princ-ch06-presentation6e(2012)

1、6供給、需求與政府政策 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Premium PowerPoint Slides by R

2、on Cronovich2012 UPDATEN. Gregory Mankiw經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第六版供給、需求與政府政策本教學(xué)PPT雙語版由浙江工商大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 陳宇峰 編譯1 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a

3、password-protected website for classroom use.2*本章我們將探索這些問題的答案：本章我們將探索這些問題的答案：什么是價(jià)格上限與價(jià)格下限？各有什么例子？?jī)r(jià)格上限與價(jià)格下限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果？稅收如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果？對(duì)買者還是賣者征稅對(duì)市場(chǎng)結(jié)果有什么不同嗎？什么是稅收歸宿？什么決定稅收歸宿？改變私人市場(chǎng)結(jié)果的政府政策改變私人市場(chǎng)結(jié)果的政府政策 價(jià)格控制： 價(jià)格上限：出售一種物品或服務(wù)的法定最高價(jià)格 比如：租金控制 價(jià)格下限：出售一種物品或服務(wù)的法定最低價(jià)格 比如：最低工資 稅收： 政府要求買者或賣者每買進(jìn)或賣出一單位物品所支付的一定數(shù)量的貨幣我們將使用供求模

4、型來分析各種類型的政府政策如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果（買者支付的價(jià)格，賣者得到的價(jià)格，以及均衡數(shù)量） 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom

5、use.4*例例 1: 公寓市場(chǎng)公寓市場(chǎng)沒有價(jià)格控制的均衡PQDS公寓的租金$800300公寓的數(shù)量 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for class

6、room use.5*價(jià)格上限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果價(jià)格上限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果價(jià)格上限高于均衡均衡價(jià)格時(shí)沒有限制性即對(duì)市場(chǎng)結(jié)果沒有影響PQDS$800300價(jià)格上限$1000 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a pas

7、sword-protected website for classroom use.6*價(jià)格上限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果價(jià)格上限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果均衡價(jià)格（$800） 高于價(jià)格上限，因此是違法的價(jià)格上限是一種限制性約束，這導(dǎo)致了短缺PQDS$800價(jià)格上限$500250400短缺 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed wit

8、h a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.7*價(jià)格上限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果價(jià)格上限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果長(zhǎng)期，供給與需求都更具有彈性。因此，短期更加嚴(yán)重PQDS$800150價(jià)格上限$500450短缺 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permi

9、tted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.8*短缺與配給短缺與配給 面臨短缺時(shí)，賣者必須在買者之間配給稀缺物品 配給機(jī)制：（1）排長(zhǎng)隊(duì) （2）根據(jù)賣者的偏好 這些配件機(jī)制既可能是不公平的，也是無效率的：因?yàn)槲锲凡⒉灰欢〞?huì)賣給對(duì)它評(píng)價(jià)最高的買者 與此相比，一個(gè)自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)中的配給機(jī)制既有效率（物品賣給對(duì)它評(píng)價(jià)最高的買者），也是客觀的（就是公平的） 2013 Cengage Learnin

10、g. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.9*例例 2: 缺乏技能的勞動(dòng)力的市場(chǎng)缺乏技能的勞動(dòng)力的市場(chǎng)沒有價(jià)格控制時(shí)的均衡WLDS支付給缺乏技能的勞動(dòng)力的工資$6.0

11、0500缺乏技能勞動(dòng)力的數(shù)量 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.10*價(jià)格下限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果價(jià)格下限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果

12、WLDS$6.00500價(jià)格下限$5.00低于均衡價(jià)格的的價(jià)格下限沒有限制性即對(duì)市場(chǎng)結(jié)果沒有影響 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classro

13、om use.11*價(jià)格下限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果價(jià)格下限如何影響市場(chǎng)結(jié)果WLDS$6.00價(jià)格下限$7.25均衡價(jià)格（$6）低于價(jià)格下限，因此是違法的價(jià)格下限是一種限制性約束，引起了過剩（也就是失業(yè)） 400550勞動(dòng)力過剩 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or se

