句子成分及簡單句并列句復(fù)合句

1、 簡單句(Simple sentence)及句子成分(Members of the sentence)（一）簡單句一、定義：由一個(gè)主語部分和一個(gè)謂語部分組成。eg. He often goes to schoolby bike. He gave me a dictionary yesterday. He has finished the work already. He always makes me <happy>. He is doing (his) homework. He did a (good) job. He is a student.注： 表主語, 表謂語, 表賓語,

2、 ( )表定語, 表狀語, < >表補(bǔ)語, 表表語。二、簡單句的五種基本句型： 1. 主語+謂語(不及物動詞) S + Vi eg. The children are playing happily. 孩子們正在高興地玩。 (Such) things often happen. 這種事情經(jīng)常發(fā)生。(The new) term begins in September. 新學(xué)年從九月份開始。注：不及物動詞后不帶賓語，若其后需帶賓語，須搭配一介詞to/at/on/for等。eg. He arrived in Beijing yesterday. He was listening to t

3、he music. 2. 主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語 S+Vt+O eg. The Greens enjoy living in China. 格林一家喜歡住在中國。I missed the train. 我錯過了火車。注：及物動詞其后一般必須帶賓語。常用跟單賓語的動詞有：enjoy, forget, remember, guess, love, hate, supply, use 等3. 主語+謂語+表語 S+V+P 該句型謂語動詞為連系動詞。常見的系動詞有：be(是), get(變得), become(成為), turn(變得), look(看起來), feel(感到), smell(聞

4、起來), taste(嘗起來), sound(聽起來), seem(似乎), keep(保持),stay(保持) 等。如： He became a (famous) doctor. 他成為了一名著名的醫(yī)生。 The apple pie tastes really delicious. 蘋果派吃起來真是好吃。Trees turn green in spring. 樹在春天變綠。 4. 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語（雙賓語） S+V+InO+DO 這種句型中的及物動詞后跟雙賓語(即指人的間接賓語和指物的直接賓語)。也可以把間接賓 語放在直接賓語之后，但要加介詞for或to等。如： My aunt

5、 bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me. I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him. 我把鹽遞給他。 注：直接賓語是指給誰的或?yàn)檎l的；而間接賓語是指接受的對象或行為施予的對象。常見的跟雙賓語的動詞有：bring, give, hand, pass, pay, return, sell, show, teach等。5. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語（復(fù)合賓語） S+V+O+OC eg. We must keep (our) school <clean>

6、. 我們必須保持我們的學(xué)校清潔。（形容詞作賓補(bǔ)） We found it <difficult> to learn English well. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語很難。（形容詞作賓補(bǔ)） I want you <to do the work> at once. 我想讓你馬上去做這項(xiàng)工作。（不定式短語作賓補(bǔ)） I made him <water the flowers>. 我讓他去澆花。（省的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語）注: 常跟賓語補(bǔ)足語且省去to的動詞有 let, make, notice, listen to, hear, look at, see, watch,

7、have, feel等。另外，notice, listen to, hear, look at, see, watch, feel 這些表感官的動詞除可跟省to的不定式外，還可跟現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing，不過強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)稍有不同，試比較：eg. I saw her <play the piano> yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)動作過程） I saw her <playing the piano> when I walked by her room yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的正在進(jìn)行，一般有標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語，如at nine yesterday等）(二)句子的成分： 1. 主

8、語：是一個(gè)句子的主題，是句子所述說的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首。?？勺髦髡Z的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞、介詞短語、從句乃至句子等。 eg. My father is a doctor.（名詞作主語） He told me a joke.（代詞主格作主語） Three is enough.（數(shù)詞作主語） To learn English well is difficult.（不定式短語作主語） Smoking is bad for you health.（動名詞作主語）From Beijing to Shanghai is not a (long) way.（介詞短語作主語）

