初高中銜接語法;名詞性從句

1、文檔供參考，可復(fù)制、編制，期待您的好評與關(guān)注！ 簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子種類：兩種分類法 1、按句子的用途可分四種： 1）陳述句(肯定、否定) He is six years old. She didn't hear of you before. 2）疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意) Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can't she? 3）祈使句 Be careful, boys. Don't talk in class. 4）感嘆

2、句 How clever the boy is! How well you write! How strange a feeling it was! What strange feelings they are! What useful information it is! What a fine day it is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing

3、and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2）并列句：由并列連詞(and, but, or, so, for 等)或分號(;)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。It was here yesterday, therefore it cannot be lost. 3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句

4、、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. That he will come and help us is certain.His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818.二、簡單句的五種基本句型 1、主語+系動詞+表語 e.g. He is a student. 2、主語+不及物動詞 e.g. We work hard. 3、主語+及物動詞+賓語 e.g. Henry

5、bought a dictionary. 4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語) e.g. My father bought me a car. 常接雙賓語的動詞有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, serve, show, teach, tell, write; buy, call, fetch, get, leave, make, order, prepare, reach, sing etc.5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ)):e.g. Tom made the baby la

6、ugh. 常接復(fù)合賓語的動詞見句子成分分析。注:其他各種句子都可由這幾種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。 三、并列句的分類 1、表示連接兩個同等概念,常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teacher's name is Smith, and the student's name is John. 2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you'll miss the train. 3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but, still

7、, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 四、復(fù)合句的分類一）名詞性從句：名詞性從句包括主

8、語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句名詞性從句：在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。主語 His job is important. What he does is important.表語This is his job.This is what he does every day.賓語 I dont like his job. I dont like what he does every day.同位語

9、I dont know about the man, Mr. White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.Find clauses from the following sentences and tell the functions of them1. At lunch time, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.2. The truth is that the fog is too thi

10、ck for the bus to run that far.3. What surprised me most was that the old man couldnt see anything.4. The fact that Polly didnt ask for the mans name is a pity.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever連接副詞how, why, when, where however, wherever連接詞that, whether, if, because as if/ as tho

11、ugh(不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分)一、主語從句在句中作主語的句子叫主語從句1、引導(dǎo)詞主語從句通常用從屬連詞that, whether和連接代詞what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及連接副詞how when, where, why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在從句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)成分。Example: (1) (他想要告訴我們的)is not clear.( want )（2）_（任何得到這份工作的人） willhave a lot of work to do. (get)（3）_(他偷了一輛自

12、行車) was true. (steal)（4）At the end of meeting , it was announced _(達(dá)成了協(xié)議).(agreement) (07 江蘇)2、主謂一致單個的主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如果是兩個或兩個以上的主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Examples:1.Where and when he was born yet（還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)）.（find）2.When the person was murdered and why he was murdered （不知道）.（unknown）3.What he wants （是） thos

13、e books. （be） (是) some water. (be)3、形式主語it有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用it 代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主句的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式. 常用句型如下： e.g. It is a pity that its no wonder that It is suggested that It is said that It isnt decided _(我們什么時候動身)._ (當(dāng)然) she will do well in her exam. (certain)4、虛擬語氣在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時，謂語

14、動詞要用虛擬語氣 “(should) +do” ，常用的句型有： It is necessary/ important / natural / strange that Its suggested/desired/required（表示建議、命令的詞語） thate.g. It is necessary that a university student _(掌握) at least a foreign language.（master）5、陳述句語序在名詞性從句中一般用陳述句語序.1)The problem is _ (他對這個小男孩做了什么) .2)（09湖北）_（任何計劃好了的）is s

15、ure to change as one puts it into practice. (plan)二、賓語從句名詞性從句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣。1. 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。He understands that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.2、虛擬語氣在demand,

16、order, suggest, advise, insist, request, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用 “should+ 動詞原形”。wish之后賓語從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反用一般過去時其中be用were；與過去事實相反用過去完成時；將來用could等加動詞原形。I insist that （她單獨做她的工作）(alone)但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”講, insist作“堅持說、堅持認(rèn)為”講，表明其后的動作尚未發(fā)生時，則賓語從句中應(yīng)該用陳述語氣。 The smile on his face sugge

