges.B、status.C、mobility.D、rungs.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：第三段第三行的perk一詞的意思可能是[A]特權(quán)。[B]地位。[C]流動(dòng)性。[D]梯級(jí)。perk的意思可以從冒號(hào)之后的列舉中猜測(cè)出來(lái)。stockoptions，companycars，clubmemberships，plusthekeytoexecutivewashroom都是指的各種優(yōu)待，所以正確答案為[A]“特權(quán)”。[B]“地位”和[D]“梯級(jí)”雖然都跟原文中perks之前的executive搭配，但與下文的解釋不吻合。18、Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsappliestotoday’smanagers?A、Theirstresscanbereducedbythefinancialandemotionalrewards.B、Theyarebeginningtoneglecttheirdevelopmentonthetechnicalside.C、Theyfeelmoreinsecureintheirpositionsbecauseofthereductionincompanyhierarchies.D、Theyarenotrespectedanymorebythemediadespitetheirhardefforts.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：下列哪個(gè)表述符合當(dāng)今經(jīng)理的狀況?[A]經(jīng)理們的壓力可以通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)上的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和情感上的關(guān)懷得以減輕。[B]經(jīng)理們開(kāi)始忽視自己在技術(shù)上的提高。[C]由于公司管理職位的裁減，經(jīng)理們?cè)谧约旱穆毼簧细狈Π踩?。[D]盡管經(jīng)理們努力工作，但是他們已經(jīng)不再受媒體的尊重了。文章第三段指出，在今天全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇的環(huán)境中，經(jīng)理的位子不容易坐得穩(wěn)，公司內(nèi)部的重組逐漸打破了層層管理，公司里可供經(jīng)理晉升的梯級(jí)比以前少多了。所以本題的正確答案為[C]“由于公司管理職位的裁減，經(jīng)理們?cè)谧约旱穆毼簧细狈Π踩小?。[A]描述的是過(guò)去經(jīng)理的狀況；[B]的內(nèi)容未在原文中提及，第二二段指出，很少有人能既懂技術(shù)又擔(dān)負(fù)管理職責(zé)，這并不意味著現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)理忽視了技術(shù)的提高;[D]也不完全正確，原文中說(shuō)的是經(jīng)理不再像以前那么受尊重了，并不等于經(jīng)理一點(diǎn)都不受媒體的尊重了。19、Whichskilldoemployersvaluemostinthisageofentrepreneurship?A、ManagementB、Creativity.C、Cooperation.D、Diligence.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：在這個(gè)企業(yè)家時(shí)代，雇主們最看重哪項(xiàng)技能?[A]管理技能。[B]創(chuàng)新能力。[C]合作。[D]勤奮。本題的答案可以從原文中兩處得到。一是第三段的第四句話，公司開(kāi)始意識(shí)到企業(yè)的組成方式應(yīng)該是招賢納士而不是等級(jí)森嚴(yán)。另一處是第四段開(kāi)頭指出，在企業(yè)家時(shí)代，公司里受到表?yè)P(yáng)最多的是那些開(kāi)發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品的人。由此我們可以推測(cè)出雇主們最欣賞的才能是創(chuàng)新能力，因此正確答案為[B]。20、ThelastparagraphsuggeststhatA、thelossofinterestinthemanagerialjobswoulddamageAmericancorporateculture.B、moreandmoremanagerswouldbelaidoffinordertorelievethefinancialburden.C、thosewhoarestilllingeringonmanagerialjobsarenotforesighted.D、manyemployeesaretosomeextentamanagerofthemselves.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：最后一段表明：[A]經(jīng)理職位吸引力下降將有損美國(guó)的企業(yè)文化。[B]公司將裁掉越來(lái)越多的經(jīng)理以減輕經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。[C]那些仍然留在經(jīng)理職位上的經(jīng)理缺乏遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)。[D]許多雇員在某種程度上都是自己的經(jīng)理。最后一段最后一句話中羅伯特·凱莉說(shuō)：“如今很多員工都能通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行管理或者進(jìn)行自我管理，不需要經(jīng)理?！毖酝庵饩褪钦f(shuō)，在某種程度上很多員工都是自己的經(jīng)理。所以正確答案為[D]?？佳杏⒄Z(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷第2套一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。)