學術(shù)綜合英語1-6課課文及翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Presenting a speech （做演講）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人類所有的創(chuàng)造中，語言也許是影響最為深遠的。我們用語言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 來分享經(jīng)驗，表達(傳遞？)價值觀，交換想法，傳播知識，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thin

2、k itself. 傳承文化。 事實上，對語言本身的思考也是至關(guān)重要的。Contrary to popular belief, language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.和通常所認為的不同的是，語言并不只是簡單地反映現(xiàn)實，語言在具體描述事件的時候也在幫助我們建立對現(xiàn)實的感知。語序的調(diào)整。Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works

3、. Words are the tools of a speakers craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演講者對語言很重視，也知道如何讓它發(fā)揮更好的效果。詞語是演講者演講的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，這和任何

4、其他的工作技藝沒什么兩樣。作為演講者，必須知道詞語的具體含義，也要懂得如何做到用詞準確、清晰、生動、適當。Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yoursel

5、f constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate.演講者準確地使用語言和會計準確使用數(shù)字是一樣重要的。確定詞意后再措詞。如果不確定，請先查詞典。當你在準備演講的時候，要不斷地問自己：“我到底要說什么？我到底想表達什么意思？”用詞一定要精準。Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure thi

6、s by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter.用詞清晰可以讓聽眾迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的點）。要做到這一點，就要盡量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要專業(yè)知識就能懂的詞語；多用具象詞匯少用抽象詞匯；還有要減少口誤。Using language viv

7、idly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something

8、in common）; it always contains the words “l(fā)ike”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “l(fā)ike” or “as”.生動地用詞能讓演講鮮活起來！比喻，這種能產(chǎn)生文字圖像的修辭，可以使演講達到生動的效果。比喻要用具象的語言，分為明喻和隱喻。明喻是指在本質(zhì)上有區(qū)別但仍然有相同點的事物之間做一個明確的比較，一般句中會含有

9、“像”或“似”。隱喻則是一種隱藏的比較，不會出現(xiàn)like 和 as 這些連接詞。Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, o

10、r sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structu

11、re.我們還可以充分利用語言的節(jié)奏感使演講更加生動活潑。具體有以下四種方式排比，反復，押頭韻和對偶。排比是指把一組或一系列相關(guān)的字詞句以相似結(jié)構(gòu)排列起來。反復是指在連續(xù)幾個從句或句子的開頭或結(jié)尾處使用相同的詞和詞組。押頭韻則是通過重復相鄰之間單詞首個輔音實現(xiàn)的。對偶通常是用平行的結(jié)構(gòu)將相反的想法并列在一起。Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language st

12、yle instead of trying to copy someone elses. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed.用語恰當意味著遣詞造句要與特定的場合，觀眾以及談?wù)摰脑掝}相適應(yīng)。這也意味著你得建立自己的語言風格，不能簡單抄襲他人。如果使用的語言與各方面都很契合，那么演講就更有可能取得成功。Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They ne

13、ed strong supporting materials to bolster the speakers point of view.In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one.The three basic types of supporting materials are examples,statistics and testimony.好的演講不能是空話連篇，也不能是一些毫無根據(jù)的論斷；而是需要有力的

14、論據(jù)來支持演講者的觀點。事實上，能否有技巧地使用論據(jù)會造成演講效果的天壤之別。論據(jù)有以下三種基本形式：例子，統(tǒng)計資料，引用。In the course of a speech you may use brief examplesspecific instances referred to in passingand sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examplesoften called illustrations,

15、narrations, or anecdotesare longer and more detailed.Hypothetical examples describe imagery situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas. To be more effective, though, they sho

16、uld be vivid and richly textured.在演講時可以簡單舉例即附帶地提及幾個具體的例子有時也需要接二連三舉例來加深印象。延伸舉例也叫解釋、敘述或軼事更長更詳盡。假設(shè)舉例描述的是想象的情景，能夠很好地把想法傳達給觀眾。這三種不同的例子都有助于演講者清晰地表達觀點，強調(diào)觀點并使之打上演講者的烙印。當然，要想演講效果更好，演講本身必須生動且結(jié)構(gòu)豐富！Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them

