自考英語二重點語法知識講解

1、重點語法知識講解1動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)一覽表 時態(tài)語態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時 一般將來時 主動被動 do are done did were done will do will be done 現(xiàn)在進行時 過去進行時 將來進行時 主動被動 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成時 將來完成時 主動 被動 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done

2、現(xiàn)在完成進行時 主動 被動 have been doing 11 現(xiàn)在完成時發(fā)生在過去的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在仍有影響?，F(xiàn)在完成時的標志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades1.2 過去完成時過去的過去。1）said, reported, thought 等引導(dǎo)的間接引語中。He missed the train.He said he had missed the train.2）hardlywhen, no sooner than句型中表示先發(fā)生的動作 No soo

3、ner had he got up than he received the call.3）與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣中 If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam.1.3 完成進行時從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒有間斷。漢語提示語：一直The water has been running the whole night.1.4 過去時過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的事，不考慮與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。過去時的標志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth c

4、entury，five years ago 等等。 2非謂語動詞2.1 非謂語動詞一覽表非謂語動詞 形式 意義現(xiàn)在分詞 一 般 式 doing 主動 , 正在進行被 動 式 being done 被動 , 正在進行完成主動式 having done 主動 , 已經(jīng)完成完成被動式 having been done 被動 , 已經(jīng)完成過去分詞 done 被動 , 已經(jīng)完成動詞不定式 一 般 式 to do 主動 , 將要進行被 動 式 to be done 被動 , 將要進行完成主動式 to have done 主動 , 已經(jīng)完成進行主動式 to be doing 主動 , 正在進行2.2. 非謂

5、語動詞作狀語動詞不定式：1）目的狀語；2）結(jié)果狀語I came here to meet you. （目的）He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （結(jié)果）分詞：1) 伴隨狀語；2）原因狀語；3）條件狀語 4）讓步狀語；5）時間狀語Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （時間）Being very tired, my father didnt go out with us. （原因）Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expen

6、sive. （原因）Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (條件)2.3 非謂語動詞，狀語從句和獨立結(jié)構(gòu)1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分詞作狀語)2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （連詞+分詞）3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （狀語從句）4

7、) With homework done, the children began to play. （獨立結(jié)構(gòu)）2.4 非謂語動詞作定語1) If there is no choice, there is no decision _ (make). (to be made)2) Do you know the man _ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)3) The question _ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)4) The bridge _ (b

8、uild) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)2.5 動名詞和動詞不定式作主語和表語動名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況；動詞不定時作主語表示具體某次的情況。Rising early is good for health.To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.My biggest wish is to go abroad.Seeing is believing.作賓語接動名詞作賓語的動詞：ad

9、mit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞：want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likel

10、y to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin接動名詞和動詞不定式有不同含義的動詞：1) forget, remember, regret2) stop, continue3) need/ want4) allow doing/ allow sb to do(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.(2) I cant stop laughing. Can you stop to gi

11、ve me a hand?(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.(4) We dont allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here. 3虛擬語氣第一大類：非真實條件下的虛擬語氣時間 從句 主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反 did/ were should/could/would + do與過去事實相反 had done should/could/would + have done與將來事實相反 were to do should do should/could/would

12、+ doIf I were you, I would be happy to do it.If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.第二大類：從句中用過去時或過去完成時的虛擬語?/1) would rather + 從句2) wish + 從句3) if only + 從句4) as if/ as though + 從句5) Its time + 從句I would rather you didnt tell me the s

13、tory now.I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.第三大類：從句中用should加動詞原形的虛擬語氣，其中should可省略。1) suggest, propose, advise, move(動議), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等動詞后接的賓語從句；2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名詞后的同位語從句；

14、3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容詞用在it is that句型中；4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引導(dǎo)的從句中。It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put

15、off.He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. 4定語從句和名詞性從句4.1 定語從句：限制性和非限制性定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句1）關(guān)系代詞(在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語）：which, that, who, whom, whose2）關(guān)系副詞（在定語從句中作狀語）：when, where, why, how名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句引導(dǎo)名詞性從句：1）主從連詞（不在從句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if2）連接代詞（在從句中作主語、賓語、表語）

16、：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever3）連接副詞（在從句中作狀語）：when, where, why, how4.2 定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別定語從句對名詞進行修飾限制，而同位語從句闡述的是名詞的具體內(nèi)容。從語法上看，that, which在定語從句中做主語或賓語，而同位語的引導(dǎo)詞that不在從句中擔(dān)任任何成分。1) The story (that) he told me may not be true. 定語從句2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位

17、語從句4.3 什么時候用介詞which 的形式?如果定語從句缺主語或賓語，用that/ which 形式。如果定語從句缺狀語，用介詞+which形式。1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful.2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.4.4 which 和 as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句which 和 as 都能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾整個一句話。as有“正如”的意思，而which沒有。1) He is easy to get angry, which is

