船舶設(shè)計(jì)英文翻譯

1、商船類型雜貸船雜貨船的船內(nèi)空間沿縱向被橫艙壁分隔成一系列艙容大致相等的貨艙，其艙壁間距為4070英尺。垂線間長約為500英尺的船舶一般分成七個貨艙。垂直方向上，最上層連續(xù)甲板(主甲板或強(qiáng)力甲板)以下的艙壁用一、二層甲扳分隔開。內(nèi)底和最下層甲扳之間的空間稱為貨艙，其空間高度限制在18英尺以內(nèi)，為的是使貨物壓損減少到最小程度。每層甲板間(稱為甲板間艙)高度通常為910英尺。大多數(shù)雜貨船，除了有上述的雙層底艙以外，還設(shè)有深艙，用作存放燃油、壓截水或如膠乳、椰子油或食用油這一類液體貨物。貨物是通過每一個貨艙上方甲板的矩形大開口(艙口)來進(jìn)行裝卸的。一般采用機(jī)動的艙口蓋來關(guān)閉艙口甲板間艙的艙口蓋結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該

2、足夠牢固，以便使它能夠承受壓在其上面的貨物。頂艙蓋應(yīng)該水密。甲板間艙的空間一般適宜于裝卸件雜貨物或用貸盤托運(yùn)的貨物。通常載貨艙在每一層甲板上設(shè)有一個艙口，其寬度為船寬的3550，長度為艙長的5060。為了加快貨物裝卸速度，艙口布置的傾向是越來越寬或橫向有多個并排艙口，而且艙口也變得更長。橫向采用并排多只艙口布置(例如，三只艙口并排)，可以提高位于甲板下面的集裝箱的裝卸效率。碼頭和船舶之間件雜貨物的裝卸通常是通過安裝在船舶甲板上的吊貨桿來進(jìn)行的。吊桿的起落靠從桅桿或吊桿柱通到吊桿頂端的可調(diào)節(jié)索具來進(jìn)行控制，而另一根繩索從絞車到每一吊桿的頂端繞過滑輪在吊貨鉤處終止。起貨可以用一根吊桿(通常用來吊1

3、0噸以上的重貸)；快速裝卸時，可采用一對聯(lián)臺吊桿，一吊桿端在艙口的上方，另一吊桿端在碼頭上方。這種貨物裝卸怍業(yè)稱為雙桿聯(lián)臺操作，一般用于10噸以下的貨物。大多數(shù)安裝有吊桿的件雜貨船在每一艙口端都設(shè)有一對吊桿以加速貨物裝卸。通常把貨物一起堆在一只大網(wǎng)袋里，網(wǎng)袋出空后又返回進(jìn)行下一次裝卸。尺寸幾乎相同的包裝貨物可堆在貨盤上，而后整個貨盤被吊殉船上。吊起的貨物通過艙口降下，然后從同袋里或貨盤上卸貨，每一組貨物的理貨工人一件件分別貯存好。貯在貨艙兩側(cè)的貨物除非它們?nèi)栽谪洷P上用鏟車搬運(yùn)，否則需由人工搬運(yùn)?，F(xiàn)在鏟車的使用正在變得很普遍。當(dāng)裝卸貨港口不能提供鏟車時，可由船上備帶。船上人工卸貨的貨運(yùn)量基本上決

4、定了船舶在港口周轉(zhuǎn)的時間以及港口的費(fèi)用。因而也就決定了整個運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。大多數(shù)雜貨船備有一套具有30100噸起吊能力的重型吊桿設(shè)備，以對付偶然遇到的重件貸。大量新增加著的雜貨船正在配備上能旋轉(zhuǎn)的甲板起重機(jī)，來代替桅桿、吊桿和絞車。集裝箱船在以貨物高速裝卸為主的商業(yè)航運(yùn)線上，集裝箱船正在取代常規(guī)雜貨船。集裝箱是風(fēng)雨密韻箱子(一般為金屬)，它能承受堆壓載荷和海上運(yùn)動引起的力。集裝箱具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸，裝載時最大重量可達(dá)30噸左右，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集裝箱的采用使船舶裝載及海陸運(yùn)輸變得方便，且易子計(jì)算租借費(fèi)用。大型集裝箱船可在半天左右時間內(nèi)把貨物全部裝卸完畢，而裝卸相同貨物的件雜貨船則需幾天時間。通常，除了海關(guān)檢

