考研翻譯精講（強(qiáng)化階段）

?每個分?jǐn)?shù)段0.5分：（英語一03-61）Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironment（0.5）inwhichtheylive,（0.5）thussubjectingallotherlifeforms（0.5）totheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.（0.5）分?jǐn)?shù)段劃分的原則：?考查考生理解所給英語語言材料并將其譯成漢語的能力。要求譯文準(zhǔn)1.第四檔(13-15分)：很好地完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。理解準(zhǔn)確無誤;表2.第三檔(9-12分)：基本完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。理解基本準(zhǔn)確;表達(dá)比3.第二檔(5-8分)：未能按照要求完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。理解原文不夠4.第一檔(0-4分)：未完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。不能理解原文;表達(dá)不夠通順;文字支離破碎。2.該名男子奔跑得非常迅速。cutwheat;cutcake;cutfinger-nails怎么說話怎么寫。Anewtypeofenergywillappearinthefuture.2.名詞看語境1.直譯是指按照字面意思直接翻譯，不是按照語序直接翻譯2.語序調(diào)整集中在定語和狀語上。英語中定語位置及基本形式（前二后六）：2.后置定語：介詞詞組-ing分詞詞組-ed分詞詞組不定式形容詞詞組什么是狀語（adverbial）?1.狀語一般修飾動詞（有些修飾句子）2.狀語經(jīng)常由副詞充當(dāng)1號位和2號位為前置狀語；3號位和4號位為后置狀語Cloud:1....astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth...(1998)2....likethesunbehindacloud...(2016)3.Acloudofsmoke獨(dú)特作用：每種從句中各不相同 thatwhich,who,whom,whose,when,where,what,why,how,whetherbecause,if,before,after,while,since,as,until,till,once,assoonas,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,everytime,themoment/minute/second/instante.g.?wh-:which/who/whom/whose/when/whereThisisthebookthat/whichIboughtyester1.Thespringrain,whichboredeveryone,seemedendless.2.Lastnight,Ihadadream,inwhichIsurprisinglyfoundthatthecomingexamwasapieceofcake.2.拆分（重復(fù)先行詞）：較長，結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜1.名詞+介詞+wh-（which/whom）+完整句子=定語從句2.英語中不允許介詞+that定語從句定從（名詞+介詞+wh-+完整句子）的變形：?IwenttotheschoolinwhichmysonstudiedEnglish.?IwenttotheschoolwheremysonstudiedEnglish.?IwenttotheschoolthatSundayonwhichmysonstudiedEnglish.?IwenttotheschoolthatSundaywhenmysonstudiedEnglish.when/where引導(dǎo)定語從句的判斷：when之前有表時間的詞，where之前有表地點(diǎn)的詞，一般是定語從1.Allthehousesweredamagedseverelyinthetsunami.2.ThetwopandaswerenamedTuantuanandYuanyuanrespectivelybythemainlandChinese.3.About300,000peoplewerekilledinthetsunami.4.IhavebeentaughtEnglishcontinuouslywithoutactuallymasteringit.5.Itissupposedthat25%ofthestudentswouldbeadmittedintothegraduateschool.?Itissaidthat...?Itmaybesaidthat...?Itisbelievedthat...6.TheweatherinChangshacan’tbepredicted.被動轉(zhuǎn)主動的方法：2.動作相對性5.直接去掉“被”（首選方法）名詞從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：?wh-:which(ever),who(ever),whom(ever),what(ever),whose,how(ever),when(ever),where(ever),why,whether?其他：because/asif/asthough（表從）,if（=whether，?Whatwelearnhereinclassmightbeofgreathelptoyou.?Thatwashowaweaknationwonthevictoryoverasuperpower.?Therewasapossibilitythataseeminglyunimportantdecisioncouldleadtoalifelongregret.名詞從句的特點(diǎn)：4、翻譯時基本無需調(diào)整語序，但wh-詞要還原典型例句：1.Whatwelearnhereinclassmightbeofgreathelptoyou.2.ItmustbeadmittedthatthehighereducationinChinaistooexpensive.1.