高中英語(yǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)法

1、word高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法(時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài))一 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有16種時(shí)態(tài)，但是常見(jiàn)的只有九種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。(一） 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do / does1具體用法1) 表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作We always care for each other and help each other. 我們總是互相關(guān)心互相幫助。He goes to school every day.2) 表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)He is very happy.Do you sing -A

2、 little.3) 表示普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比聲速快。Actions speak louder than words. 行動(dòng)勝過(guò)言語(yǔ)。* 常與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)連用的詞或短語(yǔ)主要有：often, usually, sometimes, every day, every morning/afternoon, on Sundays/weekends等等。 I often go to the cinema on Sundays. 我經(jīng)常星期天去看電影。 He goes to work early every day. 他每天上班很早。 二一般過(guò)去

3、時(shí)( did )1表示過(guò)去某一特定時(shí)間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過(guò)去時(shí)間的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句連用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. 2表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如： He always went to class last. I used to do my homework in the library. 三一般將來(lái)時(shí) ( will / shall do)1表示將來(lái)打算進(jìn)行或期待發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2一般將來(lái)時(shí)有時(shí)可

4、以表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如Crops will die without water.You wont succeed without their support.3) 幾種替代形式： *be going to +v在口語(yǔ)中廣泛使用，表示準(zhǔn)備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如： I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money. *be to +v表示方案安排要做的事，具有"必要"的強(qiáng)制性意義。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. *be about to +v表示即

5、將發(fā)生的事情。例如： He was about to start. *be due to +v表示預(yù)先確定了的事， 必定發(fā)生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如：begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可用來(lái)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。多用來(lái)表示按方案事先安排好即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，句中通常還有一個(gè)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：The meeting begins at seven.The train starts at nine in t

6、he morning.四現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) ( is / are doing)1） 表示現(xiàn)在某時(shí)或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用的詞組是now， right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present, 或某個(gè)具體的時(shí)間幾點(diǎn)鐘。He is writing a letter now.She is visiting Beijing this week.2） 有時(shí)用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，這時(shí)是為了表示一種感情如贊嘆，厭煩，滿意，不滿等He is always thinking of his work. (表示

7、贊許)The boy is always talking in class. 表示不滿 3) 有時(shí)用來(lái)表示一個(gè)在最近按方案或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作這時(shí)多有一個(gè)表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)We are leaving on Friday. 我們星期五動(dòng)身。 How many of you are coming to the party五現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has done 1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示對(duì)目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動(dòng)作常與yet，already，just連用，或者過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況常與for，since連用。例如： I have just finished my homewor

8、k. Mary has been ill for three days. 2常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：since, for, during, over等引導(dǎo)出的短語(yǔ)；副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；狀語(yǔ)詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： So far, she hasn't enjoyed the summer vacation. Ther

9、e have been a lot of changes since 1978. 3完成時(shí)態(tài)可用在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中： *This (That, It) is (was) the first (second.) time +定語(yǔ)從句；*This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語(yǔ)從句；*This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級(jí)+ n +定語(yǔ)從句。如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如： 1This is one of the rarest

10、 questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. 2There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 六過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) (was / were doing)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后，另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或表示過(guò)去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動(dòng)詞連用。例如： 1We were discussing the matter when

11、 the headmaster entered. 2Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.七過(guò)去完成時(shí) ( had done)1表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示；或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如： 1We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. 2動(dòng)詞

12、expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away. 另外兩種表示"過(guò)去想做而未做的事"的表達(dá)方式是： 1was / were + to have done sth, 例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.

13、2intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 3過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型： 1hardly, scarcely, barely + 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ when + 過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2no sooner +過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ th

14、an +過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3by (the end of ) +過(guò)去時(shí)間，主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon. (八)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1. 一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的形式Should / would+ 動(dòng)詞原形was / were + 動(dòng)詞-ing形式2. 一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中，其主語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，可表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事情，如：He said t

15、hat he would speak at the meeting.He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.九現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) ( has / have been doing)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it. 運(yùn)用動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題一在時(shí)間和條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中不要用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，如Well give him th

16、e book if he wants it.He decided to fight back if he was hit again. Ill call you as soon as Ive finished my work. (二) 時(shí)態(tài)的一致時(shí)態(tài)的照應(yīng)，如We saw that the smoke was coming from a window.I didnt know if she would come.He admitted that he had been on the march.*不進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)調(diào)整的情況：1從句說(shuō)的是一種普遍真理，如：Long ago, people didnt

17、know the earth moves round the sun.2當(dāng)從句的謂語(yǔ)改成過(guò)去時(shí)可能造成誤會(huì)，如Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30三瞬間動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的使用，如：誤：I have received her letter for three months.正：I received her letter three months ago.正：It is three months since I received her letter.四注意某些要求一定時(shí)態(tài)的句型* was/ were doing sth. when did sth.I

18、was reading a book when the bell rang* was/were about to do sth. when did sth.We were about to leave when the telephone rang.She was about to go out when it started to rain* 表示做事做了第幾次或共幾次，要用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如：Its the first time Ive seen her.We have been there three times.* It is / has been sinceIt is (has been)

19、 two weeks since I came here.She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.* hardlywhenWe had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain.Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.* no soonerthanI had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.No sooner had I com

