第八章 英語(yǔ)翻譯中的詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換(課堂講練)

1、第八章 法律英語(yǔ)詞匯翻譯方法（課堂講練）本章教學(xué)目標(biāo)：了解法律英語(yǔ)翻譯中詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換若干基本方法。一、 法律詞匯英漢互譯中的詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換英漢詞匯分類(lèi)大致相當(dāng)，但鑒于不同的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，在翻譯時(shí)不能苛求詞類(lèi)相當(dāng)，否則可能導(dǎo)致譯文意義晦澀，不知所云。例1、1）、Preference shareholders are entitled to a priority in the assets if the company is wound up.譯文：如果公司被解散，優(yōu)先股東有優(yōu)先分得公司資產(chǎn)的權(quán)利。說(shuō)明：“Preference Shareholders”，意為“shareholders having prior

2、ity over OrdinaryShareholders for the dividend (the part of the money which is divided among shareholders) and assets allocation.” 本句中的介詞“in”如直譯為“在里”，顯然拗口，這里就存在著詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換，即把英語(yǔ)的介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。2）、The “Events of Default”, as used in this Contract, shall mean the occurrence, from time to time, of any of the followi

3、ng circumstances. 譯文：合同中使用的“違約事項(xiàng)”是指發(fā)生以下情形說(shuō)明：本句的“occurrence”本為名詞，但在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞較譯成“發(fā)生”更通達(dá)。所以，為使翻譯的譯文更加通順，符合其本身的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，必要時(shí)，就應(yīng)進(jìn)行詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換，在英漢互譯過(guò)程當(dāng)中，最常見(jiàn)的就是名詞與動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換，具體而言，在英譯漢時(shí)，名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞最常見(jiàn)，這與漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句習(xí)慣疊加動(dòng)詞，以致同一句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“群雄并立“，而英語(yǔ)句子中只有主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”一枝獨(dú)秀“，其余動(dòng)詞只能轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)名詞的不同表達(dá)習(xí)慣緊密相關(guān)。例2、1）、The establishment of a joint venture in China

4、is subject to examination and approval by the Ministry of Commerce of PRC.譯文：在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立合營(yíng)企業(yè)，必須經(jīng)中華人民共和國(guó)商務(wù)部審批。2）、Until the publication or public announcement of a patent application, staff members of the Patent Office and persons involved shall have the duty to keep the contents of the patent application

5、 confidential.譯文：在專(zhuān)利申請(qǐng)公布或公告之前，專(zhuān)利局的工作人員以及有關(guān)人員對(duì)其內(nèi)容負(fù)有保密義務(wù)。3）、絕對(duì)不允許合同任何一方違反合同支付條款的行為。譯文：No violation by either party hereto of any payment clause or clauses can be tolerated. 除名詞動(dòng)詞相互轉(zhuǎn)換外。英漢互譯中，形容詞與副詞，動(dòng)詞與形容詞，甚至介詞與動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換都經(jīng)常發(fā)生，下面分別舉例說(shuō)明。二、 法律英語(yǔ)翻譯的詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換1、 （動(dòng)）名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞例3、1）、Whereas the Licensor possesses know-how

6、for the designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of -譯文：鑒于許可方擁有專(zhuān)有技術(shù)（的所有權(quán)），有權(quán)設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、安裝以及銷(xiāo)售-。2）、All disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be settled by negotiation between two parties. 譯文：凡因執(zhí)行本合同或與本合同有關(guān)事項(xiàng)所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，應(yīng)由雙方通過(guò)友好的方式協(xié)商解決。 3）、The Buyer is requested to sign and

7、 return one copy of this Sales Confirmation without any delay after receipt of the same. Objection, if any, should be raised by the Buyer within 5 days after receipt of this Sales Confirmation, in the absence of which it is understood that the Buyer has accepted the terms and conditions of the Sales

8、 Confirmation. 譯文：買(mǎi)方收到本售貨確認(rèn)書(shū)后毫不遲延的簽回一份，若買(mǎi)方對(duì)本確認(rèn)書(shū)有異議，應(yīng)于收到后5天內(nèi)提出，否則視買(mǎi)方已同意本確認(rèn)書(shū)所規(guī)定的條款與條件。4）、在收到裝運(yùn)通知并滿(mǎn)足所有本協(xié)議列明的條件后，甲方應(yīng)依本協(xié)議的規(guī)定提供貸款。譯文：Upon receipt of the Shipment Notice and fulfillment of all conditions set forth herein, Party A shall provide the loan pursuant to the provisions hereof. 小結(jié)：一般而言，英語(yǔ)中具有動(dòng)作意義的名

9、詞（多以動(dòng)名詞形式體現(xiàn)），動(dòng)詞名詞同形的名詞，以及由動(dòng)詞加后綴轉(zhuǎn)化而成的名詞，翻譯時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞的頻率較高。反之，漢譯英時(shí)，動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞或動(dòng)名詞形式，以免同一句中動(dòng)詞疊加過(guò)多。2、 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞當(dāng)英語(yǔ)中名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞后，修飾名詞的形容詞也就相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞，換言之，英語(yǔ)中“名詞加形容詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，往往譯成漢語(yǔ)的”動(dòng)詞加副詞“的結(jié)構(gòu)。 例4、1）、Either party shall provide the same care to prevent the other Partys Confidential Information from disclosure or unauthorized

