湖南師范大學(xué)四六級(jí)考試備考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)十七：名詞

語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)十七：名詞（一）考綱要求 名詞應(yīng)掌握以下內(nèi)容：分清名詞的可數(shù)性與不可數(shù)性；可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)；物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞不可數(shù)但可以具體量化使用；名詞所有格和of格的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象；名詞直接作定語(yǔ)；國(guó)家名詞的正確使用；名詞詞義的區(qū)分和搭配；單位名詞的搭配；名詞前的修飾語(yǔ)so,as,quite等；time及常考點(diǎn)。（二）命題導(dǎo)向 名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名詞卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但意義與原來(lái)詞不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)有兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個(gè)和單數(shù)含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內(nèi)容。詞語(yǔ)的固定搭配及名詞作定語(yǔ)也是高考命題的注意點(diǎn)。（三）知識(shí)概要英語(yǔ)的名詞分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)。專(zhuān)有名詞是指?jìng)€(gè)人、團(tuán)體、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)或事物等所專(zhuān)有的名稱(chēng)，它的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫(xiě)。如：Einstein,Beijing,Asia等。普通名詞是指一類(lèi)人、一類(lèi)事物、某種物質(zhì)抽象概念的名稱(chēng)，可分為：個(gè)體名詞（可數(shù)，如：worker,father,book,tree,school等）；集體名詞（可數(shù)，如：people,family,class,team等）；物質(zhì)名詞（不可數(shù)，如：iron,paper,snow,water,chalk,gold等）；抽象名詞（不可數(shù)，如：life,thought,idea,strength等）。

注意：可數(shù)、不可數(shù)是英文名詞和中文名詞的一個(gè)重要差異——即學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)。而很多英語(yǔ)名詞具有雙重性。即，名詞的類(lèi)別不是固定不變的，它們會(huì)根據(jù)詞義的變化和場(chǎng)合的不同而相互轉(zhuǎn)換，其名詞類(lèi)別的轉(zhuǎn)換可歸納如下：1、個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)抽象名詞或抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)個(gè)體名詞e.g.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.（個(gè)體）我們學(xué)校離我家不遠(yuǎn)。

