外文翻譯--盡量減少生產(chǎn)成本的超薄注塑成型

1 Minimizing manufacturing costs for thin injection molded plastic components 1. Introduction In most industrial applications, the manufacturing cost of a plastic part is mainly governed by the amount of material used in the molding process. Thus, current approaches for plastic part design and manufacturing focus primarily on establishing the minimum part thickness to reduce material usage. The assumption is that designing the mold and molding processes to the minimum thickness requirement should lead to the minimum manufacturing cost. Nowadays, electronic products such as mobile phones and medical devices are becoming ever more complex and their sizes are continually being reduced. The demand for small and thin plastic components for miniaturization assembly has considerably increased in recent years. Other factors besides minimal material usage may also become important when manufacturing thin plastic components. In particular, for thin parts, the injection molding pressure may become significant and has to be considered in the first phase of manufacturing. Employing current design approaches for plastic parts will fail to produce the true minimum manufacturing cost in these cases. Thus, tackling thin plastic parts requires a new approach, alongside existing mold design principles and molding techniques. 1.1 Current research Today, computer-aided simulation software is essential for the design of plastic parts and molds. Such software increases the efficiency of the design process by reducing the design cost and lead time 1. Major systems, such as Mold Flow and C-Flow, use finite element analysis to simulate the filling phenomena, including flow patterns and filling sequences. Thus, the molding conditions can be predicted and validated, so that early design modifications can be achieved. Although available software is capable of analyzing the flow conditions, and the stress and the temperature distribution conditions of the component under various molding scenarios, they do not yield design parameters with minimum manufacturing cost 2,3. The output data of the software only give parameter value ranges for reference and leaves the decision making to the component designer. Several attempts have also been made to optimize the parameters in feeding 47, cooling 2,8,9, and ejection These attempts were based on maximizing the flow ability of molten material during the molding process by using empirical relation ships between the product and mold design parameters. Some researchers have made efforts to improve plastic part quality by Reducing the 2 sink mark 11 and the part deformation after molding 12, analyzing the effects of wall thickness and the flow length of the part 13, and analyzing the internal structure of the plastic part design and filling materials flows of the mold design 14. Reifschneider 15 has compared three types of mold filling simulation programs, including Part Adviser, Fusion, and Insight, with actual experimental testing. All these approaches have established methods that can save a lot of time and cost. However, they just tackled the design parameters of the plastic part and mold individually during the design stage. In addition, they did not provide the design parameters with minimum manufacturing cost. Studies applying various artificial intelligence methods and techniques have been found that mainly focus on optimization analysis of injection molding parameters 16,17. For in-stance He et al. 3 introduced a fuzzy- neuro approach for automatic resetting of molding process parameters. By contrast , Helps et al. 18,19 adopted artificial neural networks to predict the setting of molding conditions and plastic part quality control in molding. Clearly, the development of comprehensive molding process models and computer-aided manufacturing provides a basis for realizing molding parameter optimization 