細胞生物學Introductionofcellbiology學習教案

1、會計學1第一頁，共48頁。The structure of cellsstructurefunctionmolecular mechanisms of the intri-cate activities of cells細胞細胞(xbo)生物學是：生物學是：研究細胞研究細胞(xbo)基本基本生命活動規(guī)律生命活動規(guī)律的科學，它從的科學，它從不同層次上主不同層次上主要研究要研究第1頁/共48頁第二頁，共48頁。The course mainly covers:Chapter 1: Introduction to Cell Biology (第一(dy)、二章)Chapter 2: Techniqu

2、es in Cell Biology (第三章)Chapter 3: Cytoplasmic Membrane and The Movement of Substances Across Cell Membranes (第四、五章)chapter 4: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (第六章)Chapter 5: Cytoplasmic matrix, Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking (第七章)Chapter 6: Cell Sig

3、naling （第八章）Chapter 7: Cytoskeleton System （第九章）Chapter 8: Nucleus and Chromosomes （第十章）Chapter 9: Ribosome (第十一章)Chapter 10: Cell proliferation and its regulation （第十二章）Chapter 11: Cell apoptosis and cellular aging (第十三章)Chapter 12: Cell differentiation and gene expression (第十四章)Chapter 13: Cell Co

4、mmunity Relation: Cell Junctions, Cell Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix (第十五章)第2頁/共48頁第三頁，共48頁。Reference books and journals 翟中和，王喜忠，丁明孝 主編(zhbin)， 細胞生物學，高等教育出版社，第三版，2007Gerald Karp. Cell and Molecular Biology：concepts and experiments，4rd Edition. Published by John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 2006Lodish H

5、. et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th Ed. Scientific American Books,Inc. 2000.Alberts B et al. Essential Cell Biology. New York and London：Garland publishing，Inc. 1998 Alberts B et al. Molecuar Biology of the Cell, 3rd ed. New York and London：Garland Publishing，Inc. 1994; 3rd 2002.Becker W.M. et al.

6、The World of the Cell. 4th Ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. 2000.第3頁/共48頁第四頁，共48頁。第4頁/共48頁第五頁，共48頁。b Fundamental Concepts and theories b Experimental approaches and ideas (As you read this text, think like a researcher)b Reductionist (knowledge of the parts of the whole can explain the

7、character of the whole)b Dont accept everything you read as being true. Remain skeptical!b English is just a tool!bTake notes when you listened especially what I have emphasizedSuggestions to Study Cell Biology第5頁/共48頁第六頁，共48頁。第6頁/共48頁第七頁，共48頁。1. About Cell Biology2. Look briefly at the history of c

8、ell theory3. Why are cells the basic units of life? 4. Consider the basic properties of cells5. Types of Prokaryotic Cells: Two Subkingdoms 6. Types of eukaryotic cells and structural system7. The size of cells 8. Relationship between structure and function of cells9. Characteristics that distinguis

9、h prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells10. Comprehend a special life: virusesLearning Objectives第7頁/共48頁第八頁，共48頁。1. About “Cell Biology”（研究內(nèi)容（研究內(nèi)容(nirng)與現(xiàn)狀）與現(xiàn)狀）Nucleus, Chromosomes and gene expressionCytoplasmic Membrane (Bio-membrane)Cell organelle (Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Endomembrane system, nucl

10、eus etc.)Cytoskeleton System Cell proliferation and regulationCell differentiation and gene expressionCell apoptosis and cellular aging Cell origins and evolutions Cell engineeringCell signalingSee p.3-5第8頁/共48頁第九頁，共48頁。2. The Cell Theory: A Brief History發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)(fxin)細胞（細胞（Robert Hooke，1665）建立建立(jinl)細

11、胞學說細胞學說 （施萊登，施旺，（施萊登，施旺，1838-1839）細胞細胞 學的經(jīng)典時期學的經(jīng)典時期(shq)（19世紀最后世紀最后25年，廣泛的觀察與描述）年，廣泛的觀察與描述）實驗細胞生物學時期實驗細胞生物學時期（應用實驗的手段與分析方法進行研究應用實驗的手段與分析方法進行研究）細胞生物學學科的形成與發(fā)展細胞生物學學科的形成與發(fā)展P8-13第9頁/共48頁第十頁，共48頁。In 1665, Robert Hooke saw a network of tiny boxlike compartments that reminded him of a honeycomb. He called

