動詞和動詞詞組

1、 動詞和動詞詞組第10講動詞分類（一） 1，按其在動詞詞組中所起的作用分：主動詞和助動詞主動詞: 又叫實義動詞，能獨立作句子謂語成分 簡單動詞詞組 復(fù)雜動詞詞組助動詞Examples:1.The workers received a raise last year.2.They have been taking music lessons.3.He neednt have been waiting in the rain.基本助動詞：be,do,have 情態(tài)助動詞can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,need,must,dare,dared,

2、ought to,used to 半助動詞:have to,seem to,be about to,be due to,be going to ,be meant to,be meant to,be supposed to等.一，基本助動詞一，基本助動詞be 1. be通常用來協(xié)助主動詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行體和被動態(tài) I am listening to a Beethoven symphony The students were praised by the principle do1. do通常用來協(xié)助主動詞表示否定意義或構(gòu)成疑問句 My wife doesnt know Russian Do you

3、agree with me?2.do用來加強語氣，起強調(diào)作用 You do look well 3.do用作代詞 -Do you like Beijing? -Yes,I do (do代替like Beijing)4.構(gòu)成否定祈使句時，只用do，而不用does和did Dont be so absent-minded5.do用作實義動詞，譯為“做” Jane was doing the dishes when her mother came backhave1.have通常用來協(xié)調(diào)主動詞構(gòu)成完成體或完成進(jìn)行體 Joan has seen that movie I have been worki

4、ng here for 20 years2.have 做實義動詞，譯為“有” Im sorry I cant play with you,because I have so many things to do 二，情態(tài)助動詞二，情態(tài)助動詞14個：個：can/ could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must ,ought to, dare/dared, need, used toExamples:1. It may snow before nightfall.2. Would you let me use your pen for a minut

5、e?3.If she became a movie star, she could afford a new home.注意：情態(tài)動詞過去時形式并不一定就表示過去時間情態(tài)動詞不能疊加使用，其后接的是動詞原形三，半助動詞三，半助動詞 半助動詞是兼有主動詞和助動詞特征的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，常見的有 have to,seem to,be about to,be due to,be going to ,be meant to,be supposed to，be willing to,be likely to,be unable to 等, 既可與主動詞搭配構(gòu)成復(fù)雜動詞詞組表示情態(tài)意義，從而像情 態(tài)動詞，又可與其

6、他助動詞搭配，像是主動詞Examples:1.I have to buy a new car.2. You will have to sell your house.及物動詞不及物動詞連系動詞2.按是否須跟有補足成分以及須跟什么樣的補足成分分一，及物動詞 1. 及物動詞后須帶賓語，有些可帶雙賓語, John is playing cricket The new lamp gave us more light 2.有些及物動詞在一定上下文中既要帶賓語，也要帶狀 語2.按是否須跟有補足成分以及須跟什么樣的補足成分分一，及物動詞 1. 及物動詞后須帶賓語，有些可帶雙賓語, John is playi

7、ng cricket The new lamp gave us more light 2.有些及物動詞在一定上下文中既要帶賓語，也要帶狀 語 I put the book on the shelf二，不及物動詞二，不及物動詞 1.不及物動詞之后不帶賓語，但有些不及物動詞在一定上下 文中須帶狀語，否則意義完全不同 Example 1.The president is speaking 2.Frank cheats at poker 三，連系動詞三，連系動詞 1.連系動詞之后帶主語補語 Example 1.That sound like a good idea 2.The fish smells

8、awful補充補充：（：（1）狀態(tài)系動詞：）狀態(tài)系動詞：be （2）持續(xù)系動詞：）持續(xù)系動詞：keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand等等 （3）表象系動詞：）表象系動詞：seem,appear,look等等 （4）感官系動詞：）感官系動詞：fell,smell,sound,taste等等 （5）變化系動詞：）變化系動詞：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go, come,run 等等 （6）終止系動詞：）終止系動詞：prove,turn out等等注意：注意：有一些動詞具有跨類現(xiàn)象，既能作及物動詞，也能作不及物有一些動詞具有跨類現(xiàn)象，既能作及物動詞，也