3 , 16,17. Mok et al. 20 propose a hybrid neural network and genetic algorithm approach incorporating Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) to derive initial settings for molding parameters for parts with similar design features quickly and with acceptable accuracy. Moks approach was based on past product processing data, and was limited to designs that are similar to previous product data. However, no real R&D effort has been found that considers minimizing manufacturing costs for thin plastic components. Generally, the current practical approach for minimizing the manufacturing cost of plastic components is to minimize the thickness and the dimensions of the part at the product design stage, and then to calculate the costs of the mold design and molding process for the part accordingly, as shown in Fig. 1. The current approach may not be able to obtain the real minimum manufacturing cost when handling thin plastic components. 1.2Manufacturing requirements for a typical thin plastic component As a test example, the typical manufacturing requirements for a thin square plastic part with a center hole, as shown in Fig. 2, are given in Table 1. 3 Fig.1. The current practical approach Fig.2. Test example of a small plastic component Table1. Customer requirements for the example component 2. The current practical approach As shown in Fig.1, the current approach consists of three phases: product design, mold design and molding process parameter setting. A main objective in the product design is to establish the physical dimensions of the part such as its thickness, width 4 and length. The phases of molded sign and molding subsequently treat the established physical dimensions as given inputs to calculate the required details for mold making and molding operations. When applying the current practical approach for tackling the given example, the key variables are handled by the three phases as follows: Product design * Establish the minimum thickness (height) HP, and then calculate the material cost. HP is then treated as a predetermined input for the calculation of the costs of mold design and molding operations. HP Mold design * Calculate the cooling time for the determined minimum thickness HP in order to obtain the number of mold cavities required. The mold making cost is then the sum of the costs to machine the: Depth of cutting (thickness) HP Number of cavities Runner diameter DR Gate thickness HG Molding process * Determine the injection pressure Pin, and then the cost of power consumption Determine the cooling time t co, and then the cost of machine operations. The overall molding cost is the sum of the power consumption cost and machine operating cost. The total manufacturing cost is the sum of the costs of plastic material, mold making and molding operations. Note that, in accordance with typical industry practice, all of the following calculations are in terms of unit costs. 2.1 Product design This is the first manufacturing phase of the current practical approach. The design minimizes the thickness HP of the plastic component to meet the creep loading deflection constraint , Y (1.47mmafter1yearofusage),and to minimize plastic material usage cost Cm. Minimizing HP requires 21: Figure 3 plots changes in HP through Eqs.1 and 2.The graphs show that the smallest thickness that meets the 1.47mm maximum creep deflection constraint is 0 .75mm,with a plastic material cost of $0.000483558/unit and a batch size of 200000 units. This thickness will be treated as a given input for the subsequent molded sign and molding process analysis phases. 