指示語的翻譯

1、Deixis and Translation陳杰指示語（deixis）一詞源于希臘語，意思是指點（pointing）或指示（indicating）。指示語是語言學的重要內(nèi)容。話語和語境之間的關系，說話者（addresser）與受話者（addressee）之間的關系正是通過指示語而得以在語言結構上反映出來。傳統(tǒng)的指示語分為：人稱指示（person deixis）、時間指示（time deixis）和地點指示（place deixis）。70年代末至80年代，菲爾墨（Fillmore,1971）、列文森（Levinson,1983）等人又在傳統(tǒng)分類的基礎上增加了話語指示（discourse dei

2、xis）和社交指示（social deixis）兩種。因此，指示語系統(tǒng)分為以下五種：一、人稱指示（person deixis）二、時間指示（time deixis）三、地點指示（place deixis）四、話語指示（discourse deixis）五、社交指示（social deixis）Levinson（1983）第一次使用先用現(xiàn)象（pre-emptive）來指時間指示詞語優(yōu)先于相應非指示語使用的現(xiàn)象，但并沒有進行深入研究。e.g. : Tomorrow is Sunday. In an utterance, the speaker is “王明”, the coding time is

3、 May,25th . usually the speaker will say, “今天我去漢江路了”instead of “5月25日王明去漢江路去了”直到20世紀90年代，中國學者張權注意到了這一現(xiàn)象并進行了深入研究，他提出了反先用現(xiàn)象（anti-pre-emptive），指某些情況下非指示詞語優(yōu)先于指示詞語使用的現(xiàn)象。e.g.會議時間安排20日上午：禮堂聽報告下午：分組討論21日上午：多媒體教室看錄像下午：分組討論會議秘書組4月19日人稱指示的翻譯人稱指示的分類：第一人稱指示，包括說話者；第二人稱指示，包括受話者；第三人稱指示，既不包括說話者，也不包括受話者，第三人稱指示一般不是談話的

4、參加者，但通常和交際雙方，或其中一方有密切關系，在特定場合甚至會來借指說話者或受話者。第一人稱指示語有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種，如果指示語以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)在話語中，在英漢兩種語言中均有可能出現(xiàn)兩種情況：其一，包括受話者（we-inclusive-of-addressee）；其二，不包括受話者（we-exclusive-of-addressee）,examples:1.要記住我們是學生，我們的主要任務是學習。2.我相信，我們新時代的大學生絕不會辜負黨和人民的期望。3.我們明天上黃山，你呢？咱們一塊兒去好嗎？4.Now, we must be a brave girl, and stop crying.5.A

5、nd how are we feeling today, Mr. Jones?6.We can live without a brother, but not without a friend.7.We know not what is good until we have lost it.We can live without a brother, but not without a friend.我們可以沒有兄弟，但不可以沒有朋友。（deictic usage）人可無兄弟，不可無朋友。（non-deictic usage）We know not what is good until we

6、have lost it.擁有時（我們）總覺無所謂，失去后方知其珍貴。（deictic usage）物之珍貴莫過于失而難得。（non-deictic usage）第二人稱指示語在英語中有you, your和 yours，在漢語中，除了其對應詞“你”“你的”之外還有“您”。第二人稱指示語可以是特指，亦可以是泛指，具體所指取決于具體語境。e.g. 要想知道梨子的滋味，你就得親口嘗一嘗。 You cannot eat your cake and have it. Hey, you, you just scratched my car with your Frisbee.第三人稱指示語可以泛指任何人，

7、亦可以借指說話者或受話者。例如： One cannot make bricks without straw. One must be a servant before one can be a master. Hello, this is John Smith. 媽咪，多麗要吃冰淇淋。 誰敢欺負寶寶，爸爸決不答應。Style of the source textDifferent Chinese person deixis may have the same equivalent in EnglishSo its more difficult for a translator to trans

8、late English deixis into Chinese than to translate Chinese deixis into English. In this case, style of the source text may help e.g.I am sorry to inform you that there are no vacancies on the French tour due to start on Saturday 10th July. But well send you an application form. If you will complete

9、it and return it to me，I shall be pleased to your daughters name to our waiting listHere，it is a very formal notice，in which it is not appropriate to translate “you” into “你”directly. So it can be translated like this：我很抱歉通知閣下，將于7月10日星期六出發(fā)至法國的旅行，參加的人數(shù)已滿。不過，我仍為閣下附上一份申請表，如果閣下能將其填妥后寄給我們，我們將把令媛的名字列在候補名單