Schoolisoveratsix.（抽象）六點(diǎn)鐘放學(xué)。2、物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)個(gè)體名詞或個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)物質(zhì)名詞e.g.Hebrokeapieceofglass.（物質(zhì)）他打破了一塊玻璃。Hebrokeaglass.（個(gè)體）他打破了一個(gè)杯子。3、個(gè)體名詞轉(zhuǎn)專(zhuān)有名詞e.g.Hisfatherisateacher.（個(gè)體）他父親是個(gè)教師。“Whatareyoudoingthere?”Fatherasked.（專(zhuān)有）“你在那兒干什么？”父親問(wèn)道。（四）名詞的數(shù) 名詞分為可數(shù)（有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式）和不可數(shù)名詞（只有單數(shù)形式）。1、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)：①一般加s：lesson→lessons,pen→pens②以s,x,ss,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾的加es：buses,boxes,classes,watches,brushes,hero→heroes但有些以o結(jié)尾的名詞，是加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)：kilo→kilos,piano→pianos,radio→radios,photo→photos,zoo→zoos③以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的改y為i，再加es：city→cities,story→stories④以f或fe結(jié)尾的，一般將f或fe改為v，再加es：knife→knives,leaf→leaves但有些以f結(jié)尾的名詞，是在f后加s，構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式：belief→beliefs,roof→roofs,safe（保險(xiǎn)箱）→safes,proof（證據(jù)）→proofs,chief→chiefs,handkerchief→handkerchiefs2、有些名詞，不按上述規(guī)則構(gòu)成其復(fù)數(shù)形式，有以下幾種情況：①單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep②不規(guī)則變化：man→men,woman→women,goose→geese,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,child→children,mouse→mice,ox→oxen。但是，German→Germans③復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief,daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law,grown-up→grown-ups,womanteacher→womenteachers,mandriver→mendrivers3、注意以下幾個(gè)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題①物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式來(lái)表示不同的類(lèi)別,如：fishes各種魚(yú)，fruits各種水果，steels各種鋼材。②物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時(shí)，一般用表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如：acupoftea,threebagsofapples,fourpiecesofbread。③有些抽象名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的含義。如：work（工作）→works（著作），arm（手臂）→arms（軍火），glass（玻璃）→glasses（眼鏡），cloth（布）→clothes（衣服）。④定冠詞加上姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前不加冠詞，則表示若干個(gè)姓…的人。如：theWangs王家，threeWangs三個(gè)姓王的。⑤只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。如：physics,mathematics,news,theUnitedStates⑥有些名詞形似單數(shù)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如：police,people,cattle⑦有些名詞如被看作整體時(shí)就作單數(shù)用，如被看作組成該集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí)就作復(fù)數(shù)用。如：class,family,couple,audience,government,public⑧有些抽象名詞在具體化時(shí)，可以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。表示特指時(shí)，可和定冠詞連用；表示“某種”或“一次”意義時(shí)，可和不定冠詞連用。如：Howdidyousmoothawaythedifficulties?（指各種具體困難）；Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.；Whatasurprise!（五）名詞的所有格名詞的所有格在句中表示所有關(guān)系，作定語(yǔ)用。1、有生命名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加上“’”或“’s”。如：Tom’sbike,Engles’s(Engles’)works,aworks’school,Women’sDay,theeditor-in-chief’soffice2、如果一個(gè)事物為兩個(gè)人所有，只在后一個(gè)名詞的詞尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在兩個(gè)名詞的詞尾都加上“’s”。如：TomandMike’sroom.（共有），Tom’sandMike’sbooks.（不共有）。3、表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市的無(wú)生命名詞，可以在詞尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格，如：today’spapers,tenminutes’walk4、表示店鋪或某人的家時(shí)，常在名詞所有格之后省去shop,house,home。如：thetailor’s5、無(wú)生命名詞的所在格通常用of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。如：thewindowoftheroom6、表示有生命的名詞有時(shí)也可用of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，而且當(dāng)該名詞帶有較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：theteachersoftheNo.1MiddleSchool.7、雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)前的被修飾名詞通常指整體中的部分或一個(gè)，雙重所有格只能用于有生命的名詞，這個(gè)名詞是確定的。被修飾名詞前有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞或數(shù)詞等限定詞時(shí)，一般只能用雙重所有格。如：anoldfriendofmyuncle’s,adaughterofMrsGreen’s,thehouseofoneofmyfriends（六）名詞的普通格作定語(yǔ)表材料、地點(diǎn)、用途、性質(zhì)、泛指時(shí)間、整體等普通名詞可以作定語(yǔ)，一般用單數(shù)形式。e.g.stonefigures（石像）；papermoney（紙幣）；countrymusic（鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)）；tablecloth（桌布）；riverbank（河岸）；schoolgate（校門(mén)口）；bookstores（書(shū)店）；trafficlights（交通燈）；summerholidays（暑假）；eveningdress（晚禮服）。但在個(gè)別情況下，也有需用復(fù)數(shù)的。e.g.sportsmeet（運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）；theUnitedStatesgovernment（美國(guó)政府）；studentsreading-room（學(xué)生閱覽室）；goodstrain（貨車(chē)）；twomendoctors（兩個(gè)男醫(yī)生）。練習(xí)：名詞1.The____oftheroomwerecoveredwith____.A.roofs,leafs C.rooves,leafs D.rooves,leaves2.Therearethree____inourfactory. A.womandoctors C.womandoctorD.womendoctor3.Whichdoyouprefer____or____? A.potatos,tomatos B.potatos,tomatoes C.potatoes,tomatos 4.Theyare____ofdifferentpresses(出版社).Nowtheyarehavingameetinginoneofthe____office.A.editor-in-chiefs,editors-in-chief’sB.editors-in-chief,editor-in-chief’sC.editors-in-chiefs,editor’s-in-chief’5.Theanthastwo____. A.stomaches B.stomacks C.stomach B.roofs,leavesB.womendoctorsD.potatoes,tomatoesD.editors-in-chief,editors-in-chief’sD.stomachs答案6.Hedoesn’tlike____forsupper. A.chick C.chickens D.chicks7.Itwas____hotweatherthatmanyofuswentswimming.A.so C.soasD.sucha8.