高中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講系列四

高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)問點(diǎn)精講系列四一、語(yǔ)言學(xué)問點(diǎn)：1.prepare+sthprepare+sthforsthprepare+forsthprepare+todosthbepreparedforbepreparedtodosthmakepreparationsfor2.Theytiedforfirstplaceinthegame.Wetiedwiththevisitingteaminthebasketballmatch.Thedogistiedtoatree.3.affectvt.影響effectn.效果，作用haveagood/badeffectonineffect事實(shí)上causeandeffect因果takeeffect生效，起作用comeintoeffect生效，實(shí)行effortn.努力withouteffort毫不費(fèi)勁makeeveryeffort盡一切努力sparenoeffort不遺余力3.weighvt.稱…的重量vi.重達(dá)…，重量為…putonweightloseweightbyweightinmeters/pounds/caloriesbytheday/theweek/theyard/thedozen/theton4.competein…參與…競(jìng)賽compete+with/against…與…競(jìng)賽/競(jìng)爭(zhēng)compete+for…角逐…，為獲得…而競(jìng)賽5.Wherethereisariver,thereisacity.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Wherethereislife,thereishope.6.dosthwouldrather+(not)dosthwouldrather+dosththandosth=woulddosthratherthandosth=prefertodosthratherthandosthwouldrather+that-clause+did─表如今或?qū)?lái)wouldrather+that-clause+haddone─表過(guò)去7.dodamagetosthliveone'sdreaminruins/inpiecesunderattack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment8.almost:差距比nearly小?？膳cnever,no,noone,none,nobody,nothing,nowhere等否認(rèn)詞連用，但不能與not連用。nearly:不行與上述否認(rèn)詞連用，但可與not連用，構(gòu)成Not…nearly,意為"遠(yuǎn)非…，遠(yuǎn)不及…"二、語(yǔ)法專題──形容詞與副詞的考點(diǎn)1.形容詞與副詞的辨析：一般無(wú)規(guī)律可循，只能在于平常時(shí)多積累。我們應(yīng)留意這幾點(diǎn)：(1)分清形容詞與副詞各自的語(yǔ)法功能，即形容詞常用作定語(yǔ)，而副詞常用作狀語(yǔ)；(2)駕馭詳細(xì)的形容詞、副詞的根本含義與語(yǔ)法功能。如therefore意為"所以"，在句中起關(guān)聯(lián)作用。(3)有些副詞有兩種形式，其中一種形式與形容詞一樣，另一種形式是在形容詞后加-ly，意義不太一樣，應(yīng)加以辨別。常見的有：close接近──closely細(xì)致地，親密地；high高──highly高度地；free免費(fèi)──freely自由地，自如地；late晚，遲──lately近來(lái)；deep深──deeply深入地，深化地；near鄰近──nearly幾乎；hard努力地──hardly幾乎不；most最──mostly主要地；wide寬敞──widely廣泛地；easy沉著地──easily簡(jiǎn)單地(4)有些副詞與形容詞的詞形完全一樣。換言之，有些詞同時(shí)兼有形容詞與副詞兩種詞性。常見的有：early,straight,slow,enough,fast,hard,long,firm等。2.形容詞與副詞的詞序：(1)enough用作形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，可前可后；用作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，只能位于之后。例：enoughtime/timeenough;strongenough。(2)形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)要后置，somethingimportant。(3)as,how,so,too修飾單數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其詞序?yàn)椋篴s/how/so/too+adj.+a/an+n.，toolargearoom;howinterestingafilm;MikeisascleveraboyasTom。(4)such修飾單數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其詞序?yàn)椋簊uch+a/an+adj.+n.，suchalargeroom;但名詞前是one,some,many,all,no等修飾時(shí)，其詞序?yàn)椋簅ne/some/many/all/no+such+adj.+n.。(5)多個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的詞序?yàn)椋嚎h官行令宴國(guó)才──限定詞＋描繪性形容詞＋大小、長(zhǎng)短、凹凸等形容詞＋新舊＋顏色＋國(guó)家、地區(qū)＋材料＋用處＋被修飾名詞。限定詞包括：前位限定詞，如：倍數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)詞及all,both,half,double等；中位限定詞，如：冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、全部格及some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough,much,whose等；后位限定詞，如：基數(shù)詞，序數(shù)詞及l(fā)ittle(表示少)，few,last,next,other,another,more,less,most,several,least,plentyof等不定量代詞；限定詞的排列依次：前位＋中位＋后位＋中心詞。