10、上。Context and equivalent chosen(1) Original：明天咱們大家開個會談談。 Version：We11 have a meeting to discuss it tomorrow(2) Original：我給大家講個故事。 Version：Ill tell you a story(3) Original：大家對你的評價挺高的。 Version：They speak highly of you(4) How are we(=you)feeling today?(doctor to patient) 你今天感覺怎么樣?(5) Original:咱都50了，別再拼

11、命了！(Cited from Art Life in CCTV, said by Zhu Jun to Jackie Chen) Version: You are 50 years oldYou should take care of yourself!時間指示的翻譯傳遞這種信息的時間指示語主要有兩種：發(fā)出信息的時間（coding time CT）；接收信息的時間（receiving time RT）發(fā)出信息的時間立足于說話者傳遞信息時話語時間基點，亦稱中心時間（the central time）。這兩種時間指示語所蘊含的信息對話語語境的依懶性很強，語境中的許多因素，如交際場合、動詞的時態(tài)、歷

12、法時間單位與非歷法時間單位等。時態(tài)：（1）Pull the trigger now! （2）Im now working on a PHD. （3）he left school in 1930; now he was able to go and live in London. （4）I was just a kid then. （5）They will have graduated from college then. （6）Toms new job started yesterday week.立刻，馬上目前那時，前指1930那是（at that time in the past）到那時（

13、at that time in the future）八天之前（8 days ago）中心時間：The homework must be handed in next Thursday.The project will be completed next August.My latest book was published last summer.英語中next Thursday 可以指“下周的星期四”（the Thursday of the week that succeeds the week that includes CT），亦可指“下一個星期四”（the Thursday that

14、 first follows CT）。同樣next August 可以指“明年八月”（the August of next year），也可以指“下一個八月”（the August that first follows CT）。Last summer可以指“去年夏季”（the summer of last year），也可以指“剛剛過去的夏季”（the summer that precedes the season that includes CT）。若要做出正確的選擇，譯者需要明確說話者說話的時間（即信息發(fā)出的時間）：這種時間有時需要明確到年份、季節(jié)、月份，有時甚至需要具體到某日、某時。時間

15、指示語的翻譯，總是以說話者發(fā)出信息的時間為參照點（reference marker），從而確定時間指示語的確切信息。歷法時間單位與非歷法時間單位Janet divorced Tom and married Jack within the same week.Janet divorced Tom and married Jack within a week.珍妮特在同一周內(nèi)與湯姆離了婚并與杰克結了婚。珍妮特在7天之內(nèi)與湯姆離了婚并與杰克結了婚。地點指示的翻譯在英語中，地點指示語傳遞的信息直接受語境影響，不僅包括直接語境而且包括間接語境，兩者固然都很重要，但對于不在場的間接受話者，譯者更為關注的應

16、是后者。因為對于說話者和受話者而言，話語中某些地點指示語的手勢用法和象征用法（symbolic usage）的確切信息可憑借各自所處的方位和空間而定。但對于不在現(xiàn)場的譯者而言卻暗含于間接語境之中。湯姆右邊的是杰克先生。根據(jù)語用學的觀點，此句的參照點應是說話者發(fā)出信息時自己所處的中心位置（the central place）。The man to the right of Tom is Mr. Jack.如譯成“The man on Toms right is Mr. Jack.”譯文從語法角度講也是正確的，但這種譯文屬于非語用翻譯，因為譯者以畫面上的人物作為參照點。這樣一來，語用翻譯和非語用翻

17、譯所認定的杰克先生則是恰好相反的兩個不同的人。因此，參照點的選擇對于地點指示語的翻譯至關重要。A：Hurry up, Tom. We re leaving!B：Go ahead, Im coming.上述例句“Im coming”中的說話者是“I”，根據(jù)come的基本語義或come作為地點指示語的指示含義，“Im coming”的含義是“the speaker is moving towards the location of the speaker himself”,但這種情況是不可能的。另一種情況便只能是“他the speaker is moving towards the locatio