9、 Whenever you are ready will be fine.（從句作主語） “How do you do?” is a greeting.（句子作主語） 2. 謂語：由實(shí)意動詞,系動詞或動詞短語(助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+實(shí)意動詞)構(gòu)成，一般在主語之后。eg. He works hard all day. (實(shí)意動詞) He is a (good) engineer.（系動詞） He didnt finish (his) homework.（助動詞+實(shí)意動詞） He can speak Japanese. （情態(tài)動詞+實(shí)意動詞） He always looks after (his) (

10、little) sister carefully. （動詞短語）注：動詞短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)實(shí)意動詞，不可以拆開來使用，否則其意會改變。3.表語：其功能是表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它可以說是一種主語補(bǔ)語。它位于系動詞之后，與之構(gòu)成所謂的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，系動詞只是形式上的謂語，而真正起謂語作用的是表語。常用作表語的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、從句（構(gòu)成表語從句）。eg. His father is a worker.（名詞） This book is hers. （名詞詞性物主代詞）She is eleven. （數(shù)詞） Im free today. （形容詞）

11、All( I could do) was to wait.（動詞不定式） Seeing is believing. （動名詞）She is in good health.（介詞短語） This is where I first met her. （從句） 4. 賓語：在句中充當(dāng)動作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物動詞之后。?？捎米髻e語的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、從句(構(gòu)成賓語從句)等。 eg. He has a car. （名詞） They wont hurt us. （代詞賓格） If you add 5 to 5, youll get 10. （數(shù)詞） He wants to go

12、 abroad. （不定式） He likes swimming very much. （動名詞） I think you are right. （從句） 5. 補(bǔ)語：是一種補(bǔ)足主語或賓語的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補(bǔ)足語(subject complement)，補(bǔ)足賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補(bǔ)足語(object complement). 可用作補(bǔ)語的有：名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等。 eg. He was found <dead>. （形容詞主補(bǔ)） He was called <Oliver Twist>. （名詞作主補(bǔ)） We cal

13、led him <Jimmy>.（名詞作賓補(bǔ)） We found it very <useful>. （形容詞作賓補(bǔ)） I asked him <to water the flowers>. （帶 to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)） I let/made/had him <water the flowers>. （不帶 to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)） We call this <robbing Peter to pay Paul>. （動名詞短語作賓補(bǔ)） I have guests <coming>. （現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)）I had/made

14、the flowers <watered>. （過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)） He found everything <in good condition>. （介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)） 6. 定語：是用來說明名詞(代詞)的品質(zhì)與特征的詞或一組詞。?？捎米鞫ㄕZ的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句(構(gòu)成定語從句)等。 eg. He is a (good) student. （形容詞作定語） He has a (paper) boat. （名詞作定語） (Your) car is better than mine. （形容詞性物主代詞作定語） I have (t

15、wo) daughters.（數(shù)詞作定語） That is the way (to do it).（不定式作定語）(My) (living) room is too small. （動名詞作定語） He is a (retired) man.（過去分詞作定語） Here is a (sleeping) child.（現(xiàn)在分詞作定語） The students (in china) work hard. （介詞短語作定語） (Her) mother is a doctor (who works in a hospital). （從句作定語） 7. 狀語：是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分

16、。按其用途，可分為：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方位、原因、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等11種。 常用作狀語的有：副詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句（構(gòu)成狀語從句）等。 eg. He always does (his) homework carefully. （副詞作狀語）Arriving at the station, we learned that the train had already gone.（分詞短語作狀語）He has been in chinafor 3 years. （介詞短語作狀語）I was doing (my) homework when the telephone rang. （

17、從句作狀語） 8. 同位語：當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位語(appositive）。這兩個(gè)句子成分多由名詞/代詞承擔(dān)。同位語通常皆放在其所說明的名詞/代詞之后。常用作同位語的有：名詞、代詞。eg. We have (two) children, a boy and a girl. （名詞作同位語） We, Chinese people, are determined to build a powerful and prosperous country.（名詞） They all wanted to see him.