9、能作不及物 動詞和聯(lián)系動詞，常見的有動詞和聯(lián)系動詞，常見的有smell,become,prove,taste,stay Example 1.The fish is fresh from water.You dont have to smell it 2.The milk is going bad.It smells 3.This dish smells delicious表持續(xù)動作的詞表改變或移動的詞表短暫動作的詞例：drink, eat, fly, play，rain,read,run,sit等例：arrive, become, change, come，get,go,leave例：hit,

10、 jump, kick, open, close，put,shut,knock等Examples:1.He works at a chemical factory. 2.They were talking about the house.3.Winter is here. The leaves of the trees are turning yellow.4.The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door.表持續(xù)動作表持續(xù)動作表改變表短暫動作3，按詞匯意義分：動態(tài)動詞，靜態(tài)動詞一，動態(tài)動詞一，動態(tài)動詞 二，靜態(tài)動詞二，靜態(tài)動詞1.用作主

11、動詞的be和have(作“有”解）：We have friends all over the world.2.含有靜態(tài)動詞be,have意義的動詞，如apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weigh等。This rule applies to (=is applicable to)everyone.3.表示感覺的動詞， 如feel, hear, see, smell等She doesnt hear very well.4.表示心理或情感狀態(tài)的動詞，如assume, believe, consider, detest等We understood your

12、 difficulty.注意:如果靜態(tài)動詞（stative verb)用于進(jìn)行體(progressive aspect)，則變?yōu)閯討B(tài)動詞（dynamic verb).Examples:1.He is being foolish.2.This mistake is costing us dearly.3.Be quiet. Im thinking.表示肉體感覺的動詞，如ache, feel ,hurt等，用于進(jìn)行體或非進(jìn)行體均可，含義不變。Examples:1.My foot aches/ is aching.2.I dont feel/ am not feeling very tired.=i

13、s acting foolishly=is bringing great injury to us=giving thought to a problem動詞分類（二）詞組動詞v+prep. 動詞+介詞v+adv. 動詞+副詞小品詞v+adv+prep. 動詞+副詞小品詞+介詞Examples:1.He couldnt account for his long absence from school.2.The place blow up when it was hit by a missile.3.I dont want to come down with the flu again.補充：

14、副詞小品詞是形似介詞的一類比較特殊的詞，它兼有副詞和介詞的特征。副詞小品詞是形似介詞的一類比較特殊的詞，它兼有副詞和介詞的特征。它往往與前面的動詞構(gòu)成修飾和補充說明的語義關(guān)系，本身不能單獨充當(dāng)句子它往往與前面的動詞構(gòu)成修飾和補充說明的語義關(guān)系，本身不能單獨充當(dāng)句子成分，它形似介詞，又沒有實體意義，不能獨自帶賓語，與動詞構(gòu)成只有一個成分，它形似介詞，又沒有實體意義，不能獨自帶賓語，與動詞構(gòu)成只有一個論元的單位論述結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的副詞小品詞有：論元的單位論述結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的副詞小品詞有：up,down,in,out,on,off,over,away.一，單詞詞組和動詞詞組一，單詞詞組和動詞詞組限定動詞非限

15、定動詞限定形式非限定形式現(xiàn)在時過去時不定式現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞二，限定動詞和非限定動詞二，限定動詞和非限定動詞三，規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞三，規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞 大多數(shù)動詞的過去時和過去分詞都是在原形之后加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成，這類動詞叫規(guī)則動詞，其他則歸為不規(guī)則動詞 不規(guī)則動詞的幾種類型： （1）ABC（即原形，過去時，過去分詞） arise arose arisen break broke broken ring ran run steal stole stolen begin began begun（2）AAA cast cast cast hit hit hit put put put set s

16、et set spread spread spread 此外還有此外還有cut,fit,hurt,let,read,cost,shut等等 （3）ABB bend bent bent creep crept crept deal dealt dealt flee fled fled mean meant meant dig,catch,hang,hold,find,sit,pay,win,meet,feel等同此用法等同此用法 （4）補充：補充：（4）AAB beat beat beaten （5）ABA become became become come came come run ran

