專題05.非謂語動詞知識梳理與精練（學(xué)生版）-2021-2022學(xué)年八年級英語暑假知識點鞏固與銜接大禮包(牛津譯林版)

非謂語動詞知識梳理與精練考點一動詞不定式1.動詞不定式的構(gòu)成動詞不定式的基本形式為:to+動詞原形,有時可以省略to,這里的to是不定式符號,本身無詞義,動詞不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)動詞原形。動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化。2.動詞不定式的基本用法用法說明例句作主語動詞不定式作主語時,常用it作形式主語,而將真正的主語放在句末,避免句子頭重腳輕TolearnEnglishwellisuseful.=isusefultolearnEnglishwell.如果要說明不定式表示的動作的執(zhí)行者,可以在不定式前加一個for短語。其結(jié)構(gòu)為It+be+adj.+forsb.+todosth.Itisgoodforyoutogooutforawalk.在以某些表示人的品質(zhì)、特征等的形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,clever,polite等)作表語時,不定式之前可以加一個of短語,用來說明動作的執(zhí)行者。其結(jié)構(gòu)為It+be+adj.+ofsb.+todosth.It’snotpoliteofhimtospeaktooldpeoplelikethat.兩個或兩個以上的動詞不定式并列時,第一個不定式帶to,后面的不定式通常省略toTogotosleepearlyandgetupearlyisagoodhabit.作賓語不定式用在及物動詞后作賓語,常見的這類及物動詞有begin,choose,continue,decide,expect,fail,forget,hate,help,hope,learn,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,promise,refuse,try,afford,agree,start,like等Ican’taffordtobuyadigitalcameraatthemoment.在find,think后跟不定式作賓語時,常用it作形式賓語,而將真正的賓語放在后面IfinditeasytoreadEnglisheveryday.在某些句型中,不定式中的to常被省略,如Whynotdo...?Whydon’tyoudo...?...hadbetterdo...,...wouldratherdo...,Could/Would/Willyoupleasedo...?Iwouldratherstayintheroom.作賓語補(bǔ)足語常接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有want,ask,tell,allow,get,wouldlike,advise,encourage等MymotherencouragesmetolearnJapanese.一些使役動詞和感官動詞也用不定式作賓補(bǔ),這時不定式要省略to。這些動詞有一感(feel)、二聽(hear,listento)、三讓(let,make,have)、四看(lookat,see,watch,notice)。但變成被動語態(tài)時必須加上toIoftenhearLiMingsinginthenextroom.動詞help后面的不定式,可以帶to,也可以不帶toYoumusthelpme(to)domyhomeworkthisafternoon.作定語作定語的不定式,要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后Ihavesomeclothestowash.如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞,且與它所修飾的詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,則作定語的不定式要加上相應(yīng)的介詞;但是,當(dāng)不定式修飾的名詞是time,place或way時,不定式后面習(xí)慣上要省略介詞Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Wehavealotofthingstotalkabout.Mygrandmahadnoplacetolive(in)intheolddays.不定式修飾something,anything,nothing時,放在它們的后面,如果something,anything,nothing有形容詞修飾,詞序是:something/anything/nothing+形容詞+不定式Ihadsomethingcoldtodrink.作狀語不定式經(jīng)常作目的狀語,可位于句首或句末Tobeagoodstudent,onemuststudyhard.和某些形容詞連用構(gòu)成“be+形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),作原因狀語Wearesorrytotroubleyou.作程度或結(jié)果狀語時,常與enough(表示肯定)或too(表示否定)連用Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Heistooyoungtogotoschool.作表語表示主語的“職業(yè)、職責(zé)或性質(zhì)”等,通常對連系動詞前面的名詞進(jìn)行解釋說明Hiswishistobeeadoctor.和疑問詞連用不定式常和疑問詞what,which,when,where,how連用,在句中作主語、賓語、表語等Hedidn’tknowwheretogo.=Hedidn’tknowwhereheshouldgo.根據(jù)提示完成句子①Ihope(find)agoodjobinaforeignpanyafterIgraduatefromschool.

②Hefoundithard(catchupwith)hisclassmates.

