名詞復(fù)數(shù)變化規(guī)則

1、名詞復(fù)數(shù)變化1. 一般情況下加s mapmaps 2. s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾的詞加 -esbusbuses  【stomach(胃)-stomachs；epoch(新時(shí)期)-epochs】3. 以y結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí) a. 以輔音字母+y, 變y 為i 加es babybabies b. 專有名詞或元音字母+y, 直接加stwo Marys, monkeys 【Dry禁酒論者-drys , standby 后備人員-standbys】 4. 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)a. 加s， photophotos 

2、; b. 加es，Negro, hero, potato, tomato, volcano, tornado, torpedo, veto, mosquito,5. 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí) a. 去f或fe 加ves，halfhalves b. 加s，gulf/cliff/roof/grief chief/belief/proof/safe +S 6. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 a. manmen womanwomen childchildren footfeet toothteethgoosegeese mousemice lo

3、use - lice ox - oxenb. an Englishmantwo Englishmen. 【但German-Germans，human-humans】*c. 外來(lái)名詞：criterioncriteria(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))；phenomenonphenomena(現(xiàn)象)；analysisanalyses(分析)；basisbases（基礎(chǔ)）；crisiscrises(危機(jī))；thesistheses(論文)；bacteriumbacteria(細(xì)菌)；Medium media（媒介物）； 7. 單復(fù)同形名詞deer, sheep, fish, shark, gi

4、raffe, buffalo, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Swedish, Danish, means, series, species, aircraft, staff, li, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin除了中國(guó)度量衡和貨幣之外,美元,英鎊,法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。the English, the Chinese,表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)?！?ese, -ish結(jié)尾的國(guó)家人單復(fù)同形?！? pieces of fish 2 fish2 fishes2 piece

5、s of glass2 glasses2 pairs of glassespenny（便士）pence (價(jià)值)Pennies（個(gè)數(shù)）8. 集體名詞A單數(shù)類集體名詞：意思為復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)humanity 人類clothing 衣服glassware 玻璃器具machinery 機(jī)械mankind 人類equipment 設(shè)備jewelry 珠寶poetry 詩(shī)baggage 行李furniture 家具luggage 行李pottery 陶器B復(fù)數(shù)類集體名詞：以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。 faculty, poultry, folk, people, police等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)

6、，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。不能說(shuō) a people和a police,但可以說(shuō)a person和a policeman 【a peopletwo peoples】C單復(fù)同形類集體名詞謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由意思決定army; audience; bacteria; cast; class, committee; community; company; council; crew; data; enemy; family; flock; gang; government; group; herd; jury; media; navy; opposition; poli

7、ce; press; public; staff ; team; youth 單數(shù)：My family is big family. 復(fù)數(shù)：His family are all music lovers.9. 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞 a. maths，politics，physics學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。 b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。 d. 某些疾病mumps 腮腺炎 measles 麻疹e. 活動(dòng)

8、名稱billiards /cards /darts10. -表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西 -以ing結(jié)尾的詞 -其他復(fù)數(shù)如：glasses, trousers, clothes, slippers 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair; suit,a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers。謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)取決于數(shù)量詞pair單復(fù)數(shù)。belongings; surroundings; doings; earnings; findings; savings;contents; arms;

9、fireworks; wages; forces; remains; valuables; stairs; sweets11. 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)a. 由man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式前后都變復(fù)數(shù)Woman teacherwomen teachers b. 中間無(wú)連字號(hào)也沒(méi)間隔的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，將最后一個(gè)名詞變復(fù)數(shù) housewifehousewives; greenhousegreenhousec. 中間有連字符號(hào)或間隔的復(fù)合名詞，將主要的詞變成復(fù)數(shù)passer-bypassers-by; mother-in-lawmothers-in-lawd. 復(fù)合名詞中

10、的單詞沒(méi)有名詞時(shí)，則在最后一個(gè)單詞的詞尾+s go-betweengo-betweens, has-beenhas-beens (過(guò)時(shí)的人或物)12. 用復(fù)數(shù)的固定詞組thanks to; give regards to; take pains; with best wishes; have words with; in high spirits; in all directions; shake hands with sb; make preparations for; make friends with; congratulations (to sb) on (doing) sth常見(jiàn)的不

11、可數(shù)名詞有：-物質(zhì)/材料：air; beancurd; beef; blood; bread; butter; chalk; chicken; chocolate; cloth; coal; coffee; corn; cream; daylight; cotton; dirt; dust; energy; cheese; fibre; fog; food; fruit; flesh; four; glass; gold; grain; grass; hair; honey; iron; kerosene; lightning; meat; milk; money; moustache; mu