帶有正常主語從句的句子一般呈現(xiàn)出“一主兩謂”的結(jié)構(gòu)。2.形式主語只能代替從句、不定式和動名詞（動詞ing），不能代替名詞和3.形式主語翻譯時應(yīng)去掉，用真正主語代替或變成無主句1.Youdon’tknowwhichIboughtyesterday.2.Ibegintorealizethatyouareright.3.Iamlisteningtowhatyouaresaying.4.Iamafraid/surethatwecan’tcatchthetrain.1.及物動詞后的賓從可以由that和wh-引導(dǎo)，但介詞后面的賓從只能典型例句：1.HetoldmehowappealinghefoundChangsha.2.TheChinesenationregardeditasanenormoushonourthatChinacouldhostthe29thOlympiad.形式賓語的判斷：及物動詞+it+賓補(bǔ)+that/wh-/to1.形式賓語與形式主語類似，只能代替從句和不定式，不能代替名詞和代詞2.形式賓語翻譯時應(yīng)去掉，用真正的賓語替代賓補(bǔ)的判斷及翻譯方法：regard...as...expect...to...see...doing...find...donemake...do...make...possibleappoint...aposition1.賓補(bǔ)補(bǔ)充說明賓語，在語義上與賓語構(gòu)成主謂、主謂賓或主系表關(guān)系2.賓補(bǔ)一般與動詞構(gòu)成固定搭配3.賓補(bǔ)在翻譯時一般無需調(diào)整語序1.Thatwashowaweaknationwonthevictoryoverasuperpower.2.ThesituationremainsthatmostfarmersinChinaarestillpoor.1.表語從句與賓語從句及其相似，只是在動詞的種類上不同。2.表語從句中沒有形式表語。1.how+形容詞/副詞，表程度“多么”，與形容詞/副詞2.how單獨(dú)使用，表方式“如何、怎樣”，充當(dāng)狀語，,.?n.,.XiJinping,presidentofPRCallthenations,richorpoor?n.ofn./doingn.todothedutyofdefendingourcountrythedreamtobecomeapilotinternationalaffai1.ThetheorywasfirstadvancedbyStephenHawking,afamousinternationalaffai2.Thethiefwaschasedintoabuilding—thepolicestationinthisregion.3.Allthenations,richorpoor,bigorsmall,enjoyequalrightsinthe4.gossibilitythataseeminglyunimportantdecisioncouldleadtoa1.按順序翻譯，加破折號或“即”或“那就是”N+that/wh-1.Idrawaconclusionthathedidthis.2.Idrawaconclusionthatsurprisesallofus.3.Ihaveaquestionwhenhewillcomeback.4.Idon’tknowthetimewhenhewillcomeback.1.抽象名詞且有具體內(nèi)容才能帶同位語從句，如：conclusion,thought,idea,view,opinion,suggestion,demand,fact,report,story,news,message…，但任何名詞都可以帶定語從句2.同位語從句語意完整，但定語從句語意不完整。1.Thethiefranfasterthanthepolicemanandeventuallyescaped.2.FootballperhapsisthemostdisappointingsportseventinChina.3.HeisthebrightestpersonthatIhaveeverseensinceIcamehere20yearsago.4.Heisthebrightest/only/firstpersonthatIhaveeverseensinceIcamehere20yearsago.5.HeisthepersonthatIhaveeverseensinceIcamehere20yearsago.極端概念（最高級、唯一、序數(shù)詞、無意義重復(fù)）后的定語從句一般前置翻譯。that名詞從句狀語從句--wh--狀語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：inthat,nowthat,inorderthat,onconditionthat,giventhat,so...that,sothat?wh-:nomatterwhat(ever),nomatterwhose,nomatterhow(ever),nomatterwhen(ever),nowhen,where,whether,nomatterwhich(ever),nomatterwhonomatterwhat(ever),nomatterwhose,nomatterhow(ever),nomatterwhen(ever),nomatterwhere(ever),nomatterwhyimmediately,provided,matterwhere(ever),nomatterwhyimmediately,provided,themoment/instant...2.在句首或句末充當(dāng)狀語1.狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞都是邏輯關(guān)系詞，表示主從句間的邏輯關(guān)系。2.that一般需要出現(xiàn)在固定搭配中才能引導(dǎo)狀語從句1.WhiletheIndiansarelostintheirhard-to-namesuperiority,theChinesearealreadyontheirwaytoawell-offsociety.2.Theseniorcitizensdrawmoreattentionfrom