天津大學(xué)研究生2011級期末英語考試題

1、ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS TIANJIN UNIVERSITY Jan. 5th, 2012PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark

2、 your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Mutual endeavor has shaped our world, and mutualism, the belief that individual and collective well-being is obtainable only by mutual dependence, family life,relationships and society.A. underpinsB. overstatesC. underlinesD.

3、overcomes2. A man of original power can never be within the limits of a single field of interestand activity, nor can he ever be content to bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation.A. locatedB. liberatedC. committedD. confined3. As a result of technological convergence and progress in

4、 digitization, the laboratories of computer technology and consumer electronics firms are in the race for innovationand sophistication.A. searchingB. competingC. interveningD. absorbing4. The degree in which a man his work and gives it the quality of his own mind andspirit is the measure of his succ

5、ess in giving his nature free and full expression.A. demolishesB. standardizesC. individualizesD. abolishes5.6.In common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated the creation of a high-skilled, high-waged economy by the education and skills of its workforce.A. renewingB. overthrowingC.

6、decreasingD. upgradingNo one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions the resulting environmental deterioration is going to make life more difficult.A. considerablyB. terminallyC. originallyD. regularlyDigital television will enable users to access a wide rang

7、e of new services, such as pay-per-view TV, the downloading of video games or software, or channels in sports7.or teleshopping.A. interferingB. specializingC. participatingD. consisting8. Earthquakes are immensely destructive, mainly because most cities in regions of high seismic risk are dominated

8、by buildings that are simply not built well enough to thesevere ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustainB. withstandC. guarantee D. inspect9. By giving students access to a new world of information, sparking creativity, and rich communication and collaboration across vast distances, computers have

9、 long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventingB. disruptingC. facilitatingD. manipulating10. While more and more women are roles as managers, a new study reveals that thesewomen are increasingly turning to the stereotypically more 'male' traits, such as aggression, to get results.A.

10、definingB. assumingC. regardingD. interpreting11. The potential negative effects of violent video games on adolescent antisocial behavior, and youth violence , is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles and among thegeneral public and policy makers.A. on average B. on purposeC. in particula

11、rD. in advance12. A new digital watermarking system not only protects music and media files from online pirates but also ensures that the quality for users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorized B. temporaryC. malicious D. legitimate13. There is relatively little of opinion and scholarship about whet

12、her generationaldifferences exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts.B. minorityD. consensusA. permissionC. absence14. Young people ' s worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a onthe sort of education an

13、d training that they demand.A. contactB. bearingC. leadD. stake15. Nowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible, to direct and steer their own work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould jobs to make best use16.in the global market economy.A. expectation

14、sB. blundersC. competenciesD. defectsNo generation is more at ease with online, collaborative technologies than today 'ysoung people“ digital natives” , who have grown u_p_i_n_a_/_ncomputing environment.A. immersive B. emergentD. ruralof theirC. hostile17.Whereas university research and developm

15、ent departments may once have been the primary arena for testing new tools and theories, the survey data reveal that corporations now have the in adopting new innovations.B. edgeD. license18.Access to technology in school is particularly important technology access outside of school.A. in tune withi

16、ncreasing disparities inB. in line withA. right C. controlC. in need ofD. in light of19.20.Taking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of the gifted and talented, offers which can sometimes cut right across anyone 'csulturalassumptions.A. perspectivesB.

17、 prosecutionsC. obligationsD. objectionsObesity is a national health crisis and if current trends continue, it will soon smokingin the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.B. modifyD. surpassA. distinguishC. imitatePART 2: Cloze (15%)D

18、irections: In this part of the test, you' ll read an incomgpelewteithpa1s5sablanks. Read thepassage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One o

19、f the greatest assets a manager can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a _21_. Unless you ' re in seniormanagement, you may be limited _22_ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunitiesyou can provide toyour employe es. Fortunately, thes

20、e aren' t the only factors that influence employee job satisfaction, or _23_ the most important.Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often _24_ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees will understand that wage in

21、creases do have their limits, _25_ they expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the _26_ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective.It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance _27

22、_. Employees should always receive greater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. _28_ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who _29_ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and th

23、e work environment factor highly into employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more _30_ to stay in a job when they agree with the company' s goals and values.Another major _31_ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels

24、 about their role and responsibilities. Studies show _32_ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for _ 33_ in their work, having a variety of tasks to_34_,being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and

25、 requires thought and creativity. Employees looking to _35_ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company.21.A. blessingB. handicapC. ch

26、allengeD. failure22A. in favor ofB. in terms ofC. on behalf ofD. on top of23.A. necessarilyB. viciouslyC. accuratelyD. collectively24.A. to rankB. being rankedC. rankedD. ranks25.A. thereforeB. unlessC. otherwiseD. but26.A. topB. bottomC. lowD. peak27.A. drivingB. drivenC. countingD. counted28.A. In