5、查外。運(yùn)貨人把貨物裝進(jìn)集裝箱后一直送到收貨人以前這整個過程中，箱子一般是不打開的。集裝箱在船舶和陸上目的地之間來回運(yùn)輸是靠公路拖車(最通用的工具)、火車車皮或駁船來進(jìn)行的，所以它們也是這個運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)構(gòu)一部分。對于一定的有效載貨容積而言，集裝箱船比傳統(tǒng)的貸船要大且建造費(fèi)用更昂貴，但裝卸貨物的費(fèi)用以及船舶在碼頭上停留的時間卻減少了很多。雖然在某些集裝箱船上，裝卸貨物是水平移動的，集裝箱是裝在垂直的格柵里，且沿垂直方向從船艙中移進(jìn)移出。滾裝船廣義地說，凡是設(shè)計(jì)成采用輪子滾動來裝卸貨物的船舶都可以認(rèn)為是屬于滾裝船的范籌。這種船包括拖車運(yùn)輸船，海上火車渡船(裝載火車車箱或整輛火車)，汽車、卡車及拖車渡船，

6、軍用車輛運(yùn)輸船，裝運(yùn)貨盤的船(其貸盤用鏟車在碼頭和船舶之間往返進(jìn)行裝卸)等等。下面對這類船舶作一簡單描述。雖然它能裝卸幾種型塑的滾動車輛，但主要是用來運(yùn)輸拖車。滾裝船的艙容比例相對于它的貸物量來說是很高的，它們特別適合于短途運(yùn)輸和需要頻繁裝卸的運(yùn)輸。滾裝船所需要的借泊時間比集裝箱船還短，但建造費(fèi)用更高。因?yàn)闈M載的滾裝船也不能使船舶吃水根深，所以有富裕的干舷，因而允許在水線以上開設(shè)舷門，并借助于跳板來裝卸滾動貸物。通常這類船有一個方尾(很象汽艇的方型尾)，方尾上開有門，可使車輛通過尾部跳板以裝卸滾輪式車輛。滾裝船具有多層甲板，滾輪貨物的裝卸通過升降機(jī)或傾斜跳飯從承裁甲稅裝運(yùn)到其他甲板。內(nèi)部升降機(jī)

7、和跳板兩者卻占據(jù)了船上大量的空間。由于需要有暢通甲板(不應(yīng)該用橫艙壁隔斷)和供停放車輛用的甲板間，因而使?jié)L裝船形成了一種獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu)布置。駁船這類船舶標(biāo)志著在向貨物集裝箱化和減少港泊時間方面邁出了大步。貨物先裝在駁船或港駁上，載滿后每一駁船重達(dá)1000噸，然后將駁船裝到甲板下面和上面，它們的裝卸采用龍門吊或升降平臺。就裝載統(tǒng)貨而論，這些船舶要算是最快的、最大的以及造價最高的一類船舶。但就它們的尺度而言，這些船舶的有效載貨容積小于通常的雜貨船。然而它們的裝卸很迅速且能節(jié)省很多工時。因?yàn)楦垴g可以在水上航行，而且能象一般駁船那樣操作，所以這些大船可較好地服務(wù)于不發(fā)達(dá)港口。由于載駁船采用了可以迅速拆裝固

8、定駁子的輕便裝置，所以它可以部分或者全部改運(yùn)各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集裝箱。散貨船大部分海洋運(yùn)輸是靠散貨船完成的。散裝干貸包括的產(chǎn)品有t礦砂、煤、石慶石、谷物、水泥、礬土、石膏和砂糖。大多數(shù)遠(yuǎn)洋散裝干貨船利用岸上設(shè)備裝卸貨物。航行在美國大湖里的很多散裝干貨船具有用來裝卸貨物的船上設(shè)備(自卸貨機(jī))，運(yùn)載這類貨物且配備有自卸裝置的遠(yuǎn)洋船舶的數(shù)量正在不斷增加。最大量的液體散裝貸物是石油產(chǎn)品。但其他散裝液貨，例如各種化工產(chǎn)品、植物油、糖漿、乳膠、液化氣體、熔態(tài)硫，甚至包括酒和果汁的遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸?shù)闹匾砸踩遮呍黾?。?shí)際上幾乎所有散裝液貨船都有卸貨泵。即使是混合型散貨船，它們可以同時或交替裝載散裝干貨和散裝液貨，也有卸液貸用