14、rvice or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.12*最低工資法對(duì)技能高的工人并沒有影響，它們影響的是青少年研究表明： 最低工資每上升10%，就會(huì)使青少年就業(yè)減少1-3%。最低工資最低工資WLDS$6.00最低工資$7.25400550失業(yè)主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 1 價(jià)格控制 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use

15、as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場(chǎng)D決定下述政策的影響：A. 價(jià)格上限為$90B.價(jià)格下限為$90C.價(jià)格下限為$120主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 1 A. 價(jià)格上限$90 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whol

16、e or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場(chǎng)D價(jià)格降低到 $90買者的需求是120個(gè)房間，而賣者只愿意供給90個(gè)房間，導(dǎo)致短缺短缺短缺 = 30價(jià)格上限主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 1 B. 價(jià)格下限 $90 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not b

17、e copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場(chǎng)D均衡價(jià)格高于價(jià)格下限，因此價(jià)格下限沒有限制性P = $100, Q = 100 個(gè)房間 價(jià)格下限主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 1 C. 價(jià)格下限為 $120 2013 Cengage Le

18、arning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場(chǎng)D價(jià)格上升到 $120。買者的需求是60個(gè)房間，而賣者的供給是120個(gè)房間，導(dǎo)致過剩過剩 =

19、60價(jià)格上限 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.17*對(duì)價(jià)格控制的評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)價(jià)格控制的評(píng)價(jià) 第一章討論的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理之一

20、是： 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法 價(jià)格是指引社會(huì)資源配置的信號(hào)。當(dāng)政府進(jìn)行價(jià)格控制時(shí)，這種配置通常會(huì)發(fā)生變化 價(jià)格控制想幫助窮人，但往往卻傷害了那些它本想幫助的人 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a p

21、assword-protected website for classroom use.18*稅收稅收 政府對(duì)許多物品與勞務(wù)征稅是為了給國防，公立學(xué)校等這類公共項(xiàng)目籌資 政府能想買者或賣者征稅 稅收可以是物品價(jià)格的一個(gè)比例或者每售出一單位物品需支付一定數(shù)量的貨幣 簡(jiǎn)化起見，我們僅分析后者 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distri

22、buted with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.19*S1例例 3: 皮薩市場(chǎng)皮薩市場(chǎng)沒有稅收時(shí)的均衡PQD1$10.00500 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distrib

23、uted with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.20*S1D1$10.00500向買者征稅向買者征稅現(xiàn)在買者支付的價(jià)格比市場(chǎng)價(jià)格要高$1.50 為使買者購買相同多的數(shù)量，價(jià)格需下降$1.50 例：要使買者仍愿意購買500個(gè)，市場(chǎng)價(jià)格需從 $10.00下降到$8.50PQD2向買者征收$1.50的稅收$8.50對(duì)買者征稅使需求曲線向下移動(dòng)，其幅度為稅收量 稅收 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserve

24、d. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.21*S1D1$10.00500向買者征稅向買者征稅PQD2$11.00PB =$9.50PS =稅收向買者征收$1.50的稅收新均衡：Q = 450賣者得到的價(jià)格：

25、 PS = $9.50買者支付的價(jià)格： PB = $11.00兩者之差 = $1.50 = 稅收450 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for clas

26、sroom use.22*450S1稅收歸宿：稅收歸宿：稅收負(fù)擔(dān)在市場(chǎng)參與者之間進(jìn)行分配的方式PQD1$10.00500D2$11.00PB =$9.50PS =稅收在我們的例子中， 買者支付 $1.00的稅收 賣者支付 $0.50 的稅收. 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain pr

27、oduct or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.23*S1向賣者征稅向賣者征稅PQD1$10.00500S2Effects of a $1.50 per unit tax on sellers稅收增加了賣者的成本$1.50 賣者只有在市場(chǎng)價(jià)格上升到$11.50時(shí)才愿意出售500個(gè)匹薩，因?yàn)橹挥腥绱瞬拍軓浹a(bǔ)成本的增加$11.50因此，對(duì)賣者征稅使供給曲線向上移動(dòng)，移動(dòng)幅度為稅收量Tax 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May no

