第九章懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)

1、第九章懸垂結(jié)構(gòu) 第一節(jié)懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 所謂懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)，是指現(xiàn)在分詞( V-ing)或過(guò)去分詞(V-ed)在句子中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)（即該動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者）從文法的要求來(lái)看，必須是句子的主語(yǔ)，但如果該主語(yǔ)和現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞在邏輯上又沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，那么現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞就變成了一個(gè)沒(méi)有依附的分詞，文法上稱這樣的錯(cuò)誤情況叫懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)。 懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)是SAT重點(diǎn)考查的內(nèi)容。通過(guò)認(rèn)識(shí)懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)，可以幫助我們迅速排除一些錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。例：After reading the book,一 (A)I fed the dog (B) the dog was fed by me (C) feeding the dog was h

2、is task (D) the dog was hungry 如果reading the book作狀語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)的成分就必須是reading the book的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者。在各選項(xiàng)中，只有A符合條件，而其他選項(xiàng)的主語(yǔ)均不能作為reading the book的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者，故正確選項(xiàng)為A。 當(dāng)句子以V-ing開(kāi)頭，則句子的主語(yǔ)必須是該動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者；當(dāng)句子以V-ed 開(kāi)頭，則主句必須和該V-ed構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。當(dāng)我們看到一個(gè)句子以V-ing或V-ed 開(kāi)頭時(shí)（有時(shí)前面有after、before、while或when之類的連詞），首先要考慮句子主語(yǔ)必須和V-ing或V-ed在邏輯上有關(guān)系，凡是沒(méi)有關(guān)系

3、的必定是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。 例：(A) Writing in a free style, the novelist is popular among the children (B) Written in a free style, the novel is popular among the children 在A句中，write的動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)the novelist發(fā)出的，故采用V-ing形式； 在B句中，the novel是被寫(xiě)的，故采用V-ed形式。 為進(jìn)一步了解懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)，我們來(lái)分析下列例句的正誤： (A) Waitine for a bus,a brick fell on my head (

4、B) Driving on the road that night,a squirrel suddenly leapt out of the jungle. (C) Getting down from the bus, my ankle was sprainecL (D) Looking out of the window, there were many people on the streets. (E) Sitting under an apple tree one night,a new idea came to Newton (F) Looking in this way,the s

5、ituation didn't seem that bad (G) WritinS in a free style, the novelist is popular. (H) Ranked as one of the top ten university, many students are eager to have the chance to study in Princeton 【分析】 (A)錯(cuò)。因?yàn)閎rick不能發(fā)出writing這樣的動(dòng)作。該句為典型的懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)。應(yīng)改為： WaitinS for a bus,1 was hit by a brick (B)錯(cuò)。因?yàn)閍 squi

6、rrel不能發(fā)出driving這樣的動(dòng)作。應(yīng)改為： DrivirX; on the road that night,Tom saw a squirrel leaping out of the jungle. (c)錯(cuò)。發(fā)出getting down from the bus動(dòng)作的是句子主語(yǔ)my ankle，而這從邏輯上是講不通的。應(yīng)改為： Getting down from the bus,I got my ankle sprained (D)錯(cuò)。發(fā)出looking out of the window這個(gè)動(dòng)作的行為主體應(yīng)是句子的主語(yǔ)?？筛臑椋?LookinS out of the window,

7、Mary saw many people on the street (E)錯(cuò)。是Newton發(fā)出sitting under an apple tree這個(gè)動(dòng)作，故要把Newton 作為主語(yǔ)?？筛臑椋?Sitting under an apple tree, Newton was hit by a new idea. (F)錯(cuò)。situation是不能發(fā)出looking這一動(dòng)作的，只能是被“l(fā)ook”，故應(yīng)把looking改為looked。即： Looked in this way,the situation didn't seem that bad (G)正確。the novelis

8、t作為主語(yǔ)可以發(fā)出writing這一動(dòng)作。 (H)錯(cuò)。顯然，這里是Princeton必須是主語(yǔ)。應(yīng)改為： Ranked as one of the top ten university, Princeton is the dream of many students who are eager to study in it. 值得注意的是，英文中有些固定的表達(dá)方式，特別是在一些表示說(shuō)話人態(tài)度的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)和句首的V-ing或V-ed沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系，但句子依然正確。常見(jiàn)的有： a副詞+speaking 如：strictly speaking, frankly speaking, genera

