商務(wù)溝通之跨文化溝通（中英）.ppt

1、跨文化溝通,指導(dǎo)老師： 小組成員：,Chapter sixteen,Techniques of Cross-Cultural Communication 跨文化溝通技巧 Upon completing this chapter, we will be able to describe the major barriers to cross-cultural Communication and how to overcome them. 完成本章后，我們將能夠描述跨文化交際的主要障礙和如何克服這些障礙,To reach this goal, you should be able to,Expla

2、in why communicating clearly across culture is important to business. 解釋為什么跨文化溝通對(duì)商業(yè)顯然是非常重要 Define culture and explain its effects on cross-cultural communication. 定義文化和解釋跨文化溝通的影響。 Describe cultural differences in body positions and movements and use this knowledge effectively in communicating. 描述了文化

3、差異，身體姿勢(shì)和動(dòng)作,并使用這種知識(shí)的有效溝通。 Describe cultural differences in views and practices concerning time, space, odors, and such and use this knowledge effectively in communicating. 描述了文化差異的看法和做法，關(guān)于時(shí)間，空間，和氣味，并利用這一知識(shí)有效地溝通。 Explain the language equivalency problem as a cause of miscommunication 解釋語言作為等價(jià)問題造成的溝通不暢

4、 . Describe what one can do to overcome the language equivalency problem 描述人可以做什么克服語言等價(jià)問題,Cross-Cultural Communication,To introduce yourself to this chapter assume the position of assistant to the president of Thatcher-Stone and Company, a small manufacturer of computer components. Your boss, gregar

5、ious old Vernon-Thatcher, invited you to join him at a luncheon would be opened. Because Thatcher-Stones domestic sales been lagging, the company badly needs these customers. The Asian guests entered the room, bowing as introductions were made. Mr. Thatcher attempted to put them at ease. “No need to

6、 do that,” he said. “Im just plain Vernon Thatcher. Just relax and make yourself at home.” You noticed that the Asians appeared bewildered. They appeared even more bewildered when early in the meeting Mr. Thatcher made this statement: “Weve only got the lunch hour, gents. I know youll appreciate get

7、ting right down to business.” Throughout the meeting Mr. Thatcher was in his best conversational mood-laughing, backslapping, telling jokes. But none of this seemed to make an impression on the guests. They seemed confused to you. They smiled and were extremely polite, but they seemed to understand

8、little of what Mr. Thatcher was saying. Although he tried again and again to move to business talk ,they did not respond. The meeting ended pleasantly, but without a sale. “Theyre a strange people,” Mr. Thatcher commented when he got back to his office. “They have a lot to learn about doing business

9、. It doesnt look theyre going to deal with us, does it?” Mr. Thatcher was right in his last comment. They did not. As you review the meeting. You cannot help but feel that Mr. Thatcher spoiled the deal, for he failed miserably in communicating with the Asians. The fact is that there is much to know

10、about communicating in cross-cultural settings.,1. Business has become more global,Technological advances in communication, travel, and transportation have business increasingly global. This trend is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. Thus, the chances are good that you will have to com

11、municate with people from other cultures. 技術(shù)進(jìn)步，通信，旅游，和運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)日益全球化。預(yù)計(jì)這一趨勢(shì)將繼續(xù)在可預(yù)見的未來。因此，這是一個(gè)你與不同文化的人交流的好機(jī)會(huì)。,Communicate clearly with other cultures for several reasons與其他文化的溝通有以下幾個(gè)原因,A primary reason is that businesses sell their products and services both domestically and internationally一個(gè)主要的原因是，企業(yè)銷售他們

12、的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)在國內(nèi)和國際 Another reason is that in addition to being a more effective worker, you will be more efficient both within and outside your company另一個(gè)原因是，除了是一個(gè)更有效的的工作者外，你將在公司的內(nèi)部和外部更有效率 A final reason is that your attention to communicating clearly with those from other cultures will enrich your busine

13、ss and personal life 最后一個(gè)原因是，你關(guān)注同來自其他文化的的交流，這將豐富你的商業(yè)和個(gè)人的生活,Cross-cultural communication involves understanding cultural difference and overcoming language problems 跨文化溝通的通信需要了解文化差異，克服語言問題,Some Culture Definitions: 1.People learn to think, feel, believe, and act as they do because of the messages tha

14、t have been communicated to them, and those messages all bear the stamp of culture.,2.Culture is the complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward Tylor ),What four components comprise a culture? v