12、d; music; mutton; hay; oxygen; paper; pork; porridge; powder; rain; ice; rubbish; salt; sauce; silver; steam; steel; storage; sugar; sunrise; sweat; thirst; thunder; water; wheat; wind; wood; wool; soap; vinegar; wine; soup; baggage; clothing; furniture; luggage; jewelry; equipment; electricity; hom

13、ework;-抽象：time; noise; information; knowledge; progress; trouble; fun; courage; luck；patience；poverty; wealth；traffic；waste；quality; advice; attention; business; citizenship; danger; darkness; death; depth; damage; comfort; education; disappointment;experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn)); freedom; future, goodness, graduat

14、ion; grammar; happiness; health; hunger; imagination; importance; justice; kindness; luck; measure; labour; humor; permission; pressure; practice; pleasure; population; sickness; smoking; sorrow; starvation; treatment; truth; use; willingness; wisdom; weather; work; housework; pollution; *【牢記以下純不可數(shù)名

15、詞永遠(yuǎn)不能與不定冠詞連用:weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word=news, progress, information, news】不可數(shù)名詞也可以直接加-s等表示復(fù)數(shù)，但它的意義也有所變化，用來(lái)指一些具體的事物。-Cake is a kind of food.   蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù)) -These cakes are sweet.   這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù))-This factory produces steel.   這個(gè)工廠生產(chǎn)鋼鐵。(不可數(shù)) -We need various

16、 steels.   我們需要各種鋼材。(可數(shù))-Our country is famous for tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。(不可數(shù)) -Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。(可數(shù))water(水) - waters(水域)，sea(海) - seas(海域)sand（沙子） - sands（沙漠）     wood（木頭） - woods（樹(shù)林）damage（毀壞） - damages（賠償金）    good（好處） - goods（貨物）   

17、;    time（時(shí)間） - times（時(shí)代）custom（風(fēng)俗） - customs（海關(guān)）minute（分鐘） - minutes（記錄）manner（態(tài)度） - manners（禮貌） exercise（鍛煉） - exercises（體操、練習(xí)）paper（紙） - papers（文件）character（性格）- characters（漢字、符號(hào)） advice（建議） - advices（通知）     force（力量） - forces（軍隊(duì)）return（回來(lái)） - returns（

18、統(tǒng)計(jì)表）    green（綠色） - greens（青菜）light（光） - lights（燈）         iron（鐵） - irons（熨斗）glass（玻璃） - glasses（玻璃杯）freedom (自由) -four freedoms (特指“四大自由”)necessity（必要性） - necessities（生活必需品）modernization (現(xiàn)代化) - the four modernizations (特指“四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化”)spi

19、rit（精神） - in high spirits（情緒）custom（習(xí)俗） - customs（海關(guān)）experience（經(jīng)驗(yàn)） - experiences（經(jīng)歷）l *修飾可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)只修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)：Many；several；few /a few; a great(good) many; a number of; a large(great) number of; (large/great) numbers of 只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)：Much little a great amount of a little a bit of a good(great

20、) deal of 修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)：Some enough most a lot of lots of plenty of Much too + adj v.s too much + nl *可轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞的抽象名詞抽象名詞一般為不可數(shù)名詞，不能和冠詞連用，但以下這些抽象名詞加a/an 表示具體的事物或人honour; death; pleasure; success; failure; comfort; surprise; worry; beauty; wonder; envy; shock; shame; regret; joy; danger; shame; pit

21、y; experience; l 抽象名詞部分A man of sense=a sensible man;of wealth=a wealthy man;of experience=an experienced;of courage=a courageous 1. Of+抽象名詞=相應(yīng)的形容詞2. of + 表示大小、長(zhǎng)短、深度、高度、年齡、顏色、材料We are of the same age. The two dresses are of different materials.3. in + height/ length/ size/ width/ depthThe lake is ab

22、out 60 meters in depth. The rope is 10 meters in length. 4. by the hour/ by the dozenWe are paid by the hour. Energy is measured in calories. 5. with/ in / by/ on + (great + )抽象名詞 = （very +）副詞I met Lisa by accident (=accidentally) in London. 6.l 不可數(shù)名詞的計(jì)量形式：不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有詞形變化，需要計(jì)量時(shí)，可用of連接相應(yīng)的表量單位詞，并加以數(shù)詞和變表量單位詞為復(fù)數(shù)的形式來(lái)表示 a glass of water a piece of bread two glasses of water four pieces of b