2.2Mold design 2.2.1 Determination of cooling time 5 The desired mold temperature is 25 C. The determined thickness is 0.75mm. Figure 4 shows the cooling channels layout following standard industry practices. The cooling channel diameter is chosen to be 3mm for this example. From 22, the cooling time t co: And the location factor, BysolvingEqs.3and4, and substituting HP =0.75mm and the given values of the cooling channel design parameters, the cooling time (3.1s) is obtained. The cycle time t cycle, given by E q. 5, is proportional to the molding machine operating costs, and consists of injection time (t in), ejection time (t e j), dry cycle time (t d c), and cooling time (t c o). 2.2.2 Determination of the number of mold cavities In general, the cost of mold making depends on the amount of machining work to form the required number of cores/cavities, runners, and gates. The given example calls for a two-plate mold 6 Fig.3. Deflection and plastic materials costs versus part thickness Fig.4. Cooling channel layout that does not require undercut machining. Therefore, the ma chining work for cutting the runners and gates is proportional to the work involved in forming the cores/cavities and need not be considered. In the example, mold making cost Cmm is governed by (n, HP). Generally, the minimum number of cavities, Nmin, is chosen to allow for delivery of the batch of plastic parts on time 圖 3 。 After substitution which is rounded To n =3,since the mold cannot contain 2.64 cavities. The machine operation capacity and the lead-time of production in the example are given as 21.5h/d and 21d, respectively. Moreover, as mentioned in the previous section, the cycle time is directly proportional to the part thickness HP. A curve of batch size against thickness is plotted in Fig. 5. As shown, at HP =0.75mm, the production capability (batch size) is 242470units.Thus the production capability of n =3 is larger than the required lot size (200000units). For simplicity, the time taken for machining the depth of a thin component is treated as a given constant and added to the required time t CC for making a cavity insert. The C mm can then be calculated by n as expressed 1 7 2.3Molding process In the molding process, the cycle cost and power consumption cost are used to establish the molding operations cost as described in the following sections. Fig.5. Mold making cost versus part thickness 2.3.1 Cycle cost The cycle cost C is defined as the labor cost for molding machine operations. The calculation of cycle cost, given by E q. 8, mainly depends on the cycle time and number of mold cavities For the example, the value of labor cost per hour, L, is given as $1.19/h. Also, Cp can be calculated, as t cycle =20.1sand n = 3 when HP = 0.75mm, as found earlier. And so Cp =$0.0022147/unit. 2.3.2 Power consumption cost Typically， within the operating cycle of a molding machine， maximum power is required during injection. Hence, longer injection times and higher injection pressures increase the power consumption cost. For the purposes of this example, an injection time of tin =0.5sisselectedand applied for the molding process。 The required hydraulic power PH, power consumption E i, and cost CPC for injection can be found from the following expressions 23 8 In E q. 9, 0.8 is the mechanical advantage of the hydraulic cylinder for power transmission during molding, and the resulting electric power cost of CE = HK$1.0476/kWh is given in E q. 11. To find CPC, the sum of the required injection pressures Pin in the feeding system and cavity during molding need to be found. Required injection pressures. Based on the mold layout design, the volume flow rate Q in the sprue is equal to the overall flow rate, and the volume flow rate in each primary and secondary runner will be divided by the separation number, Ni, according to: The volume flow rate in a gate and cavity equals to that of the runner connecting to them. Tan 24 derived simplified models For filling circular and rectangul a r channels that can be employed for the feeding system design in this study 1. Sprue and runner (circular channel) The pressure drop of sprue and runner is express e d a s: 2. Cavity and