____wonderfulspacetheysawontheroom!A.HowB.Howa D.Whata9.Weknow____travelsnotsofastaslight.B.soundsC.thesoundsD.asound10.Myfamilyraisealotof____,includingtwo____. B.cows,cattle C.cattles,cows D.cow,cattles答案B.chickenB.suchC.WhatA.soundA.cattle,cows 11.Anumberofsoldiers____athecampgate（軍營(yíng)門(mén)口）. B.hasgathered C.is D.was12.TheBrownshavespentalarge____ofmoneyontheirnewcar.A.deal C.number D.size13.____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople’slivingstandard.A.Many B.Agreatmany D.Anumberof14.MrLishook____warmlywithafriend.A.hand B.ahand D.thehands15.Two____,please. A.coffee C.cupofcoffee D.cupscoffeeA.havegatheredB.amountC.AgreatdealofC.hands B.coffees答案16.Ican’tpayas____asheaskedfor.A.highpriceaB.highprice C.ahighprice 17.____knowledgeofspacedevelopsrapidly. B.Men’s C.Mens’ D.Person’s18.Istayedat____. B.Wang’shome C.theWangs D.homeofWang19.SisterCarrieworksina____factory. A.shoesB.shoses D.shoe’s20.Haveyoueverread____?A.todaynewspaper B.newspapertoday C.newspaperoftoday D.highapriceA.Man’sA.XiaoWang’sC.shoeD.today’snewspaper答案21.Two____walkdidn’tmademetired. A.hour B.hours C.hour’s 22.Themotheroverthereis____mother.A.JuliaandMary C.Julia’sandMary’s D.Julia’sandMary23.LiMing’shandwritingisbetterthan____intheclass.A.anyone’s B.anyoneelse C.anyone’selse’s 24.Thechildrenareplaying____onthe____.A.sand,sand B.sands,sands D.sands,sand25.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____. A.set B.one C.copy D.hours’B.JuliaandMary’sD.anyoneelse’sC.sand,sandsD.pair答案26.Tomusuallytakesa____inbusonrainydays. A.walk C.trip D.travel27.Wehaveno____aboutwhereshehasgone. B.news C.message D.flash28.Foodand____aredailynecessities（需要）forthepeople.A.cloth B.clothe C.clothes 29.My____ofhearingisnotsogoodasitusedtobe. A.strengthC.power D.skill30.The____causedbycarelessness____yesterday.Manyworkerswerekilled.A.incident,washappened B.matter,happened C.event,wastakenplace B.rideA.information D.clothingB.senseD.accident,tookplace答案31.Theroomwassoquietthatshecouldhearthe____ofherheart. B.ways C.knocking D.striking32.____hasbeentoldnottothrowwastethingsanywhere. B.People C.Women D.Man33.Hewasan____inthegovernment____.A.office,official C.officer,office D.official,officer34.Thereareseveral____inthisnovelwhoaredifferentin____.A.character,character B.characters,characters C.character,characters 35.Wevisitedhim____whenhewasinhospital.A.everyotherdays B.eachotherday D.everytwoday答案A.beatingA.Thepublic B.official,office D.characters,characterC.everyotherday36.Myfriendwillreturnin____.A.onedayortwo C.onedayortwo D.aortwodays37.____isalwaysdifficultforme. B.Translate C.Thetranslation D.Atranslation38.____ofthisnovelisexcellent,quitetomysurprise.A.Translation B.Translate D.Atranslation39.Thepolice____lookingintothematternow. A.be B.is D.aregoingto40.TheChineseare____braveandhardworkingpeople. A.the C./ D.oneB.adayortwoA.Translation C.ThetranslationC.areB.a答案41.Nonews____goodnews. B.are C.have D.has42.Mathsstill____verydifficultforme,thoughIhavedonemybest.A.looks C.is D.are43.“Where____mytrousers?”theboyasked. A.is B.was C.were 44.Howhappytheyare!Obviously,theyare____.A.innicespirits B.innicespirit D.inhighspirit45.Isawmany____seatedinthecornerreadingsomething. B.Japaneses C.ofJapanese D.ofJapanesesA.is B.seemsD.areC.inhighspiritsA.Japanese 答案46.Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.A.anadvice C.advices D.theadvices47.Weare____andtheyare____. B.Englishmen,German C.Englishmans,Germans D.Englishmen,Germen48.____aremadeof____.A.Aglass,aglass C.Theglass,theglass D.Glasses,glasses49.I’llhavetobuy____trousers. A.a B.two D.acoupleof50.Therearetwo____inourclass. A.Liu C.Liu’s D.Lius’B.adviceA.Englishmen,GermansB.Glasses,glass C.apairofB.Lius 答案51.____isneededincoldcountries.A.Alotofclothes C.Manyacloth D.Lotsofclothes52.Theyare____. A.mathematicsstudent B.mathematicstudentsC.studentsinmathematics53.Thelaboratoryassistantrecordedthe____reactions（反應(yīng)）.A.mouses’ B.mice C.mices’ 54.Thisletterwassentby____.A.myfatherfriend B.myfatherfriend’s D.afriendofmyfather55.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad____. A.alittlewhitehair B.somewhitehair C.afewwhitehair B.Muchclothing D.mathematicsstudents D.mice’sC.afriendofmyfather’s D.afewwhitehairs答案56.Ihavemade____withBilly. B.friend C.afriend D.thefriend57.ThepopulationofBeijingis____thanthatofXi’an. A.moreC.fewer D.small58.Therearethirty-two____inourschool.A.womanteacher B.womenteacher D.womanteachers59.Hehadtriedeverythingbutitmadelittle______.