9、lly speaking, seriously speaking 等等。 例：Generally speaking, women live longer than men 此句中，雖然women不是speaking的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者，但由于generally speaking 為習(xí)慣表達(dá)，全句依然正確。 bV-ing+介詞 如：j uding from(從上看)，talking of(談到一)，assuming( =if)，allowing for(一considering，考慮到) 例：Allowing for his age, he has done a good job. Speaking o

10、f English writing,I have an excellent tutor. Juding from his accent, he must be from Northern China. c·V-ing+從句 supposing /supposed that從句-if從句 providing /provided that從句=if從句 granting /granted that從句一although從句 allowing /considering /given that從句 例：Supposing that l would die tomorrow, what sho

11、uld I do today7 Assuming (if) the proposal is accepted, where can we get enough money? Given (Considering) that there was little time left,I think we should accelerate our progress. 第二節(jié)懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)試題分新 1. While shopping for a birthday present for Anna, that was when Julie remembered a clearance sale at the

12、outlet mall. (A) that was when Julie remembered a clearance sale at the outlet mall (B) Julie remembered a clearance sale at the outlet mall (C) then Julie's memory of the outlet mall's clearance sale took place (D) the outlet mall's clearance sale was what Julie remembered (E)a clearanc

13、e sale at the outlet mall was remembered by Julie 【分析】 主語(yǔ)必須能發(fā)出shopping這一動(dòng)作，因此只能由Julie作為主語(yǔ)，據(jù)此選B。 另外，A中的that不可以單獨(dú)使用（除非在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中）；C選項(xiàng)主語(yǔ)是Julie 的memory，不是Julie，故排除；D選項(xiàng)中無(wú)生命的the outlet mall的所有格不能用 s的形式；E采用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 正確答案：B 2. While studying at the University of Michigan, that was when Arthur Miller developed a pr

14、ofound passion for writinS. (A) that was when Arthur Miller developed a profound passion for writing (B) Arthur Miller developed a profound passion for writing (C) then the development of Arthur Miller's profound passion for writing took place (D) Arthur Miller's profound passion for writing

15、 was developed (E)a profound passion for drama developed in Arthur Miller 【分析】 主語(yǔ)必須是能發(fā)出studying這個(gè)動(dòng)作的人，所以只能是Arthur Miller，只有B 符合，其它選項(xiàng)都應(yīng)排除。 另外，A選項(xiàng)單獨(dú)使用that;C選項(xiàng)違反了動(dòng)詞優(yōu)先的原則,D選項(xiàng)是Mller的 profotmd passion作主語(yǔ)，并且使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 正確答案：B3. While taking a sightseeing tour of Paris, the Eiffel Tower was the Emily's fir

16、st stop. (A) the Eiffel Tower was the Emily's first stop (B) the Eiffel Tower was where Emily stopped first (C) Emily's first stop was the Eiffel Tower (D) Emily's first stop being the Eiffel Tower (E) Emily first stopped at the Eiffel Tower 【分析】 主語(yǔ)必須能發(fā)出taking這一動(dòng)作，故句子主語(yǔ)必須是Emily，其余選項(xiàng)均不符合要

17、求。 正確答案：E 4. Brought up in a small suburban town, it was only when she began working in Boston that she realized how excitint; life in a metropolitan area could be. (A) it was only when she began working in Boston that she realized how exciting life in a metropolitan area could be (B) when she began

18、 working in Boston she then realized how exciting life in a metropolitan area could be (C) going to work in Boston made her realize how exciting life in a metropolitan area could be (D) she didn't realize how exciting life in a metropolitan area could be until she began working in Boston (E) exc

19、iting life in a metropolitan area was unrealized by her until she began working in Boston 【分析】 Brought up是過(guò)去分詞，所以主語(yǔ)必須是被brought up的，從句中看應(yīng)該是she作主語(yǔ)。只有D能滿足。 正確答案：D 5. Although dismissed by Salon attendees for its subject matter, most artists viewed Manet's Olympia as a 8roundbreaking work (A) most a