17、so they are meaningful to your audience. Above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted. Make sure that your figures are representative of what they claim to measure,that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take

18、statistics only from reliable sources.統(tǒng)計資料非常有助于演講者傳遞信息，因為當演講者適量地運用這些資料并加以解釋時，聽眾就能更好地理解其中的意義。最重要的是，演講者必須理解這些統(tǒng)計資料并恰當使用。數(shù)字很容易被篡改、誤報，因此必須確保自己所使用的數(shù)據(jù)不是張冠李戴的；必須確保自己使用的統(tǒng)計措施是正確的；必須確保自己的統(tǒng)計資料來源是可靠的。Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom recognized as expects on their spee

19、ch topics. Citing the views of people（ who are experts） is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony.Be sure to quote or paraphrase

20、 accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.引用他人觀點看法對學生演講者來說尤其有用，因為學生很少會被視為他們演講相關(guān)主題方面的專家。引用專家的觀點可以讓你的想法更可信。引用的時候，既可以逐字摘抄也可以自己總結(jié)一下。和統(tǒng)計資料一樣，引用也有原則可循引用摘抄準確，來源合格無偏見。如果觀眾對引用來源不太熟悉，一定要（想辦法）取得他們的信任

21、。The impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough.You must also know how to say it.Good delivery does not call attention to itself.It conveys the speakers ideas clearly, int

22、erestingly, and without distracting the audience.演講的效果如何很大程度上取決于演講是怎么做的。無話可說做不好演講，但要做好演講，僅僅有話可說也是遠遠不夠的，還要知道如何說話才行。好的演講不是要喚起觀眾對演講本身的注意，而是要向觀眾清晰有趣地傳遞演講者的想法，同時還要有觀眾聚精會神地聆聽。There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with P

23、owerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of thesespeaking extemporaneouslyis the method (you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom). When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. S

24、peaking with PowerPoint is widely used now and very effective indeed.演講有四種最基本的方法：照本宣科式；背誦式；ppt輔助演講式和即興演講式。最后一項即興演講是我們在課堂演講和大部分課外演講中都要用到的方法.即興演講時，我們手上只有簡單的筆記或演講提綱。現(xiàn)在，用ppt輔助演講十分普遍，效果顯著。Certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye cont

25、act, volume, pauses and so on. By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.當然還要考慮其他因素譬如演講者的個人形象，肢體語言，眼神交流，聲音的抑揚頓挫等等。盡量注意上述問題，演講就會成功！Unit 2 Energy in Transition能源轉(zhuǎn)型 The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end. A transition to mo

26、re expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.能源資源價格低廉、使用便捷的時代已經(jīng)過去了，目前應(yīng)向盡管價格較高、但污染較小的資源轉(zhuǎn)變。John P. HoldrenUnderstanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer

27、 services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts detract from well-being.要了解這一轉(zhuǎn)變，首先需要考察一下

28、能源和人類幸福的雙重關(guān)系。能源為人類提供了諸如取暖、照明等消費服務(wù)的同時，也為經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)活動提供必要投入，從這個意義上講，能源為人類幸福做出了積極貢獻。然而，人類為利用能源所付出的代價卻削弱了能源為其帶來的利益，這種代價不僅包括為獲取和利用能源所投入的資金和其他資源，而且包含了能源開發(fā)和利用所產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境影響和社會政治影響。 For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy well-being equation. In

29、adequacy of energy resources or (more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970s, then, represented a turning point. After d

30、ecades of constancy or decline in monetary costs and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be plausible that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply.