17、runVerbs grammatical forms:Tense（時）:it is the verb form that shows time distinction.Aspect（體）:it is the verb form that shows motion or process is in what state in a certain time.Voice（態(tài)）:it is the verb form that shows active or passive relationship between subjects and predicate verbs.Mood（式）:it is

18、the verb form that is used to distinguish speakers in what tone of voice.Tense（時）：過去時 現(xiàn)在時 將來時 Aspect（體）： Progressive Aspect進(jìn)行體 Perfective Aspect完成體Examples:I speak Chinese, but now I am speaking English.2.I have taught English for 20 years.Voice(語態(tài)）：Active Voice主動態(tài)Active Sentence主動句Passive Voice被動態(tài)P

19、assive Sentence被動句被動態(tài)動詞詞組也可有不同的時、體形式(P120)Moo（式）：Indicative Mood陳述式Imperative Mood祈使式Subjunctive Mood虛擬式Examples:He goes to church every Sunday.Take a 10 minutes break now.How I wish I had gone there with you.是一種特殊的動詞形式，一是用來表示說話人所說是一種特殊的動詞形式，一是用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實，而是一種的話不是一個事實，而是一種( (在條件在條件從句中或讓步狀語從句中從

20、句中或讓步狀語從句中) )；一是；一是表示說話人的表示說話人的 ( (在賓語在賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句從句、表語從句、同位語從句) )。The Subjunctive Mood、be-型虛擬式的主要用法：型虛擬式的主要用法：用于表示用于表示命令、決定、建議命令、決定、建議等詞語等詞語之后的之后的that-that-分句中。例如：分句中。例如： .He ordered that all the .He ordered that all the books books be sentbe sent at once. at once. .It is essential that all the

21、 .It is essential that all the facts facts be examinedbe examined first. first. .The board has given .The board has given instrustions that the agent instrustions that the agent fly fly to Boston.to Boston.2.2.用于由用于由 if ,though ,whatever ,lest ,if ,though ,whatever ,lest , so long as so long as 等引導(dǎo)的

22、分句中。表示推測等引導(dǎo)的分句中。表示推測讓步，防備等含義。例如：讓步，防備等含義。例如： If he If he guilty,John guilty,John shall have the right of appeal.shall have the right of appeal. 上述用法現(xiàn)在只限于正式書面語體，上述用法現(xiàn)在只限于正式書面語體，在非正式語體中通常用動詞陳述式或者在非正式語體中通常用動詞陳述式或者should/may+should/may+不定式。不定式。3 3、用于某些公式化語句中可表示祝愿、詛咒、禁、用于某些公式化語句中可表示祝愿、詛咒、禁止等意義。例如：止等意義。例如

23、： Long live the People s Republic of China! God bless you! Heaven damn you!(該死的！該死的！） Devil take him!(混蛋?。┗斓埃。?So be it!(但愿如此但愿如此/就這樣吧。）就這樣吧。）、were-were-型虛擬式的主要用法：型虛擬式的主要用法：1.1.常用于由常用于由if , if only , as if , if , if only , as if , as though , though as though , though 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語和引導(dǎo)的條件狀語和讓步狀語分句中，表示非真實的條

24、件或讓步狀語分句中，表示非真實的條件或讓步。例如：讓步。例如： If I you , I should wait till next week. If it , the game would be put off.2 2、常用于、常用于wish , would , rather , suppose , wish , would , rather , suppose , imagineimagine之后的之后的that-that-分句中，表示一種臆想的分句中，表示一種臆想的情況。例如：情況。例如： I wish it spring all the year round. I d rather I

25、 not at the site of the accident. 上述上述 were-were-型虛擬式在第一、三人稱單數(shù)主語之型虛擬式在第一、三人稱單數(shù)主語之后可為后可為 was was 所取代。例如：所取代。例如： If it to rain , the game would be put off. If only I not so nervous! 但是，在但是，在 if I were you if I were you 這一分句中，通常這一分句中，通常傾向于用傾向于用 were were ，而不用，而不用 was was 。另外，在某些倒。另外，在某些倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中只用裝結(jié)構(gòu)中只用 we

