淺談?wù)Z法教學(xué)在英語閱讀理解中的地位和作用

1、淺談?wù)Z法教學(xué)在英語閱讀理解中的地位和作用論文提要： 鑒于目前有些老師根據(jù)高考試卷中各題型，分值的變化，提出要在分值最高的閱讀理解部分下功夫，而對于重在考查語法和詞匯的單項填空部分差不多就行了的觀點，作者提出了自己的看法，并且舉例分析了語法教學(xué)在英語閱讀理解中的地位和作用。正文：隨著高考英語考核的內(nèi)容、題型、分值、目標的逐年變化，老師們的復(fù)習(xí)重點和策略也在隨之變化。2001年，可以說是高考的題型、分值上變化最大的一年。首先，增加了聽力考試，聽力占了30分。其次，單項填空部分由過去的25分改為15分，而且還刪去了語音部分的考查。2003年，北京市自主命題以來，又把二卷部分的改錯去掉，同時增加了一篇

2、作文。這每一次變化，每一分的增減都牽動著老師們的心，讓大家苦思冥想應(yīng)該怎樣來應(yīng)對這些變化。毫無疑問，高考的改革也直接引導(dǎo)了中學(xué)教學(xué)的變化。 縱觀這些變化，讓老師們印象最深的恐怕就是單項填空部分的變化：由過去的25分變?yōu)?5分。這一變化讓有些老師很高興，因為重在考查語法和詞匯的這一部分，通常是老師們花時間、費力氣最大的一部分，而往往又是讓老師們最不滿意的部分。于是，有些老師就提出來，在哪部分下功夫，都要比在單項填空上面下功夫強。而重中之重就是分值最高的閱讀理解部分，最不重要的就是單項填空部分了。從應(yīng)試的角度來說，前者或許是有道理的，但是，后者無論從哪個角度來說都說不通。筆者認為，我們不能削弱語法

3、和詞匯的教學(xué)，而是應(yīng)該腳踏實地地落實好語法教學(xué)。一、 語法和詞匯是貫穿英語學(xué)習(xí)的始終的。 首先，讓我們來認識一下什么是語法。語言是社會交際的工具，是音義結(jié)合的詞匯和語法的體系。語法是語言的組織規(guī)律，它賦予語言以結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)，而詞匯則是語言的建筑材料，它通過語法而賦予語言以意義內(nèi)容。作為社會交際工具的語言首先是有聲語言，它所傳遞的信息首先是通過語音系統(tǒng)表達出來的，所以語音是語義的物質(zhì)媒介，是語言賴以存在和發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。在語言的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)，語音系統(tǒng)和語義系統(tǒng)中，結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)（即語法）是中心部分，是結(jié)合語音系統(tǒng)和語義系統(tǒng)的樞紐，在書寫體中則是結(jié)合文字系統(tǒng)和語義系統(tǒng)的樞紐，可以用公式表示如下：語義 語法 語音

4、系統(tǒng) / 文字系統(tǒng) 通過以上文字，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)語法在語言中有著舉足輕重的作用和地位。因此，學(xué)習(xí)語法的重要性也就不言而喻了。作為老師，我們都知道語法屬于語言知識，而高考中考查的聽、說、讀、寫都屬于語言技能。語言知識和語言技能都是語言能力的組成部分，它們之間是相互影響和相互促進的關(guān)系。英語基礎(chǔ)知識是發(fā)展英語聽、說、讀、寫等技能的重要基礎(chǔ)，同時語言知識本身也是語言學(xué)習(xí)的目標之一。二、語法在英語閱讀理解中的地位和作用不容忽視。常聽人說，語法不用學(xué)的那么透，閱讀一樣會很好。筆者實在不敢茍同。在本人的教學(xué)實踐中，在和學(xué)生的交流中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些老師們認為學(xué)生們知道的語法現(xiàn)象，老師們以為學(xué)生們理解的復(fù)雜句子，他們

5、根本就不明白。是有些老師過高地估計了學(xué)生的能力。而且，我也發(fā)現(xiàn)掌握并正確運用語法知識是提高語言技能的重要基礎(chǔ)，是解決難題，提高成績的有效辦法。作為英語教師，我們都知道英語的語法結(jié)構(gòu)具有層次性，它可分為五個不同的層次，即句子、分句、詞組、詞和詞素。句子是語法的最高層次，由一個或一個以上的分句構(gòu)成；分句由一個或一個以上的詞組構(gòu)成；詞組由一個或一個以上的詞構(gòu)成；詞由一個或一個以上的詞素構(gòu)成。下面我通過閱讀訓(xùn)練中的一些具體實例來說明語法在閱讀中的重要性。1、重視理解關(guān)鍵詞的含義。 例一：(豐臺區(qū)2004高三統(tǒng)一練習(xí)（一）72題) There are two basic ways to see grow

6、th: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language- all these are examples o

7、f people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when _. A. he has given up his smoking habit B. he has made great efforts in his work. C. he is fond of learning anything new. D. he has tried to determine where he is on journey

8、. 本題的正確答案是A。其實，這道題并不難，但是選對的卻沒有幾個人。原因是學(xué)生在讀文章，讀問題的時候，對個別詞并沒有給予足夠的重視。題干中的generally (一般來說) 是一個關(guān)鍵詞，這個詞是和文章中的generally (一般來說) 相互呼應(yīng)的。所以，根據(jù)文章中的內(nèi)容，People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. (人們一般來說把個人成長看成容易識別和測量的結(jié)果或產(chǎn)品)，我們所做出的選擇也必須