31、 It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.人類歷史發(fā)展長河中，人們主要關(guān)心的是能源和人類安康等式中有利的一面。能源資源不足或者（更經(jīng)常）開采、加工和分配這些資源所需技術(shù)和機構(gòu)的不足，會影響能源為人類帶來的利益，對人類也就意味著不方便、損失以及對增長的各種限制。到了20世紀70年代，出現(xiàn)了一個轉(zhuǎn)折點。此前的幾十年中，能源的資金成本一直保持穩(wěn)定，甚至有所下降，而且，其所牽扯的環(huán)境成本和社會政治成本一直處于

32、次要地位。但是20世紀70年代開始，開發(fā)和利用能源的多方成本均顯著增長。人們自然有理由認為：高昂的能源成本所帶來的威脅已同能源供應(yīng)不足所產(chǎn)生的威脅不相上下。同時，也有人擔心，依靠擴大能源資源增加供應(yīng)所需付出的代價，也許大于其所帶來的利益。The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990s is whether the trend that began in the 1970s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or w

33、ill a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale ofenergy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of indust

34、rial energy forms. It entailed the use of dirty coal as well as clean; undersea oil as well as terrestrial; deep gas as well as shallow; mediocre hydroelectric sites as well as good ones; and deforestation as well as sustainable fuelwood harvesting.20世紀90年代初期人們關(guān)注的焦點在于，這種始于70年代的能源發(fā)展趨勢是暫時的還是長遠的。廉價能源時代

35、是真正一去不復返，還是通過開發(fā)新能源、應(yīng)用新技術(shù)、改革地緣政治秩序等措施，有可能重登歷史舞臺？回答這個問題的一個關(guān)鍵因素是過去100年以來因人口空前增長帶來的令人瞠目的能源需求以及同樣使人無所應(yīng)對的人均工業(yè)能源需求。急劇增長的能源需求使得人類對能源的使用無所不用其極：不管是清潔煤炭還是劣質(zhì)煤炭（或“無矸煤還是有矸煤”），見煤就挖；無論是陸上石油還是海底石油，深層氣還是淺層氣，見油氣就采；水電站建設(shè)不論適宜與否，見水就上；一邊綠化造林以求薪材可持續(xù)發(fā)展，一邊卻砍樹毀林。Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the

36、cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on todays scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordabili

37、ty cannot be guaranteed. .除了中東地區(qū)蘊藏著巨大的石油資源，地球上廉價的油氣資源已經(jīng)不復存在了。即使偶爾找到幾個大的油田，同當今巨大的能源消耗相比，也是杯水車薪。對于大多數(shù)國家來說，油氣資源越來越多地依賴進口，且不說進口油氣資源的可靠性無法得到保障，其對進口國的支付能力也是一個考驗。 There are a variety of other energy resources that are more abundant than oil and gas. Coal, solar energy, and fission and fusion fuel

38、s are the most important ones. But they all require elaborate and expensive transformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet societys needs. None has very good prospects for delivering large quantities of electricity at costs comparable to those of the cheap coal-fired and hydropower

39、 plants of the 1960s. It appears, then, that expensive energy is a permanent condition, even without allowing for its environmental costs. .誠然，其他許多資源的儲量大于石油和天然氣，最重要的有煤、太陽能、聚變裂變?nèi)剂系取５沁@些能源轉(zhuǎn)化成電力或液體燃料，以滿足社會需求，需要經(jīng)過技術(shù)復雜、成本昂貴的轉(zhuǎn)化過程。同20世紀60 年代成本低廉的燃煤火電站和水力發(fā)電站相比，僅從成本考慮，以上各種資源用于大規(guī)模發(fā)電的可能性極小。因此，即使不考慮能源

40、開采的環(huán)境成本，能源價格居高不下已成無可改變的定局。The capacity of the environment to absorb the effluents and other impacts of energy technologies is itself a finite resource. The finitude is manifested in two basic types of environmental costs. External costs are those imposed by environmental disruptions on society but n