③Fatherasksme(notplay)putergamesbeforefinishingmyhomework.

④AllthechildrenlikeMr.Whiteverymuchbecauseheoftenmakesthem(laugh).

⑤Lethim(have)arest.Ithinkhemustbetiredafterthelongwalk.

⑥Wehavetworooms(live)in,butIcan’tdecidewhichone(choose).

考點二動名詞和分詞一、動名詞1.動名詞的構(gòu)成動名詞由“動詞原形+ing”構(gòu)成,它具有名詞的性質(zhì),在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語和定語,同時又保留了動詞的性質(zhì),可以有自己的賓語和狀語。2.動名詞的基本用法用法說明例句作主語動名詞在句中作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。有時可用it作形式主語,將用作真正主語的動名詞放在句末Swimmingisgoodforourhealth.It’sinterestingplayingwithchildren.作賓語動詞enjoy,practice,finish,mind,miss,keep,suggest,imagine,consider等后面接動名詞作賓語HersisterpracticesspeakingEnglisheveryday.某些由介詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞,如beinterestedin,beproudof,beworth,beusedto,feellike,giveup,thinkof,takepartin等之后也接動名詞作賓語WeareproudofbeingChinese.Weareusedtolivinginthiscity.作定語通常位于名詞前Theyfoundanotherhidingplace.作表語表示主語具有抽象名詞特性Seeingisbelieving.注意:①英語中有一些詞或短語后面常跟動名詞作賓語。我們可按下面的順口溜記憶:完成練習(xí)值得忙(finish,practice,beworth,bebusy)繼續(xù)習(xí)慣別放棄(keepon,beusedto,giveup)考慮建議不禁想(consider,suggest,can’thelp,feellike)喜歡思念要介意(enjoy,miss,mind)②下列短語中的to為介詞,后面應(yīng)加動名詞作賓語。makecontributionsto...為……做貢獻(xiàn)devoteoneselfto...致力于……lookforwardto...期盼……prefer...to...比起……更喜歡……③need,require,want后接動名詞等于接不定式的被動式。Theflowersneedwatering.=Theflowersneedtobewatered.根據(jù)提示完成句子①Before2020wewillfinish(build)theschools.

②Shesaysshedoesn’tfeellike(go)outwithyou.