(6)倍數(shù)的表示法：AisntimesbiggerthanB.AisntimesasbigasAisntimesthesizeofJohnhasfivetimesasmanybooksasI(do).3.形容詞與副詞的比擬等級(jí)：(1)當(dāng)A>B時(shí)，比擬級(jí)＋than(2)當(dāng)A>B，且B包含A時(shí)Heisolderthananyoftheotherboys(=anyotherboy)inhisclass.當(dāng)A>B，但B不包含A時(shí)Heisricherthananyofthepeoplehere.I'mtallerthananystudentofyourclass.(3)比擬級(jí)＋and＋比擬級(jí)：表示自身的改變The＋比擬級(jí)，the＋比擬級(jí)：表示隨之改變。(4)"否認(rèn)詞＋謂語(yǔ)＋比擬級(jí)"相當(dāng)于最高級(jí)I'veneverseenanicerbirdthanthisone.Howbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.(5)常見的無(wú)比擬級(jí)、最高級(jí)的形容詞與副詞有：cpmparative(ly),relative(ly),particular(ly),special(ly),excellent(ly),extreme(ly),perfect(ly),complete(ly)等。(6)more+原級(jí)+than:與其說(shuō)…不如說(shuō)…。(7)可以修飾比擬級(jí)的副詞有：any,even,far,much,rather,still,yet,abit,alittle,alot,byfar,但不行加very,many,more,fairly,quite(但quitebetter除外)。4.形容詞與副詞的成分區(qū)分：(1)不能作定語(yǔ)的形容詞(大多數(shù)以a開頭)：afraid,alike,alive,alone,ashamed,asleep,awake,ill,well,若要作定語(yǔ)，則分別改用frightened,similar,living,lone,shy,sleeping,waking,sick,healthy;有時(shí)這些形容詞也可以作定語(yǔ)，但一般作后置定語(yǔ)。(2)作狀語(yǔ)一般用副詞，但有時(shí)形容詞可作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。Hehurriedhome,fulloffear./Allmenallcreatedequal.三、題型歸納──語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)境＋語(yǔ)法型單項(xiàng)填空在題干上附加一些語(yǔ)言信息，將詞法、句法等學(xué)問融入到語(yǔ)境之中，使試題語(yǔ)境化，其特點(diǎn)是：假如單獨(dú)看空白與選項(xiàng)，各個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是正確的。然而，將題干與選項(xiàng)聯(lián)絡(luò)起來(lái)考慮，就只有一個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。常見的題型有：(1)對(duì)話語(yǔ)境；運(yùn)用對(duì)話語(yǔ)境命題是高考的一種趨勢(shì)，應(yīng)當(dāng)正確理解對(duì)話雙方的語(yǔ)氣、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)，從而確定正確的選項(xiàng)；(2)句中的語(yǔ)境：有些試題選項(xiàng)中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)似乎都適用這個(gè)問題，但是，依據(jù)句子的語(yǔ)境的意義，就可推斷出只有一個(gè)是最佳答案；(3)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及語(yǔ)氣，形容詞與副詞的級(jí)。1.----WhyTom,yourshirtissodirty----Mom,I____mystoreroomdownstairs.A.cleanedB.havecleanedC.wascleaningD.havebeencleaning2.----IthinkGorgedoesn'treallycareforTVplays.----Right,____hestillwatchestheprogram.A.andB.butC.orD.so3.Ifyoucan'tcometomorrow,we'll____havetoholdthemeetingnextweek.A.yetB.evenC.ratherD.just4.I'mgoingtoBeijingtomorrow.Doyouhaveanything____toyourbrotherthereA.totakeB.tobetakenC.takenD.take5.Wearesureeverythinghere____bythetimeyoucomebackfromabroadinafewyears.A.hadchangedB.willhavechangedC.hadbeenchangedD.willhavebeenchanged6.Hello,you____323-65668.I'msorrybutI'munabletoansweryourcallrightnow.A.reachedB.arereachingC.havereachedD.hadreached7.Themeetingisnotover,andyou____notleave.A.willB.shallC.mayD.need8.HadIlearntEnglishwell,I____theinterviewforthejobtomorrow.A.wouldtakeB.wouldhavetakenC.shalltakeD.couldbetaken9.Bobis____honestboy,andhewon'ttelllies.A.mostB.themostC.amostD.verymuch10.Withthedoctor'streatment,Sallyfeels____betternow.A.veryB.fairlyC.soD.quite11.Thoughtheshipsunk,allthepeopleonher____berescued.A.couldB.shouldC.hadtoD.wereableto12.Wewillallappreciate____youcancometojoinusindevelopingmyhometown.A.thatifB.itifC.itthatD.thatwhen13.____he