18、 （代詞作同位語） Lets you and me< go to work>, Tom. （代詞作同位語） 注：詞類中只有具有實(shí)意的詞類，如名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞等，才可用作句子的成分。其他無意義的虛詞，如冠詞、連詞、和介詞，則不可用作句子的成分。強(qiáng)化練習(xí)題句子成分練習(xí)題( 一 ) (一). 劃出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分， 4分鐘） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictio

19、nary was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.(二) 劃出句中謂語的中心詞（10分， 10分鐘） I don't like the picture on the wall. The days get longer and longer when summer comes. Do you usually go to school by bus? There will be a meeting at the

20、library this afternoon. Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. What I want to tell you is this. We had better send for a doctor. He is interested in music. Whom did you give my book to?(三) 劃出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘） My brother hasn't done his homework

21、. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go ac

22、ross the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.(四) 劃出下列句中的表語（5分， 5分鐘） The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They a

23、ll became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 劃出下列句中的定語（6分，6分鐘） They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am w

24、aiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六) 劃出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語（6分， 6分鐘） She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming

25、 playing football on the playground just now?(七) 劃出下列句中的狀語（8分， 8分鐘） There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. Sh

26、e loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語（5分， 5分鐘） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history ne

27、xt term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?句子成分練習(xí)題( 二 ) 一、劃出下列各句的句子成分：1. Whether well go depend on the weather.2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily.3. That was how they were defeated.4. The nursery takes good care of our children.5. Ill return the book to

28、 you tomorrow.6. We are sure that we shall succeed.7. The woman with a baby in her arms is his other.8. There are many films that Id like to see.9. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?10. I have a lot of work to do.11. Anyway I wont stop you from doing it.12. I said it in fun.13. We c

29、an send a car over to fetch you.14. She had to work standing up.15. Seeing this, some comrades became very worried.16. Much interested, he agreed to give it a try.17. The bus arrived ten minutes late.18. We should serve the people heart and soul.19. Spring coming on, the tree turned green.20. Some f

30、armers saw something strange in the sky.21. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting.22. Its strange that she doesnt come today .23. It was in the library that I come today.24. He likes drawing at times when he isnt working .25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the

31、 door. 26. The students got on the school bus.27. He handed me the newspaper.28. I shall answer your question after class.29. What a beautiful Chinese painting!30. They went hunting together early in the morning.31. His job is to train swimmers.32. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.33. T

32、here is going to be an American film tonight.34. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.35. His wish is to become a scientist.36. He managed to finish the work in time.37. Tom came to ask me for advice.38. He found it important to master English.39. Do you have anything else to say?40. To be honest; y

33、our pronunciation is not so good.41. Would you please tell me your address?42. He sat there, reading a newspaper.43. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.44. He noticed a man enter the room.45. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的 主語, 謂語, 賓語, ( )定語, 狀語, < >補(bǔ)語, 表語。并判斷各句是簡單句、并列

34、句還是復(fù)合句：AI hope you are very well ( ). I'm fine, but tired ( ). Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here ( ). It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark ( ). Sometimes we go on working a

35、fter dark by the lights of our tractors ( ). We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat ( ). We have a lot of machines on the farm ( ). Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him ( ). But he employs more men for the harvest (

36、 ). My brother takes care of the vegetable garden ( ). It doesn't often rain in the summer here ( ). As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden ( ). Every evening we pump water from a well ( ). It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden ( ). BMost Saturday evenings ther

37、e is a party, even at harvest time ( ). These parties often make us very happy ( ). We cook meat on an open fire outside ( ). It's great ( )! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion ( ). Some of my friends drink beer ( ). I don't, because I have to drive home after the party ( ).

38、In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States ( ). There are five different time areas in the States ( ). In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time ( ). How many different time areas do you have in China ( )? Well, I must stop and get some sleep ( ). Please giv

39、e my best regards to your parents( ). 三、選擇填空：1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C

40、. nicely D. sweet4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. c

41、rowding C. crowded D. crowdedly8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1

42、）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He ofte

43、n reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are (American) boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句

44、包含：名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句(形容詞性從句)和狀語從句(副詞性從句)等。e.g. (The foreign) visitors took (a lot of) pictures when they were at the Great Wall.二、簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+不及物動詞：e.g. We work. It rained yesterday. 2、主語+系動詞+表語：e.g. He is a student. The weather is fine. 3、主語+及物動詞+賓語：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.