17、sted _ the examination.（他通過）(pass)3、陳述句語序（與主從類似）4、用whether或 if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句whether和if均可引導(dǎo)動詞后的賓語從句，常可互換。但從句中有or not時或介詞后的賓語從句中只能用whether連接。其它名詞性從句，如：主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句只用whether. is an interesting question. （月球上是否有生命）介詞后的賓語從句一般不用which和if引導(dǎo),要用whether和what。that也很少引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。 5、賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼

18、應(yīng)賓語從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)受主句謂語動詞的影響，如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時從句中的謂語動詞可以用各種時態(tài)； 1) I know that every day.（他學(xué)習(xí)英語）(study)2) I know that_ last term.（他上學(xué)期學(xué)了英語）3) I know that _next year.(他明年會學(xué)英語)4) I know that _ since 1998. (他學(xué)習(xí)英語)如果主句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時，則從句中的謂語動詞只能用過去時的某種形式，如一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時，過去將來時等。（注意：現(xiàn)在完成時只是現(xiàn)在的某種時態(tài)） The teacher told us _

19、（湯姆離開我們到美國去了）(leave)當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。 The teacher told us _(太陽從東邊升起) (rise)6、賓語從句中的否定轉(zhuǎn)移當(dāng)主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 時，其后的賓語從句如果是否定形式，常把否定詞not從從句中轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中成為否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。1) We dont believe _（他會贏得這場比賽）. （game） 2) I dont think (that) _（他會這樣做）. （do）7. 形式賓語如果賓語從句后還有賓語補(bǔ)足

20、語，則必須用it 作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置，并且that 不能省略。 He_ (闡明) that he will not give in. (make)在depend on, rely on, hate, like, appreciate, see to等詞之后接it 作形式賓語，再接從句作真實賓語。I hate it when people talk with their mouths full of food.I dont like it _(你朝我大喊大叫). （shout）You may _(指望我會幫助你). (depend)I would appreciate it _(你支付

21、現(xiàn)金). (pay)三、表語從句在句中作表語的句子叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣 。表語從句位于連系動詞后，有時用as if, because 引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為： 主語 + 系動詞 + 從句（注意陳述句語序及建議之類詞所引起的虛擬語氣）需要注意引導(dǎo)詞的選擇根據(jù)語義及所充當(dāng)成分進(jìn)行。當(dāng)主語是reason 時，表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。 1) It looks _(好像要下雨).2) The reason why he was late was _the train（他錯過火車）by one minute this morning.四、同位語從

22、句同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名詞后,如 news, idea, information, fact, hope, thought, belief 等，用來說明名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。注意引導(dǎo)詞的選擇、陳述句語序及建議命令之類詞所構(gòu)成的虛擬語氣。1) I have no idea _(他什么時候回來) （be）2) The news _ is exciting.(我們贏了比賽) (game)3) Word came _(總統(tǒng)會來) and inspect our school himself. (come)同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：that 作為關(guān)

23、系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語時可以省略； that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，起連詞的作用，沒有實際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。 1) Along with the letter was his promise_（他會拜訪我） this coming Christmas. 2) The news _(我們隊贏了) is encouraging. (win) 3) The news _(你告訴我) is encouraging. (tell)分析歷屆高考試題名詞性從句考查的要點有以下四個方面:1. 考查名詞性從句的語序問題2.考查不同引導(dǎo)詞的運用，尤其是that與wha

24、t、who與whoever及no matter who 等的區(qū)別、whether與if等的區(qū)別。3.考查it在名詞性從句中作形式主語或形式賓語的用法4.考查名詞性從句的虛擬語氣問題Practice1. _（英語晚會在什么地方舉行） has not yet been announced. (hold)2.People in Chongqing are proud of _(他們所取得的)in the past ten years. (achieve)3.See the flags on top of the building? That was _ (我們所做的）this morning. (d

25、o)4.（09湖北）_ (任何計劃好了的事) is sure to change as one puts it into practice. (whatever)5.(08)湖北) I feel so sick. I wish Mum_(沒有逼我) to eat so much. (force)6 (08湖北) With the rapid development of science and technology, I can't imagine _ (我的家鄉(xiāng)會是什么樣子) in ten years. (what)7.I havent the slightest idea_ (他正

26、在說什么). (talk)8.(08浙江)Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from_ (他們的父母所說的)at home . (speak)9.(08福建) _ (我們都知道)is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (know).10.(08湖南)When asked _ (他們最需要什么),the kids said that wanted to feel important and loved. (need)11.(08陜西)The moment I got home . I found I _ (把夾克衫忘在操場上了) (leave)12.You