10、 use thereof as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information. 譯文：合同各方應(yīng)如同保護(hù)自己的類(lèi)似專(zhuān)有信息一樣，謹(jǐn)慎行事，以防披露或擅自使用另一方的機(jī)密信息。 說(shuō)明：“proprietary“，意為”專(zhuān)有的，獨(dú)占的“（privately owned or controlled: proprietary technology.）” proprietor”, 指”所有人、業(yè)主、專(zhuān)利權(quán)人“（a owner of a business, an invention, etc. 2)、The China Nat

11、ional Offshore Oil Corporation shall have exclusive and overall responsibility for the work of exploiting offshore petroleum resources in the PRC in cooperation with foreign enterprises.參考譯文：中華人民共和國(guó)對(duì)外合作開(kāi)采海洋石油資源的業(yè)務(wù)，專(zhuān)門(mén)由中國(guó)海洋石油總公司全面負(fù)責(zé)。3）、甲方在此不可撤銷(xiāo)地委托乙方，甲方簽署貨物交接單據(jù)后，立即將貨物價(jià)款直接支付到供貨商的帳戶(hù)。參考譯文：Party A hereby i

12、rrevocably authorizes Party B to make a direct payment for the Goods into the account of the supplier immediately after Party A signs the Delivery Note.小結(jié)：上述例句說(shuō)明，英語(yǔ)名詞譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后，修飾該名詞的形容詞常譯成副詞。3、 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞例5、1）、The rights conferred upon the respective parties by the provisions of this Clause are addition

13、al to and do not prejudice any other rights the respective parties may have.譯文：本條款的規(guī)定賦予各方權(quán)利，是對(duì)各方可能享有的其他權(quán)利的補(bǔ)充，而不是損害。 2）、The supplier shall ensure that it is the lawful owner of the technology to be proved and that the technology provided is complete, accurate, effective and capable of attaining the t

14、echnical targets specified in the contract.譯文：供方應(yīng)保證自己是所提供的技術(shù)的合法擁有者，并且保證所提供的技術(shù)具有完整性、準(zhǔn)確性、有效性，能夠達(dá)到合同規(guī)定目標(biāo)。 可見(jiàn)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，與名詞同根的形容詞在英譯漢時(shí)，有時(shí)也譯作名詞。4、 介詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞例6、1）、Preference shareholders are entitled to a priority in the assets if the company is wound up. 譯文：如果公司被解散，優(yōu)先股東有優(yōu)先分得公司資產(chǎn)的權(quán)利。三、 漢譯英時(shí)的詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換1、 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞例7、1）、賣(mài)

15、方聲明并保證，賣(mài)方將向買(mǎi)方交付完整、準(zhǔn)確、有效的系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)能夠達(dá)到在產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明與規(guī)格中規(guī)定的技術(shù)指標(biāo)，并通過(guò)成功完成系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)收檢測(cè)予以證明。譯文：The Seller represents and warrants that it will deliver to The buyer a complete, correct and valid system, capable of accomplishing the technical targets specified in Product Description and Specification, and proved by successf

16、ul completion of the Acceptance Test of the System.2)、招攬訂單時(shí)，代理商應(yīng)將賣(mài)方成交條件、合同的一般條款充分通知顧客，也應(yīng)該告顧客，任何合同的訂立都要由賣(mài)方確認(rèn)。代理商應(yīng)將其收到的訂單立即轉(zhuǎn)交給賣(mài)方，供賣(mài)方選擇是否接受訂單。譯文：When soliciting orders, The Agent shall adequately advise customers of the general terms and conditions of the Sellers sales note or contractual note and that

17、 any contract is subject to the confirmation of acceptance by the Seller. Agent shall immediately dispatch any order received to the Seller for its acceptance or rejection.小結(jié)：可見(jiàn)，將漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞譯成英語(yǔ)名詞，經(jīng)常使用具有動(dòng)詞意義的動(dòng)名詞，或者動(dòng)詞名詞或由動(dòng)詞加后綴而形成的名詞。2、 副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞例8、1）、如合同一方實(shí)質(zhì)性違反本合同或其項(xiàng)下的陳述與保證，-另一方可終止合同，并向違約方提出索賠。 譯文：If either

18、party commits any material breach of this Contract or its representations and warranties,-, the other party may terminate this contract and file a claim against the breaching party. 2)、甲方必須真實(shí)、完整地向律師敘述案情、提供證據(jù)。在接受委托后，如發(fā)現(xiàn)甲方捏造事實(shí)、弄虛作假，乙方有權(quán)終止代理，依本合同所收費(fèi)用不予退還。譯文：The statement made and proofs provided by Par

19、ty A shall be true and complete. Where Party A is founded fabricating fact, Party B is free to terminate this Agreement and retain payment already collected from Party A according to this Agreement .3、 動(dòng)詞譯為介詞例9、1）、甲方該做法違反了其合同義務(wù)。譯文：Conduct by Party A is against tits contractual obligations. 課后作業(yè)：1、 英

20、譯漢：1）、Party B undertakes that its exercise of its rights or performance of its obligations under this Contract will not violate any provisions of this Contract and concerning laws or regulations to which it is subject.參考譯文：乙方保證其實(shí)現(xiàn)權(quán)利或履行義務(wù)的行為不違反本合同和有關(guān)法規(guī)的規(guī)定。2）、The confidentiality obligations imposed on all parties hereto shall terminate two (2) years after the expiration or termination of this Agreement.參考譯文：合同各方依本協(xié)議應(yīng)履行的保密義務(wù)，在本協(xié)議期滿(mǎn)或終止2年后終止。3）、In case of the institution of any suit by a third party against the Buyer for patent infringement in respect of the Goods, the Buyer shal