12、these little compartments “cellulae”, a Latin term meaning little room. It is from this word we get our present-day term, cell. P8The microscope used by Robert Hooke and the honeycomb-like network of “cell” he drew in 1665The discovery of cells followed from the invention of the microscope第10頁/共48頁第

13、十一頁，共48頁。1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.2.The cell is basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.3.All cells arise only from preexisting cells by division.P9第11頁/共48頁第十二頁，共48頁。P19-21第12頁/共48頁第十三頁，共48頁。B. The cell is the functional unit of organisms. All metabolic acti

14、vity is based on cells. 獨立(dl)的有序的自控的第13頁/共48頁第十四頁，共48頁。Human fetal development. (a)At 5 weeks, limb buds, eyes, the heart, the liver and rudiments of all other organs have started to develop in the embryo, which is only about 1cm long. (b)Growth and development of the offspring, now called a fetus,

15、 continue during the second trimester. This fetus is 14 weeks old and about 6cm long. (c)The fetus in this photograph is 20 weeks old. Now the fetus grows to about 30cm in length.第14頁/共48頁第十五頁，共48頁。D. The cell is the foundation of reproduce, and the bridge of inheritance. 第15頁/共48頁第十六頁，共48頁。 As a ge

16、neral rule, the cells of a multicellular organism all contain the same set of genes. For animals, the first evidence that even highly specialized cell carry a full complement of genes was verified by the experiment of tadpole(蝌蚪蝌蚪(kdu)nuclei transplanting into unfertilized egg that had been deprived

17、 of its own nucleus. Some can develop swimming tadpoles. This is animal cloning. An especially dramatic example of animal cloning was reported in 1997. “Dolly” the first animal ever cloned from a cell derived from an adult. Mammalian cloning.第16頁/共48頁第十七頁，共48頁。第17頁/共48頁第十八頁，共48頁。Dolly and her daught

18、erIs there any practical value to such technology?The process of cloning Dolly哺乳動物(brdngw)的體細胞克隆與細胞全能性第18頁/共48頁第十九頁，共48頁。第19頁/共48頁第二十頁，共48頁。P21-23第20頁/共48頁第二十一頁，共48頁。Levels of cellular and molecular organizationWe can think of complexity in terms of Order and Consistency第21頁/共48頁第二十二頁，共48頁。Self-regu

19、lationLeft:Normal development of a sea urchin in which a fertilized egg gives rise to a single embryoRight:The cell of an embryo are separated from one another after the first division, and each cell is allowed to develop in isolation and regulating its development to form a complete (although small

20、er) embryo.第22頁/共48頁第二十三頁，共48頁。Acquiring energy第23頁/共48頁第二十四頁，共48頁。HeLa cells are cultured tumor cells isolated from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. It is the first human cell to be kept in culture for long periods of time and is still used today. Johns Hopkins univesity,in 1951第24頁/

21、共48頁第二十五頁，共48頁。Cells within plant or animal respond to stimuli less obviously than single-celled protist. But they respond. They posses receptors that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways. For example, the receptor on the cell surface can respond to hormones and growth

22、 factors.E. Cells carry out a variety of chemical reactionsand engage in numerous mechanical activities第25頁/共48頁第二十六頁，共48頁。 Cells are the basic units of life The basic properties of cells FromWe can get some new consideration for the conception of cell第26頁/共48頁第二十七頁，共48頁。生物大分子如何逐級有序地組裝成行使生命活動的細胞基本結構

23、體系是個很吸引人而又相當朦朧的問題。因此，細胞的基礎研究勢必(shb)影響當今生命科學的整體發(fā)展。第27頁/共48頁第二十八頁，共48頁。第28頁/共48頁第二十九頁，共48頁。Eubacteria (Bacteria) （真細菌（真細菌(xjn)） methanogens(產(chǎn)甲烷生物(shngw) halophiles(好鹽菌) acidophiles(嗜酸菌 ) thermophiles (嗜熱菌 ) Sulfolobus（硫化菌） The smallest living cells, the mycoplasma (支原體) (0.2m diameter), which are also