9、的船用泵。實(shí)際上，幾乎所有的散裝貨船都把機(jī)艙、船員居住艙、駕駛宣布置在船尾。大湖自卸散貸船是一個例外，它把船員居住艙和橋樓布置在首部。散貨船正朝著更大尺度前方向發(fā)展，但速度仍保持在中等水平(遠(yuǎn)洋貨船的速度一般為l618節(jié)或3030公里時，大湖船的船速稍低一些)。遠(yuǎn)洋礦砂船的特點(diǎn)是雙屢底較高而艙容小，這是因?yàn)榈V砂的密度大。船上貨物堆得高將減少穩(wěn)性，但能防止十分急速的橫搖。棍合型遠(yuǎn)洋散裝貨船由于貨物種類多樣性而可以低價運(yùn)輸。它能夠適臺于不同航線、運(yùn)載各類不同的散裝貨物。這類船舶可裝載類似石油產(chǎn)品、煤、谷物及礦砂等散裝貨物。散裝貨船的雙層底較低。其貨艙客積相對于船舶本身的尺度顯得比較大。不論從數(shù)量上

10、還是從噸位上講，油船都具有獨(dú)特性能，且是一種非常重要的液體散裝貨船。油船幾乎毫無例外地全都運(yùn)載石油產(chǎn)品。大型油船差不多都用來運(yùn)輸原油，只有少量的油船專門用來運(yùn)輸化工產(chǎn)品，還有一些油船準(zhǔn)備改裝為裝載谷物之用。具有與船體外殼相分離的獨(dú)立型、矩形、圓筒形或球形液貨艙的液體散裝貨船用來運(yùn)輸熔態(tài)硫和例如無水氨和天然氣這類液化氣體。天然氣(LNG)也可裝在具有薄膜液艙的液化氣船上運(yùn)輸，這種液艙結(jié)構(gòu)在殼板上敷有能承載的絕熱層，且裝了一金屬薄層。運(yùn)輸熔態(tài)硫和液化氣體對液貨艙的絕熱和結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度都有著特殊的要求，需采用高級的、昂貴的優(yōu)質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)材料?？唾J船在客貨船這類船舶中。旅客生活設(shè)施的安置應(yīng)保證具有最大程度的舒適性

11、。一般說，客貨船多服務(wù)于對旅游業(yè)有吸引力并需要裝運(yùn)特殊的而且高運(yùn)費(fèi)率貨物的港口之間。由于旅客服務(wù)的需要，這類船比差不多同樣大小的、專門運(yùn)輸貨物的貨船需要配備更多的船員。旅客的生活設(shè)施包括有：14鋪位的客艙，每個房間有浴盆和廁所。少數(shù)房間可以相互連通成套間，它包括一個臥室、更衣室，甚至有一個專用的室外陽臺。供旅客使用的公共場所包括餐廳、休息室、酒吧間、牌戲和娛樂室、圖書室、小賣部和游泳池。載客超過12名的船舶必須遵守國際海上入命安全公約(SOLAS)的有關(guān)條例。這些條例牽涉到下列有關(guān)船舶特性的項(xiàng)目，(1)減少由船體損壞而引起的船舶沉沒或傾覆的危險性；(2)防止船上火災(zāi)的發(fā)生和蔓延；(3)增加應(yīng)急

12、時棄船的可能性和安全性。有趣的是存在不同于傳統(tǒng)的雜貨船的例子。因?yàn)榧s貨船的貨物裝卸幾乎完全用船上的桅桿和吊桿設(shè)備進(jìn)行，而該船設(shè)置了門式起重機(jī)以裝卸集裝箱、車輛和大型貨盤。集裝箱一般可以堆放在配備有集裝箱格柵的貨艙里或甲板上。大型貨盤和車輛可用一個稱為裝卸機(jī)的橫向裝置，通過舷門來裝卸，滾輪式的車輛也可以通過這些舷門滾進(jìn)滾出。利用貨物升降機(jī)可把貨物送到下層甲板或從那里進(jìn)出。另外，裝卸象香蕉之類的貨物還可用垂直輸送機(jī)。在典型剖面圖上所示的水平輸送機(jī)先從貨物升降機(jī)上自動接受貨物(大多數(shù)裝在貨盤上)，然后，靠手工控制的電瓶貨盤裝卸機(jī)對貨物進(jìn)行堆垛。前貨艙內(nèi)的貨物靠一臺5噸級雙桿操作的起貨吊桿裝卸，再靠

13、一貨物升降機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到較低層去。專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯（原文）Merchant Ship TypesBreak-bulk cargo shipsThe inboard space in break-bulk cargo ships undivided longitudinally by transverse bulkheads, spaced 40-70 :ft apart, into a series of cargo compartments of approximately equal volume; generally seven for a ship of about 500 ft Lpp. Ve

14、rtically, the bulkheads are divided by one or two decks below the uppermost, continuous deck (main or strength deck) The space between the inner bottom and the lowest deck. called the hold, is limited to a height of about 18 ft (5.5m) to minimize damage to cargo through crushing. Usually the height