26、re ,were ,不用不用 was was 。例如：。例如： I to do it (= If I were to do it ),I should rely on you. 還有，在還有，在 as it were as it were （作（作 so to speak so to speak 解，解，即即“宛如宛如”、“好比好比”）結(jié)構(gòu)中也只用）結(jié)構(gòu)中也只用were were ，不，不用用waswas。例如：。例如： He is my best friend ,my second self ,as it 狀態(tài)狀態(tài)基基本本結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu) 時間時間 一般一般進(jìn)行進(jìn)行完成完成完成完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在過

27、去過去將來將來過去將來過去將來一般現(xiàn)在一般現(xiàn)在時時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時時現(xiàn)在完成現(xiàn)在完成 時時現(xiàn)在完現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行成進(jìn)行時時一般過去一般過去時時一般將一般將來時來時過去將來過去將來時時過去進(jìn)行過去進(jìn)行時時過去完成過去完成時時過去完過去完成進(jìn)行成進(jìn)行時時將來進(jìn)行將來進(jìn)行時時將來完成將來完成時時將來完成將來完成 進(jìn)行時進(jìn)行時過去將過去將來進(jìn)行來進(jìn)行時時過去將來過去將來完成完成 時時過去將過去將來完成來完成進(jìn)行時進(jìn)行時動詞的時和體（一）+1)表示不受時限的客觀存在(包括客觀真理,格言,科學(xué)事實等)+A rolling stone gathers no moss.+Knowledge is power.+

28、Time and tide wait for no man.+2)表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣動作+My father doesnt smoke.+He always sleeps with his windows open.+此法常與頻度副詞連用。如：always, ever, frequently, hardly ever, never ,occasionally, often,rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually等。Be動詞常位于其后，位于其前可起強調(diào)作用。+The students (always) are always on time for class.3）表示現(xiàn)時

29、狀態(tài)和現(xiàn)在瞬間動作+A) 靜態(tài)動詞+I think I like +B) 實況報導(dǎo)+Harper passes the ball to Jennings; Jennings shoots and the goal keeper leaps for it but yes, its a goal.+C) 專門或日常用語+I wish I say I declare+4)表示將來時間+主將從現(xiàn)+I hope you have a good time.+I bet it rains tomorrow.+Ill see (to it)/make sure/make certain (that) you

30、dont get lost.+Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes?+If it is fine tomorrow,we will go to the countryside.+表示既定事實+Tomorrow is Sunday.5) 表示過去時間+能用一般現(xiàn)在表示過去的動詞有tell, say, hear, learn, gather 等.+Alice tells me youre entering college next year.+附特殊用法:+A) 表達(dá)某種情緒+I happen to

31、 drop in on her once and you make such an issue of it.+B) 死者言論著作,仍有影響+Darwin believes that natural selection is the chief factor in the development.+C) 不強調(diào)時間+No one is born an actor.11.2 一般過去時的用法+1) 表示過去時間,通常已成為過去,現(xiàn)在不存在+They had a baby last year.+Did you see him yesterday?+His father was an English

32、teacher all his life.+2) 表示現(xiàn)在時間和將來時間+A) 委婉語氣want, wonder, think, hope+I wondered if you could give me some help.+B) 固定句型:Its time I wish Id rather+a:表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的主觀設(shè)想+Its time you went to bed.+I wish you lived closer to us. +If only he didnt drive so fast!+b: 表示對將來時態(tài)的主觀設(shè)想+If I had money now,Id buy a ca

33、r.+If you went at about five oclock tomorrow,you could see him before he left the office.+C) 主從關(guān)系,要求從句使用過去時態(tài)+I didnt know you were here.+D)一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去時區(qū)別+He looks as if he was sick.（虛構(gòu)）+He looks as if he is sick.（事實）11.3現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體的用法現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體的用法基本結(jié)構(gòu)：基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be（am,is are)+V-ing一.表示說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作.v 能用于進(jìn)行體的動詞一般往往是表示延續(xù)性

