眼科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)本科

1、會計學(xué)1眼科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)本科眼科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)本科EyeballEye coatFibrous tunicCornea Sclera UveaIris Ciliary body Choroid Retina Content of eyeAqueous humor Lens Vitreous vThe sclera is a fibrous collagenous structure, tough in nature, opaque, milk white. It includes: episclera, scleral stroma, lamina fuscia. vThe corneosclera lim

2、bus is a transitional zone of the cornea and the sclera, surgical incision always was taken here. It situates in the most anterior part of the uvea, in front of the lens, connected with the ciliary body in periphery. There is a round hole (2.5-4mm)in the center called pupil. There is annular sphinct

3、er pupillary muscle (innervated by parasympathetic nerve) and dilator pupillary muscle (innervated by sympathetic nerve) to regulate the size of the pupil. .3 內(nèi)層：內(nèi)層： 視網(wǎng)膜（視網(wǎng)膜（retina）vThe retina is a thin, semitransparent, multilayered sheet of neural tissue that lines the inner aspect of the posterio

4、r two-thirds of the wall of the globe. It extends almost as far anteriorly as the ciliary body, ending at that point in a ragged edge, the ora serrata.vSpecial structures are as following: Macular In the center of the posterior retina is the macular, with the sharpest vision sensation. In the center

5、 of the macular is the fovea. The macular area is very thin and without blood vessel in the centre. There are mainly cones here, with single line connection on verve transmission, so during the lesion in macular area, vision diminishes severely. A pink area (about 1.5mm in diameter) located at nasal

6、 side about 3mm to the macula is the optic papilla, called the optic disc too, is a site where the visual fibers on the retina come together to go out of the globe to vision centre. On the optic papilla there are vascular branches of artery and vein, a small depression on it is called optic cup. The

7、 optic papilla is the beginning of the transmission tract composed of nerve fiber collection, without photosensory sell, so it manifests as an intrinsic blind area in visual field called physiologic scotoma. Circulation route of aqueous humor Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body. Entering t

8、he posterior chamber, it passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber and then peripheral toward the anterior chamber angel, then through trabecular meshwork, Schlemms canal, collective tubes and aqueous veins, Finally it flows into the anterior ciliary veins in episclera and blood circulation

9、. The eyelid vThe eyelid are divide into upper and lower one, situated in the anterior of the orbit, cover on anterior surface of the globe, its free margin called palpebral margin, an elliptic space between two eyelids is called palpebral fissure. The fissure terminates at the medial and lateral ca

10、nthus. vThe eyelids consists of five principal planes of tissues , and are used for protecting the anterior eyeball. 1.Skin layer; 2.Subcutaneous layer; 3.Muscle layer; 4.Fibrous layer; 5.The palpebral conjunctiva. The conjunctiva vThe conjunctiva is a thin , transparent mucous membrane that lines t

11、he inner surface of the eyelid and the anterior surface of the globe. According to the anatomic position, it is divided into three parts: the palpebral, the bulber and the fornix conjunctiva.vGland of conjunctiva: 1. Goblet cell distributed in the epithelial cell layer secretes mucin.2. Accessory la

12、crimal gland, situated beneath the fornical conjunctiva secretes tears 血供：淚腺動脈血供：淚腺動脈 神經(jīng)支配：神經(jīng)支配： 第第V腦神經(jīng)眼支腦神經(jīng)眼支為感覺纖維為感覺纖維 副交感神經(jīng)副交感神經(jīng)（來自面神經(jīng)）（來自面神經(jīng)）交感神經(jīng)（來自交感神經(jīng)（來自顱內(nèi)動脈叢）顱內(nèi)動脈叢）司淚腺分泌。司淚腺分泌。The lacrimal passagevIt contains the puncta, the canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct. vThe tears

13、secreted into the conjunctiva sac, depending on blinking movements and siphonage of the canaliculi, flow to the medial canthus accumulated in the lacrimal lake, via the puncta, the canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, the nasolacrimal duct then drainaged into the inferior nasal meatus. 右眼眼球的運動眼肌的運動左眼The ex

14、traocular muscles There are six extraocular muscles include four rectus and two oblique muscles to manage eye movement.Meidal rectus: adduction.Lateral rectus: abduction.Superior rectus: elevation, adduction, intorsion.Inferior rectus: depression, adduction, extorsion.Superior oblique: intorsion, de

15、pression, abduction.Inferior oblique: extorsion, elevation, abduction. The optic chiasm The crossed fibers are come from retinal nasal sides of both eyes, uncrossed ones from retinal temporal sides. In anatomy, the optic chiasm has special relation to it surrounding tissues, for example the pituitar

16、y body, the 3rd ventricles, anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery ahead and above it, internal carotid artery in both sides, the lesion of them, all may manifest as different defect of visual field due to damage of the chaism. 1.視網(wǎng)膜中央動脈：視網(wǎng)膜中央動脈： 球后球后9-12mm進入視神經(jīng)，進入視神經(jīng)， 供應(yīng)視網(wǎng)膜。少數(shù)人后

17、極供應(yīng)視網(wǎng)膜。少數(shù)人后極 部視網(wǎng)膜由睫狀后短動脈部視網(wǎng)膜由睫狀后短動脈 分支睫狀視網(wǎng)膜動脈供應(yīng)分支睫狀視網(wǎng)膜動脈供應(yīng)睫狀視網(wǎng)膜動脈睫狀視網(wǎng)膜動脈睫狀神經(jīng)節(jié)長根，睫狀睫狀神經(jīng)節(jié)長根，睫狀長神經(jīng)長神經(jīng)為鼻睫狀為鼻睫狀神經(jīng)分神經(jīng)分支支人胚早期發(fā)育人胚早期發(fā)育神經(jīng)溝和神經(jīng)管 胎長胎長2.5 mm時視窩切面時視窩切面 視泡和視莖視泡和視莖 視杯和原始晶體視杯和原始晶體 胚裂的形成與閉合胚裂的形成與閉合 胚眼（胚長17毫米） 晶體纖維的發(fā)育晶體纖維的發(fā)育 玻璃體的發(fā)育玻璃體的發(fā)育 原始血管系統(tǒng)原始血管系統(tǒng) 眼瞼的發(fā)育眼瞼的發(fā)育 瞳孔光反射瞳孔光反射Pupil light reflex The pupil

18、under light projection, its aperture becomes small called direct light reflex, if another eye illuminated, the pupil without projection becomes small called indirect light reflex 房水循環(huán)房水循環(huán)晶狀調(diào)節(jié)作用晶狀調(diào)節(jié)作用正常眼晶狀調(diào)節(jié)作用正常眼晶狀調(diào)節(jié)作用The extraocular muscles There are six extraocular muscles include four rectus and two oblique muscles to manage eye movement.Meidal r