18、n of the addressee at CT”,然而，這種情況又與come的語義相矛盾。語用學家對這種異?，F(xiàn)象做出了解釋，稱之為“禮貌指示轉(zhuǎn)移”（a polite deictic shift），即說話者在發(fā)出信息時不以自身的方位作為參照點，而把參照點轉(zhuǎn)移到受話者一方。這種轉(zhuǎn)移是出于禮貌，其結果使“Im coming”的語言形式所表現(xiàn)的是“I going”的實際內(nèi)容。從禮貌原則出發(fā)，上述例句可譯成：A：湯姆，快點，我們要出發(fā)啦！B：你們先走，我隨后就來。Chinese deictic system seems to make the speaker tend to depend on the

19、ir psychological distance in more casesAccordingly, Chinese is influenced by psychological factors to greater extent than EnglishIn the aspect of translation，this phenomenon contributes to non-equivalence of place deixis in translation. For example: NOTICEAll the members of the University Commission

20、 of Academic Research are requested to meet in the University conference room on Monday, April 6 at 3pmPro. XX will arrive there to discuss questions of inter-collegiate academic exchanges通知茲定于四月六日星期一下午三點于校會議室召開學術委員會全體會員會議。XX教授將蒞臨此地，討論校際學術交流問題。請準時出席。The equivalence of “there” in Chinese is“那兒”，but“此

21、地”which is a proximal deixis used in the Chinese version reflects the informers psychological closeness話語指示的翻譯話語指示系指話語中的某些詞語被用于指示或針對包括該話語在內(nèi)的整個語篇的某一部分，或用于表明語篇中話語和話語之間的相互關系。在上述三種指示語中，參照點分別是說話者，說話者發(fā)出信息的時間和說話者所處的方位。而在話語指示中，參照點是交際雙方正在涉及的話語在整個語篇中所處的位置。它表明此話與同彼活動之間的相互位置和在語義邏輯、因果等方面的關系。第一類：指示代詞 this, that第二

22、類：邏輯關系 but, there, in conclusion, to the contrary, however, anyway, actually, all in all 等。第三類：時間指示語和地點指示語中的某些詞 earlier, later, the preceding, the following, the former, the latter等等。第一類話語指示語在話語中發(fā)揮承前啟后的作用例如：That was the funniest story Ive ever heard. I bet you havent heard this story.對于譯者而言，他需要對話語的間

23、接語境作出合乎情理的推測和揣摩，才能對這類話語指示所蘊含的信息作出正確判斷，從而給出準確的譯文。第二類話語指示語的功能是用來點明所涉及的此話語同前述話語之間的各種邏輯關系，如因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、推斷、總結等等。例如：They refused to pay the higher rent when an increase was announced. As a result, they were evicted from their apartment.He lost his watch, his car broke down, and he got a letter of complaint from

24、 a customer; all in all, he had a bad day.第三類，話語與話語之間總是存在一定的時空關系，與整個篇章的關系又總是在特定的時空范圍內(nèi)展開。所以話語指示與時間指示和地點指示關系密切。例如：When Miss Sharp had performed the heroical act mentioned in the last chapter, and had seen the Dixonary flying over the pavement of the little garden, fall at length at the feet of the ast

25、onished Miss Jemima, 我們在前一章里已經(jīng)提到夏潑小姐的勇敢行為，她跟著字典飛過小花園的甬道，掉在吉米瑪小姐的腳下，把她嚇了一大跳。社交指示的翻譯社交指示是交際雙方在不同的交際場合為傳遞信息所采用的指示語。社交指示的參照點是相對于受話者和被談及的第三者而言的說話者本人的身份和社交地位。對于社交指示語的翻譯，譯者應特別關心的是社交語境。社交語境包括語言因素，也涉及非語言因素。前者指源語與目的語的種種差異，后者側重于交際雙方的所有相關因素，如交際雙方的身份、地位、職業(yè)、修養(yǎng)和交際角色等。從語言角度分析，社交指示語的翻譯無法達到等值，有時連詞級等值也難以實現(xiàn)。原因是不同的民族會因不

26、同的歷史和社會文化傳統(tǒng)沉淀出不同的心理定式。In the translation of social deixis, the translator should base on all kinds of information that social deictic words supply and hold the real meaning in different contexts in order to obtain the pragmatic equivalence，especially in using address in English and ChineseDifference

27、s in using address between Chinese and English1.“Polite”pronounThe pronoun that typically reflects the social relation between the participants is the second person pronoun，which in many languages has a polite formIn old English，there used to be thou and ye“Ye” used to be the “polite” pronoun，which