28、t be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.24*S1向賣者征稅向賣者征稅PQD1$10.00500S2450$11.00PB =$9.50PS =稅收向賣者征稅$1.50新的均衡：Q = 450買者支付PB = $11.00賣

29、者得到PS = $9.50兩者之差 = $1.50 = 稅收 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.25*S1兩種情況下結(jié)

30、果是相同的兩種情況下結(jié)果是相同的!在這兩種情況下：稅收都在買者支付的價(jià)格和賣者得到的價(jià)格之間打入了一個(gè)契子PQD1$10.00500450$9.50$11.00PB =PS =稅收無論對(duì)買者還是賣者征稅，最后的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，均衡數(shù)量以及稅收歸宿都是相同的！主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 2 稅收的影響 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed

31、with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房的市場(chǎng)D假定政府對(duì)買者所入住的每個(gè)房間都征稅$30找出新的Q, PB, PS, 以及稅收歸宿主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 2 參考答案 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted i

32、n a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場(chǎng)DQ = 80PB = $110PS = $80稅收歸宿買者：$10賣者：$20稅收PB =PS = 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for

33、 use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.28*彈性與稅收歸宿彈性與稅收歸宿案例 1: 供給相對(duì)于需求更富有彈性PQDS稅收買者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)賣者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)沒有稅收時(shí)的價(jià)格PBPS賣者相對(duì)于買者更容易離開市場(chǎng)，因此買者承擔(dān)了大部分稅負(fù) 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, sc

34、anned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.29*彈性與稅收歸宿彈性與稅收歸宿案例 2： 需求相對(duì)于供給更富有彈性PQDS稅收買者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)賣者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)沒有稅收時(shí)的價(jià)格PBPS買者相對(duì)于賣者更容易離開市場(chǎng)，因此賣者承擔(dān)了大部分的稅負(fù) 2013 Cengag

35、e Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.30*案例研究：誰支付奢侈品稅案例研究：誰支付奢侈品稅 在1990年，國會(huì)通過了一項(xiàng)針對(duì)游艇，私人飛機(jī)，皮

36、衣，珠寶和豪華轎車這類物品的新的奢侈品稅 目的；增加富人的稅收 但真正支付稅收的人士誰？ 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom u

37、se.31*案例研究：誰支付奢侈品稅案例研究：誰支付奢侈品稅游艇市場(chǎng)PQDSTax買者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)賣者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)PBPS需求是富有彈性的在短期內(nèi)，供給缺乏彈性因此，游艇工廠承擔(dān)了大部分的稅收主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 3 2011年工資稅削減 2011年之前, 社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)工資稅等于工人支付 6.2% 加上雇主支付 6.2% (總共 12.4%). 減稅法案(2010) 將工人支付部分從 6.2% 減少至 4.2% (僅2011年), 但雇主支付部分仍為6.2%. 問題問題:一個(gè)典型工人的家庭支付是否會(huì)上升2%, 還是大于2%, 還是少于2%? 彈性會(huì)影響你的答案嗎? 解釋原因. 2013 Cengage Learn

38、ing. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 3 參考答案 只要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力供給和勞動(dòng)力需求的彈性都 0, 稅收削減的效益將被工人和雇主共同享有， 工人的家庭支出

39、增加將少于2%. 答案不取決于勞動(dòng)力需求是否比勞動(dòng)力供給更具彈性或更缺乏彈性. 后續(xù)問題后續(xù)問題:誰在這次稅收削減中得到較大的效益份額, 工人還是雇主? 彈性怎么樣影響答案? 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 3 后續(xù)問題參考答案 如果勞動(dòng)力需求比勞動(dòng)力供給更具彈性, 工人將從稅收削減中比雇主獲益更多. 如果勞動(dòng)力供給比勞動(dòng)力需求更具彈性, 雇主將從稅收削減中比工人獲益更多. 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except