2018屆高考英語(yǔ)閱讀主旨大意題).ppt

1、主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目，因?yàn)樵擃愒囶}不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求，文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類，即標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。,典例,If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to

2、 the vast number of nocturnal(夜間活動(dòng)的) species on this planet.Instead，we are diurnal creatures，with eyes adapted to living in the suns light.,(2015浙江，C片段),This is a basic evolutionary fact，even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings.Yet its the only way to explain what weve done t

3、o the night：Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.,54.What might be the best title for the passage?( ) A.The Magic Light B.The Orange Haze C.The Disappearing Night D.The Rhythms of Nature,解析,解析標(biāo)題歸納題。整篇文章都在說明光污染給生物帶來的巨大影響，本來是寧?kù)o、舒適的夜晚也被人類設(shè)計(jì)的燈光所影響。所以，標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是The Disappearing Night。,（20

4、14陜西）Are you going to high school to go on with your study? What will you do if you cant? Dont worry. Vocational (職業(yè)的) schools are open for you because our country is in need of people with special skills.,Compared with common high schools, vocational schools have more advantages. Firstly, in order

5、to promote (促進(jìn)) the development of vocational education, our country spends a lot of money on it. So you need to pay only a small part of the school fee (學(xué)費(fèi)). Secondly, in here you have already started learning practical skills that you can use all your life.,But some other students may still worry

6、about how to spend the long three years at high schools. Why? Because they didnt choose the school that suits (適合) them. And finally, when they are still wondering where to go, you are already able to live on your own hands proudly. And perhaps it wont be long before you are on the road to success.,

7、People take different roads because they have different potentials (潛力). So different students should choose different schools. Go to high school if you think that you can go farther on that road. Choose a key high school if you are lucky enough to have the chance. Enter a vocational school if you a

8、re interested in the lessons there and you are better at making things with your hands.,In a word, think carefully and see what kind of person you are. Remember, always choose things that suit you.,49. What can we learn from the passage? A. People should take the same road. B. Key high school studen

9、ts must be good at making things. C. Clever students are better at using their hands. D. We should choose things that suit us.,50. This passage is written to. A. advise some students to choose vocational schools B. talk about the advantages of common high schools C. discuss how to divide students in

10、to different groups D. compare different schools,(2016浙江，C片段) Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists hav

11、e suggested that science as an effort the desire to explore, explain, and understand our worldis simply something that comes from our babyhood.,Perhaps evolution(進(jìn)化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same dri

12、ve that served them as children.The same cognitive(認(rèn)知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”,Q：What is the

13、 main idea of the last paragraph? AThe world may be more clearly explained through childrens play. BStudying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science. CChildren may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. DOnes drive for scientific research may become stronger as

14、he grows.,解題思路 第一步讀本段文字，試找出本段的主題句，并標(biāo)出能總結(jié)段落大意的關(guān)鍵詞 Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. 第二步根據(jù)該題選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)以及找到的主題句選B,A,I hate Black Friday sales. Its often a gathering of people who are

15、there for many different reasons. Some are looking for a deal on that one item for their loved one, or perhaps themselves. Their intentions are completely unrelated to the festive time of the year.,It was several years ago when my wife asked me to meet her at the local department store on Black Frid

16、ay morning. They had advertised a childs bike that she wanted to purchase for our son. We stood with a very large crowd, waiting for the manager to blow the whistle.,After a while the whistle blew. It was like throwing a bucket of small fish into a tank of sharks. I told my wife that if we obtained

17、a bike, fine, but if we did not, I was OK with that too.,As the pile of bikes began to gradually decrease in size, I saw my polite opportunity to wrap my hands around the corner of one of the boxes. I lifted it up and suddenly felt some mild resistance. I looked up to see one of the largest gentleme

18、n I had ever seen in my life.,Frightening was not the word to describe his presence. He wore lots of belts of metal studded leather around both arms and even his neck. Tattoos (文身) were an obvious passion of his.,I started to give up the box but he gently pushed it back in my direction and back into

19、 my hands. He then directed it into my shopping cart. He looked at me, smiled, and said, “Merry Christmas.” My wife and I went to the checkout, paid for the bike and went home.,All the way home I was thinking that this moment was by far the best gift I had ever received for Christmas. The kindness o

20、f a stranger broke all preconceived notions (預(yù)想) I may have had of stereotypes and prejudices.,解析：B考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“I told my wife that if we obtained a bike, fine, but if we did not, I was OK with that too”可知作者進(jìn)入商店時(shí)已經(jīng)做好了買不到自行車的打算，故選B項(xiàng)。 干擾項(xiàng)分析：根據(jù)第二段中的“It was like throwing a bucket of small fish into a

21、tank of sharks”可知，它就好比往鯊魚池里扔一桶小魚一樣,因此crowd應(yīng)是被比作鯊魚，而不是小魚，故排除A項(xiàng)；,2What happened when the author was buying the bike? AHe was scared by a mans look at first. BA gentleman bought the bike for him. CA stranger helped him lift the box. DHe gave up the bike he first touched.,解析：A考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段的“I looked up t

22、o see one of the largest gentlemen I had ever seen in my life. Frightening was not the word to describe his presence”可知，“嚇人”這個(gè)詞已經(jīng)不足以形容這個(gè)人地出現(xiàn)了。故選A項(xiàng)。,解析：D考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中對(duì)陌生人的描寫可知，作者一開始因陌生人的外表而覺得他是個(gè)可怕的人；根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容可知，陌生人把盒子讓給了作者，作者由此發(fā)出感慨“The kindness of a stranger broke all preconceived notions (預(yù)想) I may h