41、ot reflected in the monetary accounts of the buyers and sellers of the energy. “Internalized costs” are increases in monetary costs imposed by measures, such as pollution-control devices, aimed at reducing the external costs.環(huán)境吸納由于能源利用而產(chǎn)生的廢棄物和其他影響的能力本身也是有限度的，表現(xiàn)在兩方面的環(huán)境成本上。所謂“外延成本”即由于環(huán)境遭到破壞對社會造成的影響，但尚

42、未反映到能源買賣雙方的交易價格上；所謂“內(nèi)涵成本”即為降低外延成本而采取的各種措施（如污染防治措施）所引起的貨幣成本的增長。  Both types of environmental costs have been rising for several reasons. First, the declining quality of fuel deposits and energy-conversion sites to which society must now turn means more material must be moved or processed, b

43、igger facilities must be constructed and longer distances must be traversed. Second, the growing magnitude of effluents from energy systems has led to saturation of the environments capacity to absorb such effluents without disruption. Third, the monetary costs of controlling pollution tend to incre

44、ase with the percentage of pollutants removed.兩種環(huán)境成本均一直呈增長趨勢，原因是多方面的。首先，社會發(fā)展所依賴的燃料礦藏和加工地質(zhì)量下降，必然要求礦物運輸和加工的數(shù)量增加、設(shè)施擴大、運輸距離延長。第二，能源利用所產(chǎn)生的廢棄物不斷增加，使得環(huán)境自我凈化能力達到了極限。第三，污染防治所需的資金成本亦將隨著消除污染物比例的提高而提高。 Despite these expenditures, the remaining uninternalized environmental costs have been substantial and in

45、 many cases are growing. Those of greatest concern are the risk of death or disease as a result of emissions or accidents at energy facilities and the impact of energy supplied on the global ecosystem and on international relations.盡管代價高昂，尚未內(nèi)化的環(huán)境成本一直居高不下，并在許多情形下呈增長趨勢，其中最引人關(guān)注的是由能源設(shè)施排放廢物或發(fā)生事故所帶來的死亡和疾病

46、，以及由于能源供應(yīng)對全球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和國際關(guān)系造成的影響。 The impacts of energy technologies on public health and safety are difficult to pin down with much confidence. In the case of air pollution from fossil fuels, in which the dominant threat to public health is thought to be particulates formed from sulfur dioxide emiss

47、ions, a consensus on the number of deaths caused by exposure has proved impossible. Widely differing estimates result from different assumptions about fuel compositions, air pollution control technology, power-plant sitting in relation to population distribution, meteorological conditions affecting

48、sulfate formation, and, above all, the relation between sulfate concentrations and disease.能源技術(shù)對于大眾健康和安全所造成的影響難以確定。以礦物燃料造成的空氣污染為例，一般認為其對大眾健康的主要危害是由排放的二氧化硫形成的微粒，但接觸這種污染空氣究竟會導致多少人死亡，卻無法取得一致意見。各種估算數(shù)據(jù)千差萬別，原因在于對以下各種因素的分析各不相同，比如燃料構(gòu)成、空氣污染防治技術(shù)、發(fā)電廠選址同人口分布之間的關(guān)系、氣象條件對硫化物形成的影響，最重要的是硫化物濃度與疾病之間的關(guān)系。 Large unc

49、ertainties also apply to the health and safety impacts of nuclear fission. In this case, differing estimates result in part from differences among sites and reactor types, in part from uncertainties about emissions from fuel-cycle steps that are not yet fully operational (especially fuel reprocessin

50、g and management of uranium-mill tailings) and in part from different assumptions about the effects of exposure to low-dose radiation. The biggest uncertainties, however, relate to the probabilities and consequences of large accidents at reactors, at reprocessing plants and in the transport of waste