18、 well known. 他很容易生氣，這一點大家都知道。2) He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那樣，他很容易生氣。2.1 強化練習(xí)1動詞時態(tài)強化練習(xí)1. I was hired(hire) by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.解析：過去時的被動語態(tài)， 標志語：1989。2. However, many people doubt whether this will reduce (reduce) the i

19、ncidence of abuse.解析：一般將來時，表示會減少的意思。3. Up to that time, the blues had been(be) an essentially black medium.解析：過去完成時，標志語：up to that time，表示過去的過去。4. Of these 20,000, just under 2000 are beingphysically, sexually and psychologically abused(abuse).解析：現(xiàn)在進行時的被動。5. If you do not(not, control) it, it will c

20、ontrol you.解析：一般現(xiàn)在時。主講從現(xiàn)：主句用將來時，但是時間狀語、條件狀語和讓步狀語從句中用現(xiàn)在時。6. You will enjoy your fun time more after you have completed(complete) your study responsibilities.解析：現(xiàn)在完成時，表示已經(jīng)完成。7. Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is(be) a challenge that continues throughout life.解析：一般現(xiàn)在時，動名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。8. The second hal

21、f of the nineteenth century witnessed(witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.解析：一般過去時，標志語：the second half of the nineteenth century。9. All the worries they might have felt for him were driven(drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.解析：一般過去時的被動10. At

22、tempts to break up this old system have been made (make) in every presidential election in the past one hundred years.解析：現(xiàn)在完成時的被動，標志語：in the past one hundred years。2非謂語動詞強化練習(xí)1. The mother didnt know who to blame(blame) for the broken glass.解析：who+動詞不定式做know的賓語2. The children brought(bring) up in thi

23、s way tend to be healthier.解析：過去分詞作定語，表被動。3. It reminded the president to keep the campaign focused(focus) on the economy.解析：過去分詞做賓補。4. Putting(put) food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.解析：動名詞作主語。5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things being(be) equal, they would p

24、refer single to shared rooms.解析：現(xiàn)在分詞用在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中6. This poem, if translated(translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.解析：連詞加過去分詞作狀語7. They may have their passports removed(remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.解析：過去分詞作賓補8. Her body, with hands and feet bound(bind), was

25、 discovered by a traveler early in the morning.解析：過去分詞用在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中9. I couldnt help but feel(feel) this is a very strange life.解析：couldnt help but 后接動詞原形10. Let us consider the earth as a planet revolving(revolve) round the sun.解析：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語3虛擬語氣強化練習(xí)1. If it hadnt been for your help, we would have been (be)

26、 in real trouble.解析：與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句2. He would have given you more help, if he had not been(not be) so busy.解析：與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的從句3. It is high time that we took(take) firm measures to protect our environment.解析：It is high time +過去式的虛擬形式4. It was imperative that students finish(finish) their papers befo

27、re July 1st.解析：It was imperative that+動詞原形的虛擬形式5. They demanded that the right to vote be given(give) to every adult person.解析：demand所接賓語從句用動詞原形的虛擬形式6. There was a mistake on my paycheck. I should have received(receive) $10 more.解析：與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句，表示本應(yīng)該收到而實際上沒有。7. I would rather he bought( buy) the

28、house next year.解析：would rather后接賓語從句，從句用過去式表示虛擬語氣。8. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we had met(meet)them before.解析：as if 所引導(dǎo)的從句用過去完成式表示虛擬語氣。9. Should she come tomorrow, I _ take her to the museum. 正確答案為CA canB willC wouldD must解析：與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句。10. If we _ everything read

29、y by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 正確答案為AA hadnt gotB didnt getC wouldnt have got D wouldnt get解析：從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，但本身已經(jīng)是現(xiàn)在完成時（從by now可以看出），所以變?yōu)檫^去完成時。 4定語從句和名詞性從句強化練習(xí)1. Studies have shown _ teenagers often suffer from depression. 正確答案為AA thatB whichC in whichD in that解析：that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句2. I

30、t is a well-known fact _ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction. 正確答案為AA thatB ifC whenD whether解析：that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句3. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order_ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combi

31、ne to set high commodity prices. 正確答案為CA whichB whatC thatD in that解析：that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句4. It is not yet known _ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.正確答案為AA whetherB ifC thatD how解析：it為形式主語，whether引導(dǎo)真正的主語從句5. Such attitudes amount to a belief _ leisure can and should be put to good use. 正確答案為DA whichB ifC whetherD that解析：that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句6. The reason for making a decision is _ a problem exists, goals are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 正確答