9、滿足這一條件。而A戒煙又恰恰能滿足容易識別和測量的結(jié)果這一條件，所以答案就是A。2、正確把握詞組含義。 例二：(江西省2004高三聯(lián)合考試62題) What is so unbelievable is that he always remains calm in great danger. Israeli tanks and planes attacked his office building in Ramallah in December 2001. When they saw the attackers coming, Arafats bodyguards ignored his ord

10、ers to stay still and carried him to safety underground. Seconds later, several bombs were dropped nearby. Though safe, his bodyguards were so frightened that they were wet in sweat. The underlined word “ignored” can be replaced by _. A. obey the instructionsB. take no notice of C. pay much attentio

11、n toD. make the orders 本題的正確答案是B。要想正確地猜出詞義，對不定式to stay still的正確理解至關(guān)重要。在這里to stay still是用來作orders的定語，翻譯成漢語為“原地不動的命令”。如果學(xué)生能夠理解到這一點，就應(yīng)該能夠推測出ignore是“不理會”的意思。所以整個這句話就是：阿拉法特的保鏢不理他呆在原地不動的命令，并且把他帶到安全的地下。結(jié)果整個句子非常通順，所以答案就選擇了B。 例三：(福建省達標中學(xué)高中畢業(yè)班質(zhì)量檢查62題) This situation has led to calls for laws to stop real char

12、ities having their efforts overshadowed by marketing campaigns. This could be done by making the two groups hold their weeks at different times or stopping business running imitation charity campaigns. But there is another way. Maybe its time for National Weak Awareness Week, especially for people w

13、hose awareness of Awareness Weeks is weak. Which of the following is the right measure to be taken to solve the problems in awareness campaigns?A. Laws should stop awareness weeks run by real charity.B. There should be large public relations departments in awareness campaigns.C. Business and awarene

14、ss campaigns should not be held at the same place.D. Marketing campaigns should not be in the name of charity ones. 本題的正確答案是D。但有好多同學(xué)誤選了A。原因是并沒有真正理解文中第一句話的意思。實際上要正確理解第一句話必須知道結(jié)構(gòu)“stop sb. (from) doing”的含義“阻止/防止某人干某事”以及“have sth. done”的含義“使得被”。所以這句話的意思就是：這種情況導(dǎo)致要求出臺法律來防止真正的慈善機構(gòu)的努力被市場活動所遮蔽。如果能夠理解到這一層次，就不難

15、做出正確答案了。 3、掌握并理解句式結(jié)構(gòu)。 例四： People have strange ideas about food. For example, the tomato is a kind of very delicious vegetable. It is one of useful plants that can be prepared in many ways. It has rich nutrition and vitamin in it. But in the 18th century, Americans never ate tomatoes. They grew them

16、in their garden because tomato plants were so pretty. But they thought the vegetable was poisonous. They called tomatoes “poison apples”. President Thomas Jefferson, however, knew that tomatoes were good to eat. He was a learned man. He had been to Paris, where he learned to love the taste of tomato

17、es. He grew many kinds of tomatoes in the garden. The President taught his cooks a way for a cream of tomato soup. This beautiful pink soup was served at the Presidents party. The guests thought the soup tasted really good. They never thought their president would serve his honored guests poison app

18、les. Jefferson never spoke to his honored guests about the fact.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A. All of the guests enjoyed the soup that was served at the Presidents party. B. All of the guests thought the soup which was prepared by the Presidents cooks was nice. C. A

19、ll of the guests thought the taste of the beautiful pink soup was nice. D. All of the guests didnt know that their president would serve his honored guests poison apples. 本題的正確答案是D。選對的同學(xué)非常少。問題在于相當多同學(xué)沒有理解D選項的準確含義。他們都把D理解成了“所有的客人都不知道他們的總統(tǒng)會用毒蘋果來招待他的嘉賓。”但事實上，這是一個部分否定的句子，所以本句話的正確含義應(yīng)為：不是所有的客人都知道他們的總統(tǒng)會用毒蘋果

20、來招待他的嘉賓。而從本文來看，客人們都不知道湯是用毒蘋果做的。所以，D項是與文章相悖的。故正確答案應(yīng)是D。 例五：(2004年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語（北京卷）67題) But Hyde couldnt go after him. Taking care of injured people is always more important than worrying about speeders, so the officer had to stay on his way to the accident. But he did try to keep the Firebird in s

21、ight as he drove, hoping another nearby unit would be able to step in and stop the speeding car. As it turned out, keeping the Firebird in sight was not that difficult. Every turn the Pontiac made was the very turn the officer needed to get to the accident scene.What is probably the best title for t

22、he article? A. Losing His Way? B. Going My Way? C. Fun All the Way? D. Help on the Way? 本題的正確答案是B。有一部分同學(xué)并沒有做出正確判斷，原因在于沒有很好的理解最后一句話。最后一句話中包括了兩個定語從句，第一個是 (that) the Pontiac made，第二個是 (that) the officer needed to get to the accident scene。如果把兩個定語從句拿掉，就抓住了句子的主干Every turn was the very turn。再把兩個定語從句還原，我們就能夠正確理解這句話的含義了，即：這輛Pontiac拐的每一個彎恰恰就是這位警官到達事故現(xiàn)場所需要拐的每一個彎。那么這也就說明違章超速駕駛者所走的路正是這位警官要走的路。所以選出B也就是情理之中了。通過對以上例題的分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，英語語法對于有效解決英語閱讀理解中的問題的確起著舉足輕重的作用。所以，沒有語法知識作支撐，光靠詞語的簡單堆砌，光靠大量的機械的閱讀練習(xí)是無法從根本上解決問題的。也許有人會說，我