20、rtists viewed Manet's Olympia aS a groundbreaking work (B) most artists viewed Manet's Olympia to be a groundbreaking work (C)a groundbreaking work was what most artists viewed Manet's Olympia as (D) Manet's Olympia was viewed by most artists as a groundbreaking work (E) Manet's

21、Olympia,a groundbreaking work in the view of most artists 【分析】 從句意上來(lái)看，應(yīng)該是Manet's Olympia被dismissed，故只能在D和E中選擇。但E選項(xiàng)是個(gè)不完整句子，故只能選D。 題干中的although后面省略了it was，是一種典型的狀語(yǔ)從句省略形式。 本句中的viewA asB結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于regardA as B結(jié)構(gòu)。 正確答案：D 6. Having lived away from home for many years, that his parents did not visit him disa

22、ppointed James extremely. (A) that his parents did not visit him disappointed James extremely (B) James's extreme disappointment resulted from his parent's not visiting him (C) James was extremely disappointed that his parents did not visit him (D) James's extreme disappointment at his p

23、arent's failing to visit (E) his parent's failing to visit was an extreme disappointment to James 【分析】 只有“人”才能發(fā)出having lived away from home這種動(dòng)作，即主語(yǔ)必須是“人”。只有C滿足條件。 A選項(xiàng)是一個(gè)包含了主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜句。其中his parents did not visit him這一整句做disappointed主語(yǔ)，that做連詞。請(qǐng)看下列主語(yǔ)從句的例子： That the earth is round is undisputable

24、. That Mary is pretty is true. 劃線部分均為主語(yǔ)從句，即整個(gè)句子做另外一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)從句前的that不可省略。 B同時(shí)采用了名詞和doing結(jié)構(gòu)。 D為不完整句。 正確答案：c 7. ReturninS to work after a long and relaxinE; vacation, the office seemed duller to Boris than it had been before he left. (A) Returning to work after a long and relaxing vacation, the office

25、 seemed duller to Boris (B) Having returned to work after a long and relaxing vacation, it seemed a much duller office to Boris (C) When Boris returned to work after a long and relaxing vacation, the office seems much duller (D) Boris returned to work after a long and relaxing vacation, the office w

26、as seemingly much duller (E) When Boris returned to work after a long and relaxing vacation, the office seemed much duller to him 【分析】 A.B均為懸垂錯(cuò)誤。 C中的seems應(yīng)改為seemed才能保持時(shí)態(tài)統(tǒng)一。 D為run-on，同時(shí)seemingly much duller不如seemed much duller簡(jiǎn)潔，并且改變了句意（seemingly的意思是“表面上”，和原句意思不符）。 正確答案：E 8. In the city, by just walk

27、ing outside or taking the subway, new people and events can be seen (A) new people and events can be seen (B) seeing new people and events (C) new people and events being seen (D) one can see new people and events (E) it is new people and events that can be seen 2d 【分析】 A, B, C,E均為懸垂錯(cuò)誤。A使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。B和C均

28、為不完整句子。 正確答案：D 9. Hauling the laundry basket up the fifth flight of stairs, exhaustion forced Maria to stop and sit down on the landing for a moment. (A) exhaustion forced Maria to stop and sit down (B) exhaustion was what forced Maria to stop and sit down (C) it was exhaustion that forced Maria to

29、stop and sit down (D) Maria, forced by exhaustion to stop and sit down (E) Maria was forced by exhaustion to stop and sit down 【分析】 根據(jù)懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的基本常識(shí)，只能選E。 D為不完整句子。 B和C都是英文中的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，但都不是SAT青睞的東西。SAT更喜歡簡(jiǎn)潔。 正確答案：E10. Sent to Canada after the flu epidemic of the early 1900s, his paintin8 depicted Jonathan's

30、 first experience traveling by boat. (A) his painting depicted Jonathan's first experience traveling by boat (B) Jonathan's first experience traveling by boat was the subject of his paintiW (C) the first suloject of his painting was Jonathan's first experience traveling by boat (D) Jonat