51、s.10.同樣，核反應(yīng)堆對于大眾健康和安全的影響亦無法確定。對此種影響的各種估測，既有來自關(guān)于反應(yīng)堆選址和類型的不同觀點，又有因為核燃料反應(yīng)過程(尤其是核燃料回收以及鈾選礦尾礦管理)還不完備，這些環(huán)節(jié)所產(chǎn)生的廢棄物究竟會產(chǎn)生何種影響尚無法確定；同時還有因為對于人類接觸少量核輻射所造成的后果各執(zhí)己見。然而，最大的不確定性來自核反應(yīng)堆、重新加工工廠以及核廢料運輸過程中可能發(fā)生重大事故的概率及所造成的后果。 Altogether, the ranges of estimated hazards to public health from both coal-fired and nuclea

52、r-power plants are so wide as to extend from negligible to substantial in comparison with other risks to the population. There is little basis, in these ranges, for preferring one of these energy sources over the other. For both, the very size of the uncertainty is itself a significant liability.11.

53、同人類面臨的其他威脅相比，火電廠和核電廠危害大眾健康的程度究竟有多大，眾說紛紜，莫衷一是。有的人認為這種影響微不足道，可以忽略不計；也有人認為這種影響程度嚴重、危害巨大。無論影響大小，都沒有理由對種種能源親此疏彼。無論是核電還是火電，其對人類的危害都無法確定，這本身就是一大憾事。 Often neglected, but no less important, is the public health menace from traditional fuels widely used for cooking and water heating in the developing wor

54、ld. Perhaps 80 percent of global exposure to particulate air pollution occurs indoors in developing countries, where the smoke from primitive stoves is heavily laden with dangerous hydrocarbons. A disproportionate share of this burden is borne, moreover, by women (who do the cooking) and small child

55、ren (who indoors with their mothers).12.發(fā)展中國家普遍用于做飯燒水的傳統(tǒng)燃料對大眾健康造成的危害常常不為人們所關(guān)注，但同樣十分嚴重。全球大約80%的顆粒空氣污染來自發(fā)展中國家的室內(nèi)燒煮，原始爐灶排出的煙氣中含有大量有害的烴（或碳氫化合物），而且這種有害物質(zhì)的受害者往往是婦女（室內(nèi)燒煮的主要承擔者）和兒童（長時間同母親一起呆在室內(nèi)）。 The ecological threats posed by energy supply are even harder to quantify than the threats to human health

56、and safety from effluents and accidents. Nevertheless, enough is known to suggest they portend even larger damage to human well-being. This damage potential arises from the combination of two circumstances.13.同排放的廢棄物和能源設(shè)施事故對大眾健康造成的危害相比，能源利用對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的威脅更難以量化。然而，根據(jù)已有認識足以判斷這種威脅對人類健康造成的損失將會更大。這種潛在的損失是由兩種情形同

57、時存在導致的First, civilization depends heavily on services provided by ecological and geophysical processes such as building and fertilizing soil, regulating water supply, controlling pests and pathogens, and maintaining a tolerable climate; yet it lacks the knowledge and the resources to replace natures

58、 services with technology. Second, human activities are now clearly capable of disrupting globally the processes that provide these services. Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is responsible for a striking share of the environmental impacts of human activity. The environmental transiti

59、on of the past 100 years driven above all by a 20-fold increase in fossil-fuel use and augmented by a tripling in the use of traditional energy forms has amounted to no less than the emergence of civilization as a global ecological and geochemical force.14.首先，人類文明嚴重依賴于各種生態(tài)和地球物理過程所提供的各種服務(wù)，諸如造土培肥（或土壤的形成與增肥）、水源調(diào)節(jié)、病蟲害控制、適宜氣候的維持等等。但是，人類缺乏知識和資源來利用技術(shù)代替自然界所提供的各種服務(wù)。其次，人類活動顯然能夠在全球范圍破壞提供這些服務(wù)的進程。無論是工業(yè)能源還是傳統(tǒng)能源使用，在人類活動引起