A.use B.good D.result

60.Youmustgettherewithinhalfanhour.Thereshouldbeno______insendingthebloodtothedyingman.

A.wait C.time D.hurry

A.friendsB.larger C.womenteachersC.differenceB.delay答案61.Enoughofit!Nobodyherethinkswhatyouaresayingshouldmakeany______.

A.excuseC.useD.value

62.-Howdareyouplayonsuchthinice? -Playingoniceisnotmy______ofsparetime.

B.thoughtC.mindD.intention

63.HelensaidshewouldliketogotoAtlantabyair,butIwonderifshehasenoughmoneytopayforthe______.

A.travel B.tourism D.course

64.Onesplendidmountain______followedanotherduringourjourneyfromMieheelmoretoRurunz.

B.glance C.screen D.scene

65.Thenewlawwillcomeinto___onthedayitispassed.(1999上海) B.use C.service D.existenceB.senseA.ideaC.journeyA.viewA.effect答案66.Whenyouplay‘football,what______doyouplay?

A.situation B.placeC.part

67.It‘simportantforustoemployawordoraphraseaccordingtothe______inlanguagestudies.

B.expressionC.conditionD.translation

68.Iwrotehimalettertoshowmy______ofhisthoughtfulness.

A.achievement B.agreement C.view69.Oneoftheadvantagesoflivingonthetopfloorofahigh-riseisthatyoucangetagood______.

A.sight B.scene D.look

70.Nowadaysnaturalgas,windandotherformsof______arewidelyusedinthecountry.

B.forceC.powerD.materials

D.positionA.situationD.appreciation

C.viewA.energy答案答案71.______withforeigncountriescanbringusmuchinformationabouttheworld.

A.Contrast B.Competition D.Combination

72.Weallknowthat______speaklouderthanwords.A.movements B.performances C.operations 73.Wehaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto___.(NMET199738)

A.fact B.reality D.deed

74.We‘vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno____buttotakeataxi.(Met199