27、 addition toB. Regardless ofC. With regard toD. For the sake of29.A. specialize inB. excel atC. draw onD. ward off30.A. subjectB. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31.A. advantageB. obstacleC. responseD. contributor32.A. thatB. howC. whenD. whether33A. authorshipB. automationC. autonomyD. authority34.A. adop

28、tB. undergoC. performD. supply35.A. depart fromB. confine toC. interfere inD. stay withPart 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose t

29、he one that can best answer the question or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they don't admit

30、 it, people still behave as though it were true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? It 's yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Here 's your racket, the court is down there, just p

31、ast the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scientists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all. Most

32、 puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at some level that money won 't make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they don 't objectively need.First, though, let's look at the three reasons money doesn 't make us happy:It 's relative income that

33、 's important. As I 've noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we don 't mind so much about our actual level of income, so long as we 're earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money we 're likely to be surrounded by richer people so we

34、 often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison.Material goods don 't make us happy. Acquiring things like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. People 's desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Agai

35、n, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. There 's even evidence that materialism make us less happy.People don 't shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of the focusing illusion '. When people think about

36、 earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work.These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with peopl

37、e 's everyday experience. Surely if money doesn 't lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea t

38、hat the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and t

39、his is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesn't make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with life. Through the focusing illusion 'we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesn 't. Even though we

40、 appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right now. In the moment.36. What do social scientists find about money and happiness?A. Money is the final goal of people pursuing happ

41、iness.B. Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.C. More money does not necessarily make people happy.D. Money counts most in people 's feeling of happiness.37. According to the passage, which of the following confuses the author most?A. The scientific findings fail to explain people s&

42、#39;obsession with pursuing money and happiness.B. Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people still paradoxically crave for earning more.C. Social scientists cannot reach an agreement on their findings as to the importance of money.D. Awareness of causal relationship between money and

43、happiness weakens people's desire to make money.38. According to the passage, people .A. care a lot about their actual level of incomeB. are convinced that people around them earn higher incomeC. compare their income with that of higher earnersD. feel contented when they earn more than others39.

44、 Material goods don 't make us happy because .A. we need something permanent to feel happyB. we need psychological and spiritual satisfactionC. people in pursuit of money are despised in societyD. the more money we have, the more we desire40. If money brings little happiness, why do people still

45、 chase money?A. Because money and wealth gratify people 's vanity.B. Because money is the only way to measure people's achievement.C. Because people use money to show off their success and social status.D. Because people believe money brings things that reflect their accomplishments.Passage

46、2As Wal- Mart grew into the world's largest retailer, its staff were subjectedlotnogalist ofdos and don 'ts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of globalization and technological change, and

47、is trying to instill a-bas“edv”aluecuslrteu, in which employees can be trusted to do the right thingbecause they know what the firm stands for.“ Values is”the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “ performance with purpose”. Chevron, an oil firm, brands i

48、tself as a puhrvuemyaonr ofenergy ” t,hough presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw （人力車 ）. Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LR

49、N, a firm that advises on corporate culture, and author of “ How”a, book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, and conducted by the Boston Research Group, the“ National Governance, Culture and Leadership Assessmenton a survey of thousands of American employees, from

50、 every rung of the corporate ladder.It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company ' sculture as based on command-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion what Mr. Seidman calls “ blind obedience”. The largest category, 54%, saw their employer-down, bu't s cult

51、ure aswith skilled leadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr. Seidman calls “ informedacquiescence （默許）” .Only 3% fell into the category of “ se-lfgovernance ”in, which everyone is guided by a“set of core principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a> ”co

52、mpany ' s mission ”.The study found evidence that such differences matter. Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed unethical behavior in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firms. Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedie

53、nce firms said they were likely to blow the whistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms. Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too. More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed- acquiescence category, agreed that “ good ideas are readily adopted by m

54、y company ” . At b-loinbdedience firms, fewer than one in five did.Tragicomically （悲喜交加 ）, the study found that bosses often believe their own guff （ 胡扯）, even if their subordinates do not. Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organization is self-governing. （The

55、 cheery folk in human resources are also much more optimistic than other employees.） Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm. Alas, only 4% of employees agree. Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather than merely on financial res

56、ults. Only 14% of employees swallow this.41. We can infer that “human energy”in the second paragraph refers to .A. a method of generating electricityB. an advanced means of transportationC. a strategy of personnel managementD. a method of evaluating corporate profits42. According to the passage, whi

57、ch of the following statements is TRUE?A. Most of the big firms in the US imposed rigid rules on their employees.B. Wal-Mart credits its market dominance to its value-based culture.C. The study shows that big firms haven 'tyet built a more caring culture as they say.D. The survey by the Boston R

58、esearch Group limits its subjects to senior employees.43. Which of the following situations can be classified as “self-governance ”?A. Employees hold the most stock shares of a company.B. The labor union has the paramount power in a company.C. Employees willingly do the right thing under the same values.D. Employees are rewarded based on their skills and performance.44. The biggest difference between a blind-obedience company and a