23、ave had of stereotypes and prejudices”，即陌生人的善意打破了作者對(duì)他人的偏見，讓作者知道不能以貌取人。,解析：C考查主旨要義。文章講述了作者和妻子為兒子買自行車作為圣誕禮物時(shí)受到了陌生人的幫助的故事，作者認(rèn)為那一時(shí)刻是他收到過的最好的圣誕節(jié)禮物。故C項(xiàng)作標(biāo)題最佳。,(2017湖南省部分重點(diǎn)中學(xué)考前演練),Its well known to car drivers that red means “stop”， green means “go”， and yellow means “hurry up and make that damn light”. Why

24、 those colors, though? The answer lies in the fact that the earliest traffic signals were designed for trains, not cars. They were red and green, gaspowered, and more than a little dangerous in the event of a leak.,Red is an inherited (繼承的) symbol from railroads, which symbolizes danger in many cult

25、ures. As red has a longer wavelength than any other color on the visible spectrum (光譜), it can be seen from a greater distance than other colors. Red has meant “stop” since long before cars existed, with train signals use of red dating back to the days when mechanical arms lifted and lowered to indi

26、cate whether the rail ahead was clear.,Greens wavelength is next to yellows on the visible spectrum, meaning its still easier to see than any color other than red and yellow. Back in the early days of railway lights, green meant “caution”， while the “allclear” light was, well, clear or white. It is

27、said that several disastrous collisions happened after an engineer mistook stars in the night for an allclear. Thus, green became “go”， and for a long time, railways used only green and red to signal trains.,From the earliest days of motoring up until the mid1900s, not all stop signs were red many w

28、ere yellow, because at night it was all but impossible to see a red stop sign in a poorly lit area. In 1915 the yellow stopsign craze began in Detroit, a city that five years later installed its first electric traffic signal, which happened to include the very first yellow traffic light.,But what of

29、 those mysterious yellow stop signs? As materials and technologies evolved, the ability to produce highly reflective signs meant that red could resume its natural spot in the sign hierarchy, leaving the stillhighlyvisible yellow to the domain (領(lǐng)域) of“caution”. Thats why school zones and buses, cross

30、walks, and other important warnings are yellow today.,【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說明文。我們都知道“紅燈停，綠燈行，黃燈亮了快點(diǎn)走”的交通規(guī)則，但交通信號(hào)燈為什么是紅、黃、綠三種顏色呢？本文主要介紹了交通信號(hào)燈的起源和發(fā)展。 5What were traffic lights originally intended for? ATrains.BCars. CPlanes. DShips.,解析：A考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“The answer lies in the fact that the earliest traffic signal

31、s were designed for trains, not cars”可知，最初，交通信號(hào)燈是為火車而不是汽車的通行而設(shè)計(jì)的。故選A。,6Whats the main reason for reds long being used to mean “stop”？ AIt can be seen even in dark areas. BIt represents danger in many cultures. CIt has the longest wavelength. DPeople prefer red to other colors.,解析：C考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“As

32、red has a longer wavelength than any other color on the visible spectrum (光譜), it can be seen from a greater distance than other colors”可知，由于紅色在可見光譜中波長(zhǎng)最長(zhǎng)，因此可視距離要比其他顏色更遠(yuǎn)，這也是其能長(zhǎng)期被用作表示“停止”的交通信號(hào)的原因。故選C。,7Which of the following may the author agree with? A. The meaning of red is culturespecific. BYellow

33、functioned as stop signs in the 1900s. CGreens wavelength is just second to that of red. DGreens role in lights has changed over time.,解析：D考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容尤其是“green meant caution” “green became go”可知，隨著時(shí)間的變化，綠色在交通信號(hào)燈中所扮演的角色也發(fā)生了巨大的變化。故選D。,8What does the passage mainly talk about? AThe significance of

34、road traffic signs. BThe history of railroad transportation. CThe symbolic meaning of different colors. DThe origin and development of traffic lights.,解析：D考查主旨要義。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講述了交通信號(hào)燈的起源與發(fā)展，并解釋了這三種顏色(紅、黃、綠)的物理性質(zhì)及為什么會(huì)被用作交通信號(hào)燈。故D項(xiàng)最為全面地概括了文章的主要內(nèi)容。,(2017甘肅第一次診斷),The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics is shared

35、 by three scientists, the Royal Academy of Sciences announced in Stockholm on Tuesday. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 was divided, with one half awarded to David J. Thouless, the other half to F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz “for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitio

36、ns and topological phases of matter (物質(zhì)拓?fù)湎嘧兒屯負(fù)湎?”,Haldane said he was “very surprised” at the news, adding that he was glad that their discoveries found something previously unnoticed by many, and that they revealed “more possibilities for looking for new materials.” He particularly pointed out that

37、 a lot of work was still ongoing.,The years prize amount is 8 million Swedish krona, and will be split properly between the three winners. The winners are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded. The amount of prize money depends u

38、pon how much money the Nobel Foundation (基金會(huì)) can award each year.,The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880,000 SEK per prize. In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK. In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK. If there are two winners of a particular prize, t

39、he award money is divided equally between the winners.,If there are two winners of a particular prize, the award money is divided equally between the winners. If there are three, the awarding committee can choose to divide the money equally, or award onehalf to one winner and onequarter to each of the others