28、was late replaced by “you”. While in Chinese the second person pronoun“您”is used to show honorificMaybe this is the most obvious difference between English and Chinese in terms of second person pronoun 2. Different forms of names and titlesIt is common that English-speaking people address others by

29、using the first name-Tom，Michael，Jane，for example；but seldom using Mr. Summers，Mrs. Howard，which is especially common in America，This applies not only to people of roughly the same age，but also of different ages。Even children earl call their parents by their first names，which is quite counter to Chi

30、nese custom. Chinese people attach great importance to peoples social status in societyEach person has a relative identity and social status in society, which is often reflected by his professionIn daily communication，a common Chinese form of address is the use of persons title，office，or occupation，

31、such as陳老師，王經(jīng)理，劉局長Such addresses are considered polite in ChinaBut if they are translated literally into EnglishEnglish speakers dont consider them polite as Chinese doFor example，one seldom hears English speakers addressing others as Teacher Chen，Manager Wang and Bureau Director LiuActually，in Engl

32、ish，only a few occupationsor titles would be used as address，they are：Doctor, Judge，Governor Mayor and Professor, etcIn addition，age is another factor that is taken into consideration as far as social deixis concernedFor it is not unusual to hear小林，老張，李老in ChinaHereif“小”and“老”are translated literall

33、y into English “Little” and “Old”，English speakers will think is abnormal and ridiculousThus in translation，we must be aware of these differences.3.Kinship terms and assumed kinship termsIn addition, Chinese people are likely to use assumed kinship terms for psychological purpose in daily communicat

34、ion, that is，to shorten the proximity between the addresser and the addressee. So to be polite，Chinese usually use kinship terms to address strangers，such as“大爺、大娘、大叔、大嬸、大哥、大姐”Kinship terms in Chinese such as爺爺，奶奶，阿姨，叔叔can also be used to refer to a person who has no kinship with the addresser, yet

35、it is absolutely impossible to be used in English in the same wayTake “Uncle” in English as an example，in Chinese the equivalent is叔父，伯父，姑父，姨父，舅父That is to say, even translating this only word Uncle” in to Chinesethe translator should make different choices according to different contextsEspecially

36、in translating，the translator should know that Chinese people are likely to use assumed kinship terms to call people who have no kinship with them to shorten the proximity in daily communicationFor example鎮(zhèn)上的人們也仍然叫她祥林嫂，但音調(diào)和先前很不同；也還和她講話，但笑容卻冷冷的了。(魯迅：祝福)The word,“嫂”is an assumed kinship term in Chines

37、eThe English word“sister-in-1awis not the equivalent to 嫂 in 祥林嫂So it is proper to translate 祥林嫂 into Xianglins wifeA：同志，請問人力資源部怎么走? As for同志in this example, the function of such all address is to get the attention of a strangerDepending on the situation, English custom might suggest using such anti

38、-pre-emptive social deictic expressions as Excuse me or Pardon me toget the pragmatic equivalent instead of the literal translation ComradeSo the Englishversion will be，A: Excuse me，would you tell me the way to the Human Resources Section?王老是我們廠的老領導。There is no word of equivalent identity function i

39、n English for王老In order to successfully deliver such intention and make others have a full understanding of thespeech，the version will be，Mr. Wangwas the previous leader of our factoryThe relationship and familiarity between addresser and addressee also influence the use of social deixis，F(xiàn)or example

40、， Original：“You neednt look for it” said Delle，”Its sold，I tell you sold andgone，tooIts Christmas Eve，boy ”(OHenry：The Gift of Magi)Version：“你不用找了，”德拉說：“我告訴你，已經(jīng)賣了賣了，沒有了。今天是圣誕夜，親愛的 ”O(jiān)riginal：“Hold on，Arthur, My boy” he said，attempting to make his anxietywith facetious utterance(JLondon：Martin Edin)Ve

41、rsion：“等一等，阿瑟老弟” 他說，想用開玩笑的口氣來掩飾自己的不安。In the above examples，the address word boy is rendered differently, the first into“親愛的”，the second into“老弟”，thats because of the different relationship between the addressers and the addressees，and they express different pragmatic meaningsContext is the specific occasions on which two participants use languages to communicationThe specific occasions include environment，location，time and relationship when communicatingSo in translating，these factors should be attached importance to so that the differ