國際場營銷教材課后名詞解釋

1、國際市場營銷教材課后名詞解釋International Marketing Terms DefinationEdited by PengkaiDefination1. Define the following terms:international marketing P9International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a companys goods and service to Consumer

2、 or users in more than one nation for a profit.controllable/uncontrollable elements P10The elements of business environment which under/beyond the the control of companies.domestic/foreign uncontrollables P11Aspects of the domestic/foreign environment that are beyond the control of companiesSRC Self

3、-Reference Criterion P14An unconscious reference to ones own cultural values, experiences, and knowledgeas a basis for decision.Ethnocentrism P14The notion that people in one s own company, culture, or country knows best howto do things.Global Awareness P16Tolerance of cultural difference and knowle

4、dge of cultures, history, world marketpotential, and global economic, social, and political trends.2. DefineGATT P27General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: (1) trade shall be conducted on a non-discriminatory Basis; (2) protection shall be afforded domestic industries through customs tariffs, not th

5、rough such commercial measures as import quotas;(3) consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems.WTO P28World Trade OrganizationIMF P30International Monetary Fund: Stabilize foreign exchange rates, facilitate the expansion and balance growth of international trade.EMU

6、 P36Economic and Monetary Union: A provision of the Maastricht Treaty, establishedthe parameters of the creation of a common currency for the EU, the euro,and established a timetable for its implemention.NAFTA P39North American Free Trade Agreement: Market access, Nontariff barriers, Rules oforigin,

7、Customs administration, Investment, Service, Intellectual property,Government property, Government procurement, Standards.ASEAN + 3 P42Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus China, Japan, and South Korea: Todeal with trade and monetary issues facing Asia.APEC P42Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperatio

8、n: is a forum, far from being a free trade area.Common goals as to open trade, to increase economic collaboration, to sustainregional growth and development,to strengthen the multilateral trading system andto reduce barriers to investment and trade without detriment to other economics.BEMs P49big em

9、erging markets: A small core of countries that account for more than half ofthe world trade growth over the next two decades, these country are identified asBEMs. See their important traits at Page 49, 50.BOPMs P48Bottom-of-the-pyramid market: A new concept introduced into the discussion ofdevelopin

10、g countries and markets. They are not defined by national borders butrather by the pockets of poverty across countries.3. Define the following terms:Manifest Destiny P62Basis of U.S. Foreign policy: Americans were a chosen people ordained by God tocreate a model society. More superficially, it refer

11、red to the territorial expansion ofthe U.S. from the Atlantic to the Pacific.Monroe Doctrine P62A cornerstone of early U.S. Foreign policy, proclaiming three basic dicta: nofurtherEuropean colonization in the New world, abstention of the Unite States fromEuropean political affairs, and noninterventi

12、on of European governments in thegovernments of the Western Hemisphere.Roosevelt Corollary P62Monroe Doctrine with an extension applied by Roosevelt: Not only would the U.S.Prohibit non-American intervention in Latin American affairs, but it would alsopolice the area and guarantee that Latin America

13、n nations met their internationalobligations.Sustainable development P68A joined approach among those (governments),businesses, environmentalists, andthe others) who seek economic growth with wise resource management, equitabledistribution of benefits and reduction of negative efforts on people and

14、the environments from the process of economic grows4. Define the following termsculture P82Culture is the human-made part of human environmentthe sum total ofknowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habitsacquired by humans as members of society. or P85 is the s

15、um of the values, rituals,symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned and shared by agroup of people, then transmitted from generation to generation.culture value P92A cultures values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. See P91 P92 how culture values influnence vari

16、ous types of business andmarket behavior comes from seminal work by Geert Hofstede.culture sensitivity P98Being attuned to the nuances of culture so that a new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated.linguistic distance P95A new concept measuring the relationship between langua

17、ge diffence and transaction cost.social insititutions P88social institutions including family, religion, school, the media, governments,andcorporations all effec the ways in which people relate to one another, organize theiractivities to live in harmony with one another, teache acceptable behaviour

18、to succeeding generations, and govern themselves.cultural borrowing P99cultural borrowing is a responsible effort to learn from others cultural ways in thequest for better solutions to a society s particular problems.factual knowledge P98A straightfoward fact about a culture but assumes additional s

19、ignificance wheninterpreted within the context of the culture.Interpretive knowledge P98The kind of knowledge most dependent on past experience for interpretation andmost frequently prone to misintrepretetaion if one s home country frame of reference (SRC) is used.aesthetics P95Arts, folklore, music

20、, drama, dance, dress and cosmetics in a culture.strategy of unplanned /planned cultural changeP102intoduce a productm and hope for the best / deliberately set out to change those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals.strategy of cultural congruennceP102This srt

21、ategy involces marketting products similar to noes already on the market in a manner as congruent as possible with existing cultural norms, thereby minimizing resisitance.5. Define the follwing termscultural imperatives P108Cultural imperatives are the business customs and expectations that must be

22、metand conformed to or avoid if relationship are to be successful.cultural electives P109cultural electives relates to areas of behaviour or to customs that cultural aliens maywish to conform to or participate in but that are not required.cultural exclusives P109Cultural exclusives are those customs

23、 or behaviour patterns reserved exclusivelyfor the locals and from which the foreigner is barred.FCPA P129Foreign Corrupt Practices ActP-time / M-time P119P-time, or polychronic time, is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence ofmany things and by a great involvement with people.M-time, or mono

24、chronic time, is used on those western cultures tend toconcentrateon one thing at a time.subornation P129Subornation involves giving large sum of money-frequently not properly accounted for-designed to entice an official to commit an illegal act on behalf ofthe one offering the bribe.the principles

25、of Utilitarian ethicsP131Does the action optimize the common good or benefits of all constituencies? Andwho are the pertinent constituencies.?the principles of Justice or fairness P131Does the action respect the canons of justice or fairness to all parties involved?silent language6. Defining the fol

26、lowing termssovereignty P138A sovereignty state is independent and free from all external control; enjoys fulllegal equality with other states; governs its own territory;select its own political,economic, and social systems; and has the power to enter into agreements with other nationsNationalism P1

27、42Nationalism can be best described as an intense feeling of national pride and unity,an awakening of a nations people to pride in their country.Confiscation, Expropriation, Domestication P144Confiscation: the seizing of a companys assets without payment Expropriation: the government seizes an inves

28、tment but makes some reimbursement for the assets.Domestication: host countries gradually cause the transfer of foreign investments tonational control and ownership through a series of government decrees that mandate local ownership and greater national involvement in a companys management.PSAs, NGO

29、s P147Political and social activists (PSAs) can range from those who seek to bring aboutpeaceful change to those who resort to violence and terrorism to effect change. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)7. Define the following terms:Common / code / Islamic law P159Common law, derived from English law and found in England, the United States,Canada, and other countries once under English influence;Code law, derived from Roman law and found in Germany, Japan, France, andnon-Islami