45、4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g. Tom made the baby <laugh>.注：其他各種句子都可由這五種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。三、并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. (The teachers) name is Smith, and (the students) name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eithe

46、ror, otherwise等。e.g. Which do you prefer, fish or beef?3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a (little) man (with thick glasses), but he had a (strange) way (of making his classes lively and interesting).4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time (of the yea

47、r) (for rice harvest), so every day I work from dawn until dark. 四、 復(fù)合句：初中階段常用到的有：定語從句、賓語從句、狀語從句。（一）、定語從句（略）（二）、賓語從句：賓語從句的三要素：引導(dǎo)詞、陳述句語序、時(shí)態(tài)一致(1). 賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞由陳述句變成的賓語從句，用that引導(dǎo)，語序不變。that在句中無實(shí)際意義(不充當(dāng)句子成分)，可以省略。如： “He is a teacher.” He said. He said (that) he was a teacher. “I have already seen the film.”

48、He said. He said (that) he had already seen the film.由一般疑問句變成的賓語從句，用if或whether引導(dǎo)，表示“是否”，原來一般疑問句的語序要變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。如： “Does the boy like English?” The teacher asked The teacher asked me if the boy liked English. “Are they students?” I don't know. I don't know if they are students. 注意：當(dāng)賓語從句中出現(xiàn)“or not

49、”或“or + 供具體選擇的內(nèi)容”時(shí)，就只能用whether來引導(dǎo)。例如：I dont know whether he will come back soon or not. 由特殊疑問句變成賓語從句時(shí)，疑問代詞(who, whom, whose, what, which)或疑問副詞(when, where, why, how)作賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，并在賓語從句中充當(dāng)成分，表示對不清楚的人、事物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等的詢問。原來特殊疑問句的疑問語序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。如：“Who is that boy?” Miss Li wants to know Miss Li wants to know who

50、 that boy is. “What does the girl want to buy? “He asked.He asked what the girl wanted to buy. “Where have they gone?” I didnt know I didnt know where they had gone. “When did you leave?” He asked He asked when I left. (2)賓語從句的語序要用陳述句語序，即賓語從句的主語前不可有be動詞、情態(tài)動詞或助動詞do, does, did, have, has, had等。如： “Is

51、he a student?” he asked me. He asked me was he a student. (×) He asked me if/whether he was a student. () “Must I go right now?” he asked. He asked must he go now. (×) He asked whether he must go right now. () “where does he live?” he asked. He asked where did he live. (×) He asked wh

52、ere he lived. ()(3)時(shí)態(tài)一致性，即若主句時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定；若主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)），賓 語從句的時(shí)態(tài)也要用相應(yīng)的過去各種時(shí)態(tài)。如：We know he is a teacher at a school. We know he lost his son last year. We know he will come here soon. He said (that) he was ill. He said he was doing his homework at nine yeste

53、rday. （三）、狀語從句：用來修飾主句中的動詞，副詞和形容詞的從句叫狀語從句。根據(jù)其含義狀語從句可分為時(shí)間狀語從句，地點(diǎn)狀語從句，條件狀語從句， 原因狀語從句，結(jié)果狀語從句，比較狀語從句，目的狀語從句，讓步狀語從句。1. 時(shí)間狀語從句(1)時(shí)間狀語從句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等連詞來引導(dǎo)。例如：It was raining hard when he got to school yesterday.While he was doing (his) homework, the telepho

54、ne rang.As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.He had learned (a little) Chinese before he came to China.After he finished (middle) school, he went to work in a factory.(2)在時(shí)間狀語從句里，通常不用將來時(shí)態(tài)，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)在帶有till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含義是“一直到時(shí)”，謂語動詞只能用延續(xù)性動詞。如果主句用否定式，其含義是