15、alues 價(jià)值觀 beliefs 信念 behaviors 行為 Norms 規(guī)范,Characteristics of Culture,Culture is learned 學(xué)問 Culture is unconscious潛意識(shí) Culture is shared 分享 Culture is integrated集合 Culture is Symbolic 象征 Culture is a way of life Culture is Dynamic（動(dòng)態(tài)的） Culture is Relative相對(duì)的,Cross-cultural Values,Freedom自由 Independen

16、ce 獨(dú)立 Self-reliance 自立 Equality 平等 Individualism 個(gè)人主義 Competition 競(jìng)爭(zhēng) Efficiency 有效 Time 準(zhǔn)時(shí) Directness 率直 Openness 心胸寬大,Belonging Group harmony Collectiveness Age/seniority Group consciousness Cooperation 合作 Quality 質(zhì)量 Patience 耐心 Indirectness 直接,Americans,Japanese,Cultural differences in body positi

17、ons,Challenging norms of society, challenging authority, expressing free speech. do you know some Cultural differences in body positions?,Views and Practices Concerning Factors of Human Relationships,seven major factor,time,space,odors,frankness,intimacy of relationship,values,expression of emotions

18、,A Classic Defense of Cultural Difference,The classic“ ugly American was traveling a faraway land .He had been critical of much of what he experienced the food ,the hotels, the costoms in general .One day he came up a funeral. he observed that the mourners placed food on the grave-and left it there.

19、 What a stupid practice! “ he exclaimed to his native host !Do your people actually think that the dead person will eat the food? At this point, the host had taken all the insults for one day .So he replied, Our dead will eat the food as soon as your dead smell the flowers you place on their grave.,

20、Time,In our culture , people tend to be monochroic . In some other culture ,people are poly chronic, viewing time in a more relaxed way.,Space,People from different cultures often vary in their attitudes toward space . Even people from the same culture may have different space preferences.,Odors,Peo

21、ple from different cultures may have different attituides toward dody odors.,Frankness,High-context cultures are more frank and explicit than low-context cultures.,EG: North Americans , Germans and Israelis,Intimacy of Relationships,In many cultures ,strict social classes exist,and class status dete

22、rmines how intimately people are addressed and treated in communication. How people view superior-subordinate relations can vary by culture. The role of women varies widely by culture.,Values,Each culture has different values concerning such matters as attitude toward work. Employee-employer relatio

23、ns. How employers view authority is yet another question that cultures view differently.,Expression of Emotions,Social behavior varies by culture ,such as practices concerning affection ,langhter, and emotion. Include is the degree of animation displayed. Many more such practices exist. We must reco

24、gnize them, look for them, and understand them.,Effect on Communication Techniques,Culture differences affect communication. Our communication techniques are not universally acceptable. The Indians and even the British have practices different from ours. You must modify your communications to fit th

25、e culture of your recipient.,Explain the language equivalency problem as a cause of miscommunication(語言等價(jià)問題是引起誤解的一個(gè)原因),Communication problems are caused by the existence of many languages 交流問題是由存在多種語言造成的 the people on earth use more than 3000 languages. Because few of us can learn more than one or t

26、wo other languages well, problems of miscommunication are bound to occur in international communication.,Wide differences among among languages make precisely equivalent translations difficult. 語言之間的廣泛差異使精確等效翻譯困難 One reason is： languages are based on the concepts, experiences, views ,and such of the

27、 cultures that developed them. For example: however, Italians have nearly 500 words for types of pasta(面食).,Another explanation is : Grammer and syntax(語法、語句) differences add to the difficulty. Not all languages deal with verb（動(dòng)詞）,mood(語氣),voice（語態(tài)）,and tense（時(shí)態(tài)） even the best translators often cann

28、ot find literal equivalents (字面等值)between languages Adding to the problems is : The multiple meanings of word(多重意義的詞) Run“ :to move fast; to compete for office ;a score in baseball;a break in a stocking ;a fading of colors and many more The Oxford English Dictionary uses over 15,000 words to difine

29、what, Certain of our expressions dont mean what their dictionary and grammatical structures say they mean. 我們的某些表達(dá)方式并不意味著他們的字典和語法結(jié)構(gòu)，去說他們的意思 “Business couldnt be better ” We could never be too nice to our customers Even words with the same meaning can differ in usage by culture.即使意思相同的單詞也可以用于不同的文化。 Y