二．知識拓展動詞后接不定式與動名詞的區(qū)別①stoptodosththinkaboutitforamoment.停下來想一下這件事。Stop,please.請停止說話。②remembertodosPleasemyletter.請記得把我的信寄走。Iyourletter.我記得把你的信寄出去了。③forgettodosImyhomework.我忘記帶作業(yè)了。Imyhomework.我忘記已經(jīng)把作業(yè)帶來了。④trPleasebetternexttime.請下次設(shè)法做得更好些。HeEnglishtous.他試著用英語和我們談話。⑤goontodostheotherexercisesafteryoufinishthisone.做完這個練習(xí)題后,接著做其他的。Hesaidnothingbutjust.他什么都不說只是不停地干活。⑥allowsbWedon’tgoout.我們不允許學(xué)生外出。Wedon’there.我們不允許在這里吸煙。⑦regrettodosIthis,butIhavenochoice.我很遺憾必須這樣做,但是我沒有選擇。IherwhatIthought.我不后悔告訴了她我的想法。⑧meantodosI,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去,但我父親不肯讓我去。Doingthattime.那樣做意味著浪費(fèi)時間。二、分詞1.分詞的構(gòu)成分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。現(xiàn)在分詞由“動詞原形+ing”構(gòu)成;過去分詞的基本形式是“動詞原形+ed”,但也有不規(guī)則的形式?，F(xiàn)在分詞有主動、進(jìn)行之意。過去分詞有被動、完成之意。2.分詞的基本用法用法例句說明作定語Doyouknowthegirlstandingunderthetree?你認(rèn)識正站在樹下面的那個女孩嗎?Pleasehandinyourwrittenexercises.請交上你們的書面練習(xí)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語,其邏輯主語是它所修飾的詞;過去分詞作定語,其邏輯賓語是它所修飾的詞作狀語Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.學(xué)生們談笑著走出了教室。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語為句子的主語作表語Thebookwasratherboring.這本書相當(dāng)枯燥乏味。Theboyistoofrightenedtomove.這個男孩太害怕了,以至于不能動了?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征,過去分詞表示某種狀態(tài)作補(bǔ)語Don’tkeepuswaitingforalongtime.不要讓我們等得太久。He’llhavehishaircutafterschool.放學(xué)后他要去理發(fā)。現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,賓語是它的邏輯主語;過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,賓語是它的邏輯賓語3.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別(1)在語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義,過去分詞表示被動意義。如:amovingfilm一部感人的電影themovedpeople被感動的人們(2)在時間上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動作,過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。如:developingcountries發(fā)展中國家developedcountries發(fā)達(dá)國家4.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)與不定式作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別我們常見的動詞如see,watch,notice,hear等,接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ),表示已經(jīng)完成了的或經(jīng)常性的動作;接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。如:Iheardhimsingingintheclassroom.我聽到他正在教室里唱歌。(“唱”這個動作正在進(jìn)行)Iheardhimsingintheclassroom.我聽到他在教室里唱歌了。(“唱”這個動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束)Isawhimgoingupthestairs.我看見他正在上樓。(“上樓”這個動作正在進(jìn)行)Isawhimgoupthestairs.我看見他上樓了。(“上樓”這個動作已經(jīng)完成)5.havesb.dosth.,havesb./sth.doingsth.和havesth.done的區(qū)別(1)havesb.dosth.意為“讓某人做某事”,have可以用let或make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具體動作,且強(qiáng)調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成或尚未發(fā)生。如:Thesoldiershadtheboystandwithhisbacktohisfather.士兵們讓這個男孩背對他的父親站著。(2)havesb./sth.doingsth.意為“讓某人/物一直做某事”。have可以用keep代替,現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)所表示的動作往往具有持續(xù)進(jìn)行的含義。如:Thetwomenhadtheirlightsburningallnightlong.那兩個男人讓燈通宵亮著。(3)havesth.done意為“讓別人做某事”,即asksb.elsetodosth.,過去分詞(done)所表示的動作由他人(非主語本身)來完成。如:Thedriverhadhiscarwashedonceaweek.這個司機(jī)一周讓人洗一次車。一.適當(dāng)形式填空(單句適當(dāng)形式)1.Hedidn’tfinish(read)thebookuntillastweek.2.Hissisterdecided(notwrite)tohimagain3.Theywillgotothestation(meet)theguests.4.Sorry,Iforgot(return)yourCDtoday.I’llgiveittoyoutomorrow.5.Maryisheard(sing)Englishsongseverymorning.6.TheremustbesomethingwrongwithmyTVset.I’llhaveit(repair).7.Noodlesaremyfavorite.ButIdon’tlike(eat)themwhenIfeelsick.8.Mr.Kingisusuallyseen(go)shoppingwithhiswife.9.Thebrokenbikeneeds(repair)atonce.10.Hepromised(send)methebillassoonaspossible.11.Shecouldn’thelp(smile)atthewords.12.Wouldyoumindmy(open)thewindows?13.It’snouse(ask)himaboutit.14.Theboykept(wait)outsidetheholeforabouttenminutes.15.Everymorningmygrandpaspendshalfanhour(water)theflowers.16.We’resomuchlookingforwardto(see)youagain.17.Icanreadmanybookseverymonth,andIthinkmostofthemareworth(read).18.Thisproblemisabithard.Letme(think)itover.19.Whocanmakethechild(stop)crying?20.Didyouhaveyourhomework(finish)?二1.Ididn’tseeyou________in.Youmusthavebeenveryquiet.A.es B.toe C.e D.havee2.—Youshoulddowhatyoucan________yourEnglish,LiMing.—OK,Iwill.Thankyou,Ms.Hu.A.improve B.toimprove C.improving D.improved3.Peoplearesupposed________handswhentheymeetforthefirsttimeinAmerica.A.shaking B.toshake C.shake4.Igotupearlythismorning________mygrandmaattheairport.A.topic