Today,atthepushofabutton,youcandownloadandprintthewholeofDante'sDivineComedy,usingonlyacomputer,anInternetconnection,apavingstoneofpaperandasmallbucketofink.Technically,theserviceisfree,althoughitwouldbeeasierandcheapersimplytobuythebook,whichcouldthenbereadinthebath,whilesavingonprintercartridgesandtrees.ThenewserviceisthelateststepinthestatedgoalofGoogle,theInternetsearchengine,"toorganizetheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversallyaccessibleanduseful"and,althoughfewmayberushingtoprintouttheDigitizedDante,itmarksanimportantdevelopmentinworldliterature.Forsome,makingbooksavailableonlineforfreedownloadrepresentsaparadisefound;others,includinganumberofworriedpublishersandwriters,fearitmaypointthewaytotheninthcircleofhell.Google'sBookSearchserviceisjustonepartoftheLibraryProject,inwhichtheInternetenginehasteamedupwithlibrariesaroundtheworld,includingtheBodleianinOxford,todigitizecollectionsandmakemillionsofbooksavailableandsearchableonline.Atfirstsight,thenotionofalimitlessdigitallibraryseemsirresistible,asingle,freerepositoryaccessiblefromeverycorneroftheglobe.PartnersintheLibraryProjectsaythesystemwillenableuserstoaccessnotjusttheclassics,butalsomuchmoreobscureworks:forgottennovels,scientificaccounts,illustrationsandneglectedpoetry.Moribundbooksmaybebroughtbacktolife.Librariansareoftenfrustratedattheunseengemsintheircollectionsgatheringdust.Nowthewholelotcanbedigitallystackedonanendlessvirtualshelf,tobebrowsedbyanyonewithacomputermouse.Theproblemliesnotwithdigitalizingdeadorundeadbooks,butthepotentialdangertothosethatstillhavecommerciallifeinthemintheformofcopyrightGoogleisquicktopointoutthatthebooksavailablefordownloadthroughBookSearcharealloutofcopyright.Indeed,whileEuropeanlawallowscopyrighttoexpire70yearsafteranauthor'sdeath,thenewservicedoesnotofferanythingpublishedlaterthanthemid-19thcentury.Somepublishers,however,seetheavailabilityoffreebooksfordigitaldownloadasthethinendofaverylargewedgethatcouldsplitliteraturebyundernuningcopyrightitself.LastyeartheAssociationofAmericanPublishersfiledsuitagainstGoogleclaimingthatbyscanning100percentofabook(tomakeitsearchablebyword)thecompanyisinfringingcopyright,evenifonlyasmallexcerptisthenavailableforfree.Silenceisgoldeninalibrary;butthelawofcopyrightisbeyondprice.1、Dante’sDivineComedyismentionedinParagraph1toillustrateA、theeasyaccessibilityofonlinedigitalbooks.B、theconvenienceofdownloadingandprintingdigitalbooks.C、thatbooksdownloadedandprintedarecheaperthanordinarybooks.D、thatitisenvironmentallyfriendliertodownloaddigitalbooks.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位首段第一句，句中usingonly充分說(shuō)明了下載電子書(shū)籍的便捷，故選B。2、ItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatA、Google’snewserviceisgoingtobeasmashingsuccess.B、peoplearehelplesslyobsessedwiththeDigitalizedDante.C、opinionsvarytowardsfreedownloadingofonlinebooks.D、peopleembracetheideaofmakingbooksonlineforfreedownload.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句中的Forsome和others可判斷人們觀點(diǎn)不一，C項(xiàng)與之符合。3、Weknowfromthetextthattheauthorperceivestheconceptof"alimitlessdigitallibrary"(line1,Paragraph3)asA、irresistible.B、convenient.C、disastrous.D、problematic.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。作者在第三段論述了數(shù)字化圖書(shū)館的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在第四段首句指出“問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵在于那些以版權(quán)形式存在且仍具有商業(yè)價(jià)值的書(shū)很可能遭遇侵權(quán)”，因此，作者認(rèn)為其做法仍有不妥，選D。