30、ES,chinese yes maybe understood in English as the opposite. American-I see you dont agree with this clause Chinese-yes,meaningYes,you are right I dont agree with the clause(條款),overcome By knowing languages well and by questioning,aware that translation problems exist to ask questions to probe to de

31、termine what the other person understand,Cross-cultural communication involves understanding cultural difference and overcoming language problems 跨文化溝通的通信需要了解文化差異，克服語言問題,A GENERAL SUGGESTION FOR COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES 關(guān)于跨文化溝通的一些建議,In addition to the specific suggestions for improving your com

32、munication in English with nonnative English speakers, you should follow one general suggestion: Write or talk simply and clearly.,簡(jiǎn)單而清楚地寫或談 語速緩慢，闡述每個(gè)字,（1）.Remember that because most nonnative speakers learned English in school, they are acquainted mainly with primary dictionary meanings and are not

33、 likely to understand slang words or shades of difference in the meanings we give words.,大多數(shù)外國人在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)英語，不容易理解我們具體 某句話中詞匯的含義，更不容易理解俚語。,They will understand you better if you avoid these pitfalls. In the words of two highly regarded scholars in the field, you should “educate yourself in the use of Simp

34、lified English.”,避免以上的錯(cuò)誤，盡量用簡(jiǎn)單的英語與初學(xué)者交流,（2）You also will communicate better if you carefully word your questions.,避免提出“雙問題” 避免回答“是否”的問題 避免提出“負(fù)面問題” 使用開放性的問題,careful,1 Be sure your questions are not double questions. 2 avoid the yes/no question that some cultures may have difficulty answering directly

35、. 3avoid negative questions 4Use more open-ended questions,Be,Do you want to go to dinner now or wait until after the rush hour is over? () Arent you going to dinner? () When should you like to go to dinner? (),(3) try to check and clarify your communication through continuous confirmation. 試著不斷檢查和闡

36、明你的溝通方式。,Summarizing in writing also is a good idea, and todays technology enables parties to do this on the spot. It allows you to be certain you have conveyed your message and received theirs accurately.,書面總結(jié)是一個(gè)好主意，也是在今天的技術(shù)水平下很容易做到的。這可以使我們準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)和收到信息而不至于造成誤解。,即使同根同源的英美文化，語言也有所不同,Example:,a billion

37、1000000000 100000000000 (U.S.A) (U.K),Continually checking for meaning and using written summaries can help ensure the accuracy of the communication process.,不斷檢查含義和使用書面摘要可確保溝通中的準(zhǔn)確性。,1. Explain why communicating clearly across culture is important to business解釋為什么跨文化茍同在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中是重要的,business are becomin

38、g increasingly global in their operations。務(wù)正變得日益全球化的業(yè)務(wù)。 being able to communicate across cultures is necessary in these operations。能夠跨文化交際是必要的，這些行動(dòng) specifically ,it helps in gaining additional business ,in hiring good people具體來說，它有助于獲得更多的業(yè)務(wù)，雇用的人,2.Define culture and explain its effects on crosscultu

39、re communication 跨文化溝通的定義和解釋,culture may be defined as “the way of life of a group of a people ” 文化可以定義為：一群人的生活方式 Cultures differ 文化差異 People tend to view the practices of their culture as their culture as right and those of other cultures as peculiar or wrong. 人們往往認(rèn)為他們的文化中的一些做法是正確的，而其他人的文化中的一些做法是奇怪

40、的或是錯(cuò)誤的 These views cause miscommunication . 這些意見引起誤解。,3.describe culture differences body positions and movements and use this knowledge effectively in communicating描述文化差異的身體姿勢(shì)和動(dòng)作和使用這種知識(shí)的有效溝通,Variations in how people of different cultures use body positions and body movements is a cause of miscommun

41、ication 不同的身體語言和動(dòng)作是如何在不同的文化間引起誤解的 How people walk ,gesture smile and such varies from culture to culture 不同文化間，人們是如何走路，微笑有如何的不同 When people from different culture attempt to communicate ,each may not understand the others body movements 當(dāng)不同種群的人們努力的進(jìn)行文化交流的時(shí)候，你可能并不了解對(duì)方的身體語言,4.Describe culture differen

42、ces in views and practices concerning time space ,orders and such and use this knowledge effectively in communicating,people in different cultures differ in their ways of relating to people 不同文化種群的人和別人聯(lián)系的方式也不一樣 Specially, they differ in their practices and thinking concerning time ,space ,odors fran