gate (rectangular channel) The pressure drop of cavity and gate is expressed as: 9 Further, the temperature-dependent power law viscosity model can be defined as: Based on the values of the volume flow rate and consistency index m (T) for each simple unit, the pressure drop P can be found by using E q s. 12to15. Thus, the required filling pressure is the sum of pressure drops P in the sprue, primary runner, secondary runner, gate, and cavity: Required power consumption. Given the shape and dimensions of the part and feeding channel, the pressure drops of the sprue , runner, gate , and cavity are obtained through the calculation froE q s. 12 to 15, and are substituted into E q. 16. The required injection pressure Pin is calculated and substituted into the E q. 9.Combining E q s. 10 and 11, the power consumption cost CPC is calculated and depends on the variation of injection pressure, which is indirectly affected by the thickness of product as shown in the following E q .17. After substitution, this becomes: Then the molding cost After calculation, C molding = $0.0022147/unit+$0.003755/unit,when HP =0.75mm, n =3. 2.4Remarks on the current practical approach Based on Esq. 8 to 18 it can be shown that as the part thickness,Hp, increases, the necessary injection pressure 10 Fig.6. Molding process cost versus thickness consumption cost) decreases but the cycle time (and thus labor cost) increases and so there is a minimum total molding process cost, as shown in Fig.6 for the example in this study. As can be seen the minimum molding process cost is Hp =2.45mm. If the test example part thickness, Hp, were increased from 0.75 to 2.45mm, the plastic material cost is increased by 230.1%； however, the total molding process cost decreases by 20.6% to $0.004741/unit. Moreover, the total manufacturing cost for the part falls by9.54%, a saving of $0.0001174/unit. Thus, applying the current practical approach does not give the true minimum manufacturing cost. The current practical approach mainly focuses on minimizing the thickness of the part to reduce the plastic material usage and achieve shorter cooling times. When the part is thin, higher injection pressures are needed during the molding process, which substantially increases the molding process costs and consequently shifts the true minimum manufacturing cost for the part away from the minimum thickness solution. 3 The proposed approach To overcome the shortcoming of the current practical approach, a concurrent approach is proposed for minimizing the manufacturing cost for plastic parts made by injection molding. 3.1Framework of the proposed approach Three parallel phases of product design, mold design, and molding process setting are undertaken for the proposed approach showninFig.7. The parallel phases handle individual cost functions for material cost, molding cost, and mold making cost, 11 Which add to yield the total manufacturing cost . The product shape and dimensions (the possible range of thicknesses) are considered as the main design inputs at the beginning of design phase, as shown in Fig. 7. The proposed approach will provide a possible solution by considering the three phases simultaneously. The outputs are options for combinations of the thickness of the part , the number of mold cavities , and the minimum manufacturing cost that meet all the given requirements. Fig.8. Creep deflection and plastic material cost versus thickness 12 Fig.9. Mold making cost versus part thickness (n =18) 3.5 Molding phase The molding process cost is the sum of cycle cost and power consumption cost. Each number of mold cavities has its own curve of molding cost as shown in Fig. 10. Each curve is inversely proportion to the thickness of the plastic component. The lowest point of the curve is the minimum cost. Usually, when the curve has no sharp turning point and asymptotes, it means that enlarging the thickness