4、Whatdoes"thethinendofaverylargewedge"(Line6,Paragraph4)mostprobablyimply?A、Google’snewservicewillgraduallyinfringeoncopyrightandeventuallyruinliterature.B、Booksshouldnotbedigitalizedanddownloadedforthesakeofcopyrightandliterature.C、Google’snewservicehascausedhugedamagestocopyrightandsplitliterature.D、Google’snewservicewilldivideliteratureintoonlineliteratureandofflineliterature.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：語(yǔ)義理解題。根據(jù)thethinendofawedge定位到第四段第四句，其意為“能夠以小見(jiàn)大的端倪”，俗語(yǔ)“苗頭”。結(jié)果可從接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容判斷，即可能侵害版權(quán)、殃及文學(xué)。因此A正確。5、Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?A、Google’sBookSearchServiceB、Bingo!DigitalizationofBooksC、Digitalization:ProsandConsD、Silence!AuthorunderThreat標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：主旨大意題。標(biāo)題選配題即要“還形以神”，要能點(diǎn)出全文最精華的觀點(diǎn)。文章最后一段簡(jiǎn)短而有力地表明出版界為保護(hù)利益不再沉默，因此選D。WhenrecruitingatBritishuniversities,PricewaterhouseCoopers,oneoftheBigFourauditingfirmswithitsheadquartersintheNewYorkCity,presentscandidateswithanunusualexercise.Theyareaskedtobuildatallandsturdytowerusingthesmallestpossiblenumberofsnap-togetherLegobricks.Similarly,atGoogleGames,arecruitingeventfirststagedbythesearch-enginegiantinApril,candidatesareinvitedtobuildLegobridges—thestrongerthebetter.Ineachcase,thecompanyistryingtoconveytheideathatitoffersacreative,funworkingenvironment."Itwasasmuchadvertisingasawayoftryingtogetrecruits,"saysBrettDaniel,astudentattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-ChampaignwhobuilttheGoogleGames'weakestbridge.ADanishfirm,basedinBillund,Denmark,hasembracedthecorporateuseofitscoloredplasticbricks.Aspartofaschemecalled"SeriousPlay"itiscertifyingagrowingnumberofprofessionalLegoconsultants,nowpresentin25countries.Theycoachmanagersbygettingthemtobuild"metaphoricalabstractions"ofsuchthingsascorporatestrategy,saysLego'sJesperJensen,whorunsthescheme.HishamEl-GamalofQuest,amanagementconsultancybasedinCairothatoffersSeriousPlayworkshops,saysdemandforthetwo-day,$7,000coursesisbooming.Firmsincrisis,suchasthosecorruptedbyscandalorinthepainsofatakeover,tendtobemostreceptivetotheideaofLegoworkshops,saysFrancoisdeBoissezonofImagics,aconsultancybasedinBrussels.Theresultscanbeembarrassing,particularlyforseniormanagers.TsaiYu-ChenofUGeneMentor,aSeriousPlayconsultancybasedinTaipei,saysacommonexerciseismodeling,butnotnaming,"thepeopleyouhatemost".Onechiefexecutivewasmodeledasafiguresofatthatheblockedahallway,suggestinghewascloggingupthecompany.Legoworkshopsareeffectivebecausechild-likeplayisaformofinstinctivebehaviornotregulatedbyconsciousthought,saysLucioMargulisofJuegoSerio,aconsultancyinBuenosAires.Thisproduces"Eureka"moments:aperfectionistwhorealizestheabsurdityoffrustrationoveranimperfectLegoconstruction;theownerofafirmwithdismalcustomerrelationswhomodelsheadquartersasafortundersiege;oranarrogantbosswhodepictshisstaffassoldiersheadedintobattle.Evenintheoffice,itseems,Legohasaparttoplay.6、Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicbyA、posingacontrastB、makingacomparison.C、statingaphenomenon.D、illustratingahypothe