英語語言學概論第二章phonology(分析“語音”文檔)共14張課件

2.3FromPhoneticstoPhonologyPreviewquestions:Definethefollowingterms:coarticulatiuion,broadtranscription,narrowtranscription,phone,phoneme,allophone,minimalpairs,phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution2.3.1Coarticulation(協(xié)同發(fā)音)Map

[m?p]Anasal+avowelSoftpalate:fromtheloweredpositiontotheraisedpositionProceedinginfluencedfollowing(perseverative)Lamb

[l?m]PKAvowel+anasalSoftpalate:fromtheraisedpositiontotheloweredpositionFollowinginfluencedproceeding(anticipatory)Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocesswhensimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Diacritics(發(fā)音符號/辨音符):thesetofsymbolsinIPA,whichareaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutfinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.PeakBroadandnarrowtranscriptions[p?i:k]Narrow[pi:k]Broad1.Broadtranscription(寬式音標):

Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolsonly.[_]2.Narrowtranscription(嚴式音標):

Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.[_]2.3.2MinimalpairsMinimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestring,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Pill/bill;

pill/till;

till/kill;

kill/dill/;

dill/gillbig/peg;peak/leap[bit][but][pit][bit]VS.MinimalpairsFourrequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:1)havingthesamenumberofspeechsounds;2)differentinmeaning;3)onlyonephonemedifferent;4)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.a.彼此的語音數(shù)量相等(dipdisk)b.彼此的意義不同(taptaph)c.彼此僅存在一個語音的差異(bitbad)d.語音差異出現(xiàn)在同一位置上(fattap)PhonesPhone(音素):aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Somedistinguishmeaning,somedon’t.i)phoneticunitii)notdistinctiveofmeaningiii)physicalasheardorproducediv)markedwith[][pit][tip][spit]Phones,phonemes,allophonesTworequirementsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme:Phoneme:anabstractphonologicalunitofdistinctivevaluethatisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphone.3FromPhoneticstoPhonology[pit][bit]ii)notdistinctiveofmeaningNarrowtranscription(嚴式音標):Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.iii)physicalasheardorproducedCoarticulation:akindofphoneticprocesswhensimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.AssimilationrulesinphonologyCoarticulation:akindofphoneticprocesswhensimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution[bit][but]PhonemesPhoneme:anabstractphonologicalunitofdistinctivevaluethatisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphone./p/[pi:k],[spi:k]i)phonologicalunitii)distinctiveofmeaningiii)abstract,notphysicaliv)markedwith//Ifthesoundsegmentisphonemic,whichdistinguishesmeaning,itismarkedwith//,ifitisphonemic,whichdoesnotdistinguishesmeaning,itismarkedwith[].2.3.3AllophonesAllophones:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Allophone:phoneticvariants/realizationsofaphonemeAphonemeisrealizedasallophone1+allophone2+…E.g.:/p/=[ph]+[p](unreleased)Peak[p?i:k]Speak[spi:k]/p/Phoneticsimilarity:

theallophonesofthesamephonememustbearsomephoneticresemblance.Complementarydistribution:

theallophonesofthesamephonemedonotdistinguishmeaning,andneveroccurinthesamecontext.AllophonesTworequirementsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme:1)allophonesofthesamephonemeshouldbeincomplementarydistribution.2)theymustbearphoneticsimilarity.Phones,phonemes,allophonesHowaphonemeisrepresentedbyaphone,orwhichallophoneistobeused,isdeterminedbythephoneticcontextinwhichitoccurs.Butthechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom.Phones

PhonemesAllophones

2.4Somephonologicalrulesinphonology

2Minimalpairsiii)physicalasheardorproducedSomedistinguishmeaning,somedon’t.Assimilationrulesinphonology/p/[pi:k],[spi:k]Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionPhoneme:anabstractphonologicalunitofdistinctivevaluethatisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphone.Tworequirementsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme:[bit][but][-dental][dental]/____[dental]Narrowtranscription(嚴式音標):Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.AllophonesAssimilation(同化):aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Broadtranscription(寬式音標):Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolsonly.Phone(音素):aphoneticunitorsegment.Assimilationrulesinphonology

Assimilation(同化):aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,wecallitregressiveassimilation