34、動詞，常有right now,now,at the moment,Look,Listen等提示詞eg:Hurry up! Were all waiting for you. Look,John is dancing under the tree.二、表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動作（但當(dāng)時不一定在發(fā)生）v 常出現(xiàn)的時間狀語有（these days,this week,this month等）eg:Jane is studying law these days.v與頻度狀語如always,constantly,forever等連用，其語意常帶有感情色彩，多半表示不滿情緒，或在特定語境中表示強調(diào)（而一般

35、現(xiàn)在時的這一用法通常陳述事實）eg:She is always complaining about her life condition.v不過這種結(jié)構(gòu)在特定的上下文中可能不包含感情色彩，頻度狀語只是強調(diào)作用eg:Healthy and happy children are always playing. (always 表示強調(diào)動作反復(fù)）三、表示按計劃安排近期內(nèi)即將發(fā)生v能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示將來的動詞多是表示方位移動的動詞，如：come,go,leave,start,arrive,get,travel,have(表示開會，開晚會，玩得開心等意思時）等動詞。注意，若have/has表示“擁有”的

36、含義時不能用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)eg:We are having a party tonight.Come and join us. Im going to Qingdao for the summer holiday.v現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表示將來的用法還常見于某些時間狀語分句與條件狀語分句中eg:Ill talk about it while youre writing the report. If you are standing at the corner,Ill give you a lift into the town.v用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表示將來時間時，在句中或者上下文會有表示將來的時間狀語或者其他依據(jù)，

37、否則意義會含糊不清eg:Are you doing anything special tonight?(表示將來） Are you doing anything special now?（表示說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作） Are you doing anything special?（以上兩種解釋均可，需根據(jù)上下文）四 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體的其他用法v表示剛剛的過去（只適合口語中某些表示說話的詞，如tell,talk,say,exaggerate等）eg:I dont believe it?You know Im telling the truth.v表示委婉語氣(這一用法只限于hope,wonder等少數(shù)幾

38、個詞),其實也暗含了現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體的不確定性、暫時性的特點eg:Im hoping youll give me some advice. 綜上所述: 能用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體的動詞通常是表示動作的動詞，特別是表示延續(xù)性動作的動詞，如work，study,live等；表示短暫動作的動詞，如shoot,put,place jump,nod等，通常以一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的短暫動作，即部分提到的現(xiàn)在瞬間動作eg:I place the test tube over the flames；now you can see that the liquid is beginning to change colour.1

39、1.4 過去進(jìn)行體的用法過去進(jìn)行體的用法 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+V-ing一、表示過去某時正在進(jìn)行的動作(通常也要把時間狀語表示出來或者根據(jù)上下文判斷）v可以表示過去某一時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作或者過去某一階段一直在進(jìn)行的動作eg:What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.? They were building a dam last summer.v人們常在口語和記敘文中首先用過去進(jìn)行體表示某種正在進(jìn)行的動作，由此引出用一般過去時表示的新的事態(tài)或者情節(jié)eg:A thirsty Ant was climbing down a blade o

40、f grass that grew beside a spring.Unluckily,she slipped and fell into the spring.(體現(xiàn)故事發(fā)展的連續(xù)性）二、表示過去的某種階段的習(xí)慣性動作eg:In those days ,George used to get up at nine,but that week he was getting up at five every day.v也可與always, constantly, continually, for ever 等連用表示感情色彩,或者在特定語意中表示強調(diào)，與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體基本相同eg:My brother

41、 was always losing his keys.三、表示過去將來時間里的動作（按照計劃安排即將發(fā)生的過去將來事態(tài)）eg:They were leaving a few days later.v過去進(jìn)行體用在某些時間狀語和條件分句中還可以表示過去將來時間正在進(jìn)行的動作eg:He promised not to mention this when he was talking to her. He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.四、表示現(xiàn)在時間和將來時間里的動作v表示婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣（只限于hope,want,wonder)等動詞，主要用來表示有禮貌的請求),與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體基本相同eg:I was wondering/wondered if youd like to come out with me one evening.（相比而言，過去進(jìn)行體會比一般過去時更加婉轉(zhuǎn)、禮貌）v表示主觀臆想的情況（即類似于自己主觀假定的情況或者特殊情況的虛擬語氣），但這一用法限于某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如：eg:I wish （但愿）they were not talking so loudly. Id rather（寧