20、e into the room than the door was closed.二動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。 1We use electricity to run machines.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 2Electricity is used to run machines.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ) 1在英語(yǔ)中，不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但有些不及物動(dòng)詞包括短語(yǔ)容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happe

21、n, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 2某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 2 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)形式 常用的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有下表所列的幾種時(shí)態(tài)形式。 時(shí)間一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 am askedam being asked is askedis being asked are asked are being asked 過(guò)去 was be askedwas being asked were

22、be asked were being asked 將來(lái) shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 過(guò)去 should be asked should have been asked 將來(lái) would be asked would have been asked 3 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，通常被看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開(kāi)或省略。例如： 1So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2All the rubbis

23、h should be got rid of. 4"get + -ed分詞"的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) "get + -ed分詞"結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而非動(dòng)作本身，常用來(lái)表示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，"get + -ed分詞"還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖?，是主?dòng)的行為而不是被動(dòng)的行為。例如： get dressed穿衣服 get divorced離婚 get engaged訂婚get confused迷惑不解 get lost迷路get washed

24、洗臉 get married結(jié)婚 5 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 1The novel was well written.系表結(jié)構(gòu) 2The novel was written by Diskens.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 6 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞，如：have, fit, hold, lack, costI have a computer.The hall can hold 200 people.7. 主動(dòng)性式表被動(dòng)意義當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)

25、等意義時(shí)。This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗。These novels wont sell well.這些小說(shuō)不暢銷(xiāo)。My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫(xiě)起來(lái)很流暢。The door wont lock.門(mén)鎖不上。The fish smells good.魚(yú)聞起來(lái)香。當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定等意思時(shí)。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want

26、, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。be worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。在“be + 形容詞 + to do中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent出租也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。Choose the right answer1. They _ friends since they met in Shanghai. A. have made B.

27、have become C. have been D. have had2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he _. A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving3. We all know that ice _. A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold4. -This cloth _ well and _ long. - OK. Ill ta

28、ke it. A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting5. Helen _ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ home. A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come6. It _ every day so far this week. A. is raining B. ra

29、ined C. rains D. has been raining7. - Are you going to the movies tonight - Yes, I _ my work by that time. A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished8. - Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer - No, it _ for four days when we arrived, so the road

30、s were very muddy. A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained9. You wont know if the coat fits you until you _ it on. A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried10. My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still _.A. has lost; dont find B. is missing; dont

31、findC. has lost; havent found D. is missing; havent found11. - How long _ each other before they _ married - For about a year.A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to getC. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got12. - Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.- Oh, ho

32、w nice of you. I _ you _ to bring me a gift.A. never think; are going B. never thought; were goingC. didnt think; are going D. hadnt thought; were going13. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _ for almost an hour.A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away14 - Im sorry to keep you waiting.

33、 - Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will15. The police found that the house _ and s lot of things _.A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolenC. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen16. - Have you move

34、d into the house - Not yet. The rooms _.A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting17. If the city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will hav

35、e to D. do not keep, have to18. - _ the sports meet might be put off.- Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I was told19. I dont think Jim saw me; he _ into space.A. just stared (凝視) B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared20. - _ my glasses

36、 - Yes, I _ them on your bed a minute ago. A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw 21. - We could have walked to the station; it was so near. - Yes. A taxi _ at all necessary. A. wasnt B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wont be22. - Who is Jerry Cooper-

37、_ I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.A. Dont you meet him yet B. Hadnt you met him yetC. Didnt you meet him yet D. Havent you met him yet23. - Nancy is not coming tonight. - But she _! A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised24. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. Whe

38、n left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave25. It is clear that his poor education _ him back. A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held26. - How are you planning to travel to Shanghai - I _ yet, but I _ taking a train.A. havent decided; am considering B. havent decided, considerC. d

39、idnt decided; am considering D. hadnt decided; have considered27. The pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right under my nose. A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost 28. - Have you heard about the new school - No, when and where to build the new one _ yet. A. is not de

40、cided B. are not decided C. hasnt decided D. havent decided29. - Sorry, Im late. - Thats OK. I _ long. A. havent waited B. dont wait C. havent been waiting D. didnt wait30. - Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom. - Oh! I thought she _ in the back. A. will sit B. had sat C. i

41、s sitting D. has sat31. I _ my face when suddenly someone _ at the door. A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked32. I _ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _ yet. A. arrived, hadnt come B. was arriving, hadnt come C. arrived, hasnt c

42、ome D. had arrived, didnt come33. - Why did you come by taxi - My car broke down last week and I still _ it repaired. A. havent had B. didnt have C. dont have D. wont have34. Im surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _ sick. A. are B. were C. would be D. h

43、ad been 35. The price _, but I doubt whether it will remain so. A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down36. - Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August - I _ to go, but I got sick at the last minute. A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned37. I fin

44、ally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _ so happy. A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt38. - How are you today - Oh, I _ as ill as I do now for a very long time. A. didnt feel B. wasnt feeling C. dont feel D. havent felt39. The reporter said the UFO _ east to west when he saw it. A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel40. - I think that you need _ practice on playing the violin. - _ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think Ill make it every week from now on. A. less; I have B. less; Ive ta