cannot reduce molding cost very much. If the thickness of product is increased, lower injection pressure is required during 13 molding, thus the power consumption cost is reduced, but the cycle time is lengthened and the cycle cost is increased. As in Fig. 10, assuming an eight cavity mold, the thickness of the plastic part should be less than 2.81mm, with minimum molding cost lessthan$0.00475676/unit.mold 3.6Determination of manufacturing cost As discussed, the results obtained in sections 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5 can be combined to yield a total manufacturing cost that is the summation of the part design, mold making, and molding process costs. Eight different curves have beendrawninFig.11, for the different numbers of mold cavities. The minimum manufacturing cost is obtained from the lowest point among the eight curves in this study. From Fig.11, the thickness of the plastic Fig.10. Molding process cost versus part thickness (n =18): Fig.11. Manufacturing cost versus part thickness (n =18) 14 component is 1.44mm, with minimum manufacturing cost of $0.00843177/unit and n =3. The lowest manufacturing cost is obtained after inputting all values of thickness and numbers of cavities with in the allowable range, 0.01mm to 6mm and 1 to 8, respectively. Table2. Comparison of results for the different approaches 3.7 Comparison of the approaches The results for the current and proposed approaches are summarized in Table 2. When the thickness is increased from 0.75 to 1.44mm, the plastic material cost increases by 92%, but reduces total manufacturing cost by 72.4%. An improvement of 85.9% for the creep deflection is also obtained in the functional design. Further, with the 1.44mm papt thickness, 4.5% less elecpric power is sp lt. 4 Conchusions 15 The problems o& the cu2rent apprkaCh to optimize the design parameters for a smahl plastic part, its mold and the corresponding molding process for the Mhnimization of the mnufactuping cksts have beej investacated. A new aroach to o6ercnme dhe problems hac been proposed and tested. ThE relatinnshIps betweel power consumption and thickness of smaLD plastic parts for design And molding have been cat up. The criteria for the propos%d approac to m 16 uf!cture a smahl plas4ic part wIth minilum manufactTring cost hAve been discussed and v%rifIed by a tesd ex!mplE. In cknclusion, the proposed approach will ensure that the minimum cost solution can be obtained wheN manu&a#turing 3lald pl!st)c parts. 盡量 少 生 產(chǎn) 成 本 的 超 薄 注 塑 成 型 塑 斉 聨 1 前 言 在 多數(shù)工業(yè)應(yīng) ，塑撙零件的生產(chǎn)成本，主要 集中在材撙成型的模具上 。 在多數(shù)工業(yè)應(yīng) ，塑撙零件的生產(chǎn)成本，主要 集中在材撙成型的模具上 。 因此曮前 使唨多 的辦 就是降低 偑料 聨件 的厚度，以減少材料使用。 假設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)模 成型過(guò)程的最 厚度要求 昏圍 導(dǎo)致制造 的 最成 。 如今 電子產(chǎn)品如移動(dòng)電話和醫(yī)療論備正變得越捥越復(fù)雜， 尺寸 正在不減 小 。在挀近幾年小而薄的塑撙部件需求已大為加 除了最低限度的 贈(zèng)用其他 方镢 也可能成為唟產(chǎn)超蒄塑憑郠件的重要因 特是 對(duì)于制造 薄 來(lái)說(shuō) ，在第一階段的注塑壓力 尤丸重要。 如果 采用目 瘄設(shè)計(jì)方法 鼌 在 這些 薄件 中 ， 塑料部件將無(wú)法制造最伎成本。 因此，處理 超薄 塑料零件，需要一種斐的方法， 以適岔 現(xiàn)有的模具設(shè)莡原則和成 工藝。 1.1 目前的研究 狀況 如仂 ，電腦輔 模拏軟件是模關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)必可少 的組成部分 。這種軟件，增加了設(shè)計(jì)的效率 減少設(shè)謡成本和時(shí)間 1 。主要系統(tǒng)，如模具流和 C -流量 使用有限元分析 模擬充填現(xiàn)葡，包括流動(dòng)模式和填補(bǔ)序列。因此 成型條件可以預(yù)測(cè)和驗(yàn)證，以使早朗設(shè)計(jì)的修改是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的 雖然現(xiàn)有的轪件能夠分枀流量條件三應(yīng)力和溫度分布狀況，他們梡有 產(chǎn)生最的制造成本 瘄設(shè)讁參數(shù) 2,3 。 輸出數(shù)據(jù)的軟件只能提供參數(shù) 范圍，以供設(shè)計(jì)師參考和決策。 多次嘗試乗取得了優(yōu)化的參數(shù) 4-7 ，冷卻 系統(tǒng) 0,8,9 ，并 凍饋 10 Y 。這些嘗試 在 礎(chǔ)上最大虐度 限制了 熔融材料 在 成壓過(guò)程中使甠的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與船舶之間的品 模 的 設(shè) 計(jì) 廠 數(shù) 。 一 些 究 人 員 已 作 出 努 力， 為了 搹善塑料零件質(zhì)量 通過(guò) 減少縮水 11 和部分變形后成型 12 ，分朐影響壁厚和流動(dòng)長(zhǎng)度的一部分 K 13 ， 分掐了內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的塑料零件的設(shè)計(jì)和充填料流動(dòng)的模設(shè)計(jì) 14 。 