31、han depicted his first experience traveling by boat in his painting (E) Jonathan, who had his first experience traveling by boat, depicted this in his first painting 【分析】 根據(jù)懸垂知識(shí)，在D和E中選擇。E的表達(dá)比較哆唆，同時(shí)單獨(dú)使用this,犯了SAT的大忌。 C在suhject前加first，改變了原意。注意，原句中的first和only本來(lái)在原句中修飾什么成分，那么在正確答案中一定修飾同樣的成分。就是說(shuō)，不能隨便改動(dòng)原句中

32、first和only的位置。 正確答案：D11. Jumping over fantastic obstacles in the video game, right before the player a dragon roared (A) right before the player a dragon roared (B)a dragon, right before the player, roared (C) there was a dragon roaring right before the player (D) the player saw right before him a d

33、ragon was roaring (E) the player saw a dragon roaring right before him 【分析】 A,B均以a dragon作主語(yǔ)，排除。 C的主語(yǔ)是there，排除。 在D和E中,D不符合see的用法。一般是see somebody/something doing(或do)，而不會(huì)說(shuō)see that somebody (something) is doing something(在D中a dragon 前面的that被省略了)。 正確答案：E12. Costing much less than imported coffee,a thir

34、d of Fiji's coffee supply now comes from locally Srown coffee. (A)a third of Fiji's coffee supply now comes from locally grown coffee (B) of Fiji's coffee supply,a third now comes from locally grown coffee (C) Fiji now supplies a third of its totaI coffee from locally grown coffee (D) lo

35、cally grown coffee now provides a third of Fiji's coffee supply (E) Fiji's coffee supply from locally grown coffee produces about a third of it 【分析】 是什么cost much less than進(jìn)口咖啡呢？當(dāng)然是國(guó)產(chǎn)咖啡。所以主語(yǔ)必須是locally grown coffee，故只能選D。 正確答案：D 13. Raised in a small, rural community, it was only when I moved

36、to a larSe metropolitan area that I realized how exitin8 city life could be. (A) it was only when I moved to a large metropolitan area that I realized how exiting city life could be (B) when I moved to a large metropolitan area I realized how exiting city life could be (C) moving to a large metropol

37、itan area made me realize how exiting city life could be (D)I did not realize how exiting city life could be until I moved to a large metropolitan area (E) exiting city life was unknown to me until I moved to a large metropolitan 【分析】 由懸垂知識(shí)可知，只有D選項(xiàng)的主語(yǔ)“I”才能被raised，故選D. 正確答案：D 14. Hearing that the tes

38、t results exceeded state mandates,a party was thrown by the math teacher for the students. (A)a party was thrown by the math teacher (B)a party was thrown (C) the math teacher was thrown a party (D) the math teacher threw a party (E) the math teacher had thrown a party 【分析】 A,B均為懸垂錯(cuò)誤，同時(shí)B因?yàn)槭÷粤藙?dòng)作發(fā)出者而改

39、變了原句的意思。 C誤用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一個(gè)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后面要接名詞，一定要在該名詞前加bY。 加上by后句子變成teacher was thrown by a party，也不合邏輯。 在D和E中，文法都正確，但E采用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，不符合過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法。 在本句中，exceed的動(dòng)作在throw a party這一動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，因此，即使要用過(guò)去 完成時(shí)也只有exceed才能用。 正確答案；D 15. Staring out over the ocean, the waves gave the sailor a sense of stability. (A) the waves gave the s

40、ailor a sense of stability (B) the sailors gave a sense of stability to the waves (C) the sailor felt a sense of staloility from the waves (D) waving gave the sailor a sense of staloility (E) the waves gave the sailor a sense of stability to the sailor 【分析】 由懸垂知識(shí)可知，只能在B和C中選擇。但B的句意不通，水手怎么能給波浪 穩(wěn)定感呢？故選C。 正確答案：C 16. Before registering a motor vehicle in our state, the applicants' cars must be checked by their mechanics. (A) the applicants' cars must be checked by their mechanics (B) the applicants must have their cars checked by their mechanics (C) their mechanics must check the