24、 the only prokaryotes lacking a cell wall The most complex prokaryotes are the cyanobacteria 5.Types of Prokaryotic Cells: Two Subkingdoms第29頁/共48頁第三十頁，共48頁。CyanobacteriaTwo cells of E. coli during conjugative genetic exchange (x3645). Genetic material moves from the donor to the recipient cell thro

25、ugh the clearly visible conjugation tube. 原核細胞的兩個(lin )代表第30頁/共48頁第三十一頁，共48頁。A. Subkingdom ArchaeaB.Subkingdom Bacteria Most Bacteria and Archaea have 1000-4000 genes; The smallest known cells-the Mycoplasma, 0.10.3m; smallest genome: 482 genes, minimal essential gene：256C. EukaryaTree of life has t

26、hree primary branches（or domain）p.23-24第31頁/共48頁第三十二頁，共48頁。p.30第32頁/共48頁第三十三頁，共48頁。cell becomes a highly specialized cell A. Types of eukaryotic cells:p.31第33頁/共48頁第三十四頁，共48頁。第34頁/共48頁第三十五頁，共48頁。在個體發(fā)育(ontogeny)中,細胞后代在形態(tài)結構和功能上發(fā)生差異的過程稱為細胞分化(fnhu)。細胞分化(fnhu)不僅發(fā)生在胚胎發(fā)育中,而是在一生都進行著,以補充衰老和死亡的細胞,如:多能造血干細胞分化(

27、fnhu)為不同血細胞的細胞分化(fnhu)過程。 differentiation第35頁/共48頁第三十六頁，共48頁。B. Three structural systems in Eukaryotes:1. Bio-Membrane system;2. Genetic and expression system;3. Cytoskeleton System. 123p.31-322第36頁/共48頁第三十七頁，共48頁。a)Diameter b)Measured in units of c) micrometers: 1um=10-6 meterd) nanometers: 1nm=10-

28、9 metere)c) Cell size is limited (細胞體積的守恒定律)f)surface area/volume ratio;（反比(fnb)） g)nucleus/cytoplasm ratio;（限制）h)Substances exchange/volume;（限制）i) (substances can efficiently travelj) through the cytoplasm via diffusion)7.The Size of Cellsp.33-34Egg is an exception to the rule!第37頁/共48頁第三十八頁，共48頁。p

29、.348. Relationship between structure and function of cellsl 特化的細胞(xbo)類型l 哺乳動物的紅細胞(xbo)l 動物的各類分泌細胞(xbo)l 雌雄生殖細胞(xbo)等l正常細胞(xbo)內(nèi)部結構（細胞(xbo)器等）細胞的形態(tài)(xngti)結構與功能的相關性與一致性是細胞的共同特點第38頁/共48頁第三十九頁，共48頁。(1)Complexity: Prokaryotes are relatively simple, eukaryotes are more complex in structure and functionp.

30、36 Table 2-2;2-3第39頁/共48頁第四十頁，共48頁。The structure of a prokaryotic cell第40頁/共48頁第四十一頁，共48頁。The structure of aEukaryotic cell第41頁/共48頁第四十二頁，共48頁。a.Packaging: Prokaryotes have a nucleoid region whereas eukaryote have a true, membrane-bound nucleus. (bacterinm:0.25-3.0 mm, to encode between several hund

31、red and several thousand proteins,The simplest known cells have just under 500 genes).b. Amount: Eukaryotes have several orders of magnitude more genetic material than prokaryotes.(yeast:4.6mm DNA,encoding about 6200 proteins)c. Form: Eukaryotes have many chromosomes that are made of both DNA and pr

32、otein whereas prokaryotes have a single ,“naked” DNA chromosome第42頁/共48頁第四十三頁，共48頁。第43頁/共48頁第四十四頁，共48頁。Virus diversity（1）Viruses are pathogens first described in the late 1800s.（2）Viral structure: - The genetic material: Single- or double- stranded DNA or RNA. - Protein capsid obligatory intracellular parasites.（3）Viral infection types: - Lytic infection; - integrated infectionAdenovirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)T-even bacteriophageTobacco mosaic virus(TMV)p.41-42 fig. 2-6 and 2-7第44頁/共4