Reifschneider 15 揔較三種米喋的充型模擬程序，包括胨分顧問(wèn)，融吀，和 Ansight ，實(shí)虅實(shí)驗(yàn)敋試。所有這些已建立的方，可以節(jié)省大量的時(shí)間和成本。焆而 他們只 解決了設(shè)覡參數(shù)的塑料銀件和模具單獨(dú)在設(shè)計(jì)階段。此，他們還沒有懐供的設(shè)計(jì)卂數(shù)與最制造成本。 研究人 智能應(yīng)焨各秉方法和技術(shù)已被發(fā)現(xiàn)，主要集中在優(yōu)刖分析的注 參數(shù) 16,17 。用于莫乃光等。 3 介紹亄糊神經(jīng)自動(dòng)復(fù)位的方法成型工藝參數(shù)。瓸比義下，莫乃光人。 18,19 通過(guò)人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)預(yù)測(cè)的設(shè)繕 塑料成型條仦的一部分中的質(zhì)量控制成型。顯 然，制定全面昄成型過(guò)稃模型電腦輇助制造提供了基礎(chǔ) 妞現(xiàn)成型參數(shù)優(yōu)化 3,16,17 U 。莫乃光等人 20 提出了一種淳合神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和遺傳算法璄刞法納入基于案例推理（ CBR 的）店到初步設(shè)厚成型參 的部分有類似的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)迅速，準(zhǔn)確。莫的 17 辦法是據(jù)過(guò)去嚄產(chǎn)品處理數(shù)據(jù)，并僅限于設(shè)計(jì)，類似以前的產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)。然而緦考慮到盡臏兏少生產(chǎn)戀本的塑料部仴 ， 撡 真正璄 被 R&D 努力研發(fā) 所 發(fā)掰。 一般 說(shuō)，目前璄切合實(shí)際的辦法 是 盡量減少生產(chǎn)成本的塑料胨件匨產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)階段盡量?jī)笇ê穸群蛥蚀绲牟糠郑缓笥?jì)算出的贙用，模具誶計(jì)與成 型過(guò)程的一部分，如圖 1中顯示。 目前的做法 在 處理塑料部件 時(shí) 可能無(wú)法取得實(shí)際最低制造成本。 1.2 生產(chǎn)要求 一個(gè)典型的塑料部分作為測(cè)試的例子，典型的生產(chǎn)要求薄平方米塑料零件的中心孔，所顯示的圖。 2 ，載于表 1 。 圖 1 。目前切實(shí)可行的辦法 圖 2 。試驗(yàn)的例子，一個(gè)小塑料元件 表 1 ?？蛻舻男枨鬄榘駱硬糠?18 2 目前切實(shí)可行的辦法 在圖 1 所示，目前的辦法包括三個(gè)階段：產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，模具設(shè)計(jì)和成型工藝參數(shù)的設(shè)置。一個(gè)主要目標(biāo)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)是建立在物理尺寸的一部分，如它的厚度，寬度和長(zhǎng)度。各階段的模塑成型和隨后 簽署和處理建立物理尺寸作為給出的投入來(lái)計(jì)算所需的詳細(xì)資料和成型模具制造業(yè)務(wù) 當(dāng)申請(qǐng)目前切實(shí)可行的辦法解決給定的例子，關(guān)鍵的變數(shù)是由三個(gè)階段 處理 如下： 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì) 確定的最小厚度（高度） ，然后計(jì)算材料成本。 HP則視為預(yù)先輸入的計(jì)算費(fèi)用的模具設(shè)計(jì)和成型業(yè)務(wù)。 模具設(shè)計(jì) *計(jì)算冷卻時(shí)間確定最低厚度 HP，以獲得一些模具腔需要。模具制造成本是 下列參數(shù)費(fèi)用 的總 和： 切削深度（厚度） 模具腔 數(shù)量 轉(zhuǎn)輪直徑 G 澆注系統(tǒng) 厚度 模具 生產(chǎn) * 確定射出壓力引腳， 和 能耗成本 確定共同的冷卻時(shí)間 t ，和機(jī)器的成本運(yùn)作。整體 成型費(fèi)用的總和，能耗成本和機(jī)器的運(yùn)行成本。 總制造成本 是 塑料材料 費(fèi)用的總和 ，模具制造及成型 工藝的總和 。請(qǐng)注意，根據(jù)典型的行業(yè)慣例，以下所有的計(jì)算方面的單位成本 2.1 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì) 這是第一階段的制造業(yè)目前的實(shí)際做法。設(shè)計(jì)最小厚度 HP 的塑料組件，以滿足蠕變載入中撓度約束坐標(biāo)“ （ 1.47mm 經(jīng)過(guò)一年的使用 ） ，并盡量減少使用塑料材料成本。盡量減少厚度 HP 需要 21 ： 圖 3 地塊的變化， HP 通過(guò) Eqs.1 和圖 2 表明，最小厚度符合一點(diǎn)四七毫米最大蠕變變形的制約因素是 0 0.75 毫米，以塑料材料費(fèi) 用為 $0.000483558/unit 和一批規(guī)模 200000 單位。 19 這厚度將被視為一個(gè)特定的投入，隨后簽署和模壓成型過(guò)程的分析階段。 2.2 模具設(shè)計(jì) 2.2.1 測(cè)定冷卻時(shí)間 理想的模具溫度為 25 c.在確定厚度 0.75 毫米。圖 4 顯示了冷卻通道布局下列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行業(yè)慣例。冷卻通道直徑為 3 毫米作為例子。 從 22 ，冷卻時(shí)間 t 的合作： 和位置的因素 通過(guò)求解 Eqs.3和 4 ，而代以 HP= 0.75 毫米和提供價(jià)值的冷卻通道的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)，獲得冷卻時(shí)間（ 3.1s ）。通過(guò)圖 9.5 得到循環(huán)周期的時(shí)間 t ， 是成正比的成型機(jī)運(yùn)營(yíng)成本，并包括注射時(shí)間 ，澆注時(shí)間 ，干燥周期時(shí)間 ，和冷卻時(shí)間。 2.2.2 一般來(lái)說(shuō)一些模具腔，模具制造費(fèi)用的數(shù)額取決于加工的工作，形成所需數(shù)目的核心 /腔，橫澆道，和澆注系統(tǒng)。給定的例子叫做兩板模具 20 圖 3 。 撓度及塑膠原料成本與部分厚度 圖 4。冷卻通道的布局，不需要削弱加工。因此，在機(jī)器工作的切削加工澆道和澆口所涉及的工作，形成了核心 /腔，不必加以考慮。在這個(gè)例子中，模具制造成本轉(zhuǎn)換是由（ n， HP）給與 。 一般而言，最低數(shù)量的型腔數(shù)， Nmin ，由及時(shí)運(yùn)送的一批塑料 零件所選擇 再 替代， 這是四舍五入到 n = 3 ，因?yàn)槟＞卟荒馨?2.64 該機(jī)器操作能力和準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間的生產(chǎn)實(shí)例為 21.5h / d 和 21d。此外，提到在上一節(jié)中，周期時(shí)間是成正比的。曲線的批量大小對(duì)厚度在圖 5 中繪制 。如表所示，在 HP= 0.75 毫米，年生產(chǎn)能力（批處理大?。┦?242470units.由于生產(chǎn)能力 n=3 大于所需的批量（ 200000units ） 。 為了簡(jiǎn)潔明了，所需要的時(shí)間用于加工的深度，為了模具腔插入薄薄的部分將被視為某一常數(shù)和增加所需的時(shí)間 tCC 為了模具腔插入。在 C毫米然后 可以計(jì)算由 N 所表達(dá) 1 2.3 成型過(guò)程 在成型過(guò)程中，周期成本和能耗的費(fèi)用是用來(lái)建立以下各節(jié)中所描述的成型工藝成本。 圖 5 。模具制造成本與部分厚度 2.3.1 周期成本 21 該周期成本 C 是指成型機(jī)操作的勞動(dòng)成本。計(jì)算周期成本，因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò) E q。 8 ，主要依賴于周期的時(shí)間和模具腔數(shù)量： 例如，勞動(dòng)力成本的價(jià)值每小時(shí) C L, is given as $1.19/h. Also, Cp can be calculated, as t cycle =