15、of each space between decks (termed tween deck space) is 9-10ft (2.7-3.0m).In addition to the previously mentioned double-bottom tanks, most break-bulk cargo ships have deep tanks used for fuel oil water ballast, or liquid cargoes such as latex, coconut all, or edible oils.The cargo is handled throu

16、gh large rectangular deck openings (hatches) over each cargo space. Mechanically operated hatch covers, are used to close the openings. The hatch covers in the tween decks are strong enough to support cargo stowed on them. The topside hatch covers are watertight. The tween deck space is generally su

17、itable for break-bulk of pallet cargo. Generally, cargo holds have had one hatch per deck, with a width of 35-50% the ship's breadth and a length of 50-60% the hold length, The trend is toward wider hatches or multiple hatches abreast and often longer hatches, to increase cargo handling speed.A

18、multiple hatch arrangement (triple hatch, for instance) is efficiently need for a partial load of containers stowed under deck.Break-bulk cargo handling between pier and ship is done usually by means of cargo booms installed on board The booms are raised or lowered by adjustable wire rigging led fro

19、m the mast or king post to the boom ends. A wire rope leads over sheaves from a winch to the outer end of each boom and terminates in a cargo hook. Cargo can be hoisted using one boom (customarily for very heavy loads of cargo, l0 tons or over)or for faster handling, by a pair of married booms, with

20、 one boom end over the hatch and the other over the pier. This cargo handling operation, called buttoning, is customary for loads up to 10 tons. Most break-bulk cargo ships fitted with booms have a pair of booms at each hatch end to expedite cargo handling. The cargo is often piled together in a lar

21、ge net which is emptied and returned for the next load. Packaged cargo of nearly uniform dimensions may be stacked on pallets which are hoisted aboard individually. The sling load is landed through the hatch opening. The pallets or nets are then unloaded, and each item is individually stowed by the

22、hold gang. Any cargo stowed in the wings of the hold is manhandled unless it is on pallets and handled by a forklift truck. The use of forklift trucks is becoming common practice, and a number of these trucks may he carried on board if they are not available at cargo terminals. The amount of cargo w

23、hich is man handled onboard determines largely the ship turnaround and port expenses, and, hence, the profitability of the transportation system.Most break-bulk cargo ships have provisions for a heavy lift boom of 30-100 metric ton capacity for occasional units of heavy cargo.An increasing number of

24、 break-bulk cargo skips are being fitted with revolving deck cargo cranes instead of masts, booms and winches.Container shipsContainer ships are replacing the conventional break-bulk cargo ship in trade routes where rapid cargo handling is essential, Containers are weather-proof boxes (usually metal

25、) strengthened to withstand stacking and motion at sea. Containers are of standard size, the largest ones weighing up to about 30 metric tons when loaded. The use of standard containers facilitates ship-board stowage, land or waterway transportation, and rental or lease.A large container ship may be

26、 loaded or unloaded completely in about half a day, compared to several days for the same amount of cargo in break-bulk cargo ship. Generally, the shipper places the cargo in the container and, except for custom inspection, it is delivered unopened to the consignee; Highway trailers (most commonly),

27、 railroad cars, or barges transport containers to and from their land destination and are .therefore a part of the same transportation system. For a given payload cargo capacity, container ships are larger and more costly to build than the traditional cargo ship. but both the Cargo handling cost and

28、 the idle ship time in port are reduced considerably.Although in some ships containers arc moved horizontally for loading and unloading, containers are stowed in vertical cells and moved vertically in and out of the vessel.Roll-on/Roll-off shipsWith a broad interpretations all ships that are designe

29、d to handle cargo by rolling it on wheels can be considered under this headings. This would include trailer ships; sea trains(carrying railroad cars or entire trains): auto, truck, and trailer ferries; military vehicle carriers; ships carrying pallets handled by forklift trucks from and to shore; an

30、d so on. The following is a description of a ship of this type; which is intended primarily to operate as a trailer ship, although it may handle several types of wheeled vehicles.Roll-on/roll-off ships require a high proportion of cubic capacity relative to the amount of cargo and are particularly s

31、uited to services with short runs and frequent loading and unloading. They need ever, shorter port time than container ships but their building cost is higher.Because fully loaded roll-onroll-off ships cannot carry enough cargo to immerse them deeply, their large,freeboard allows the fitting of side

32、 ports above the waterline for the handing of cargo on wheels by means of ramps. Usually. ships of this type have a transom stern (a square-shaped stern like that of a motorboat) fitted with doors for handling wheeled vehicles on an aft ramp. Roll-on/roll-off ships have several decks, and the cargo

33、is handled on wheels from the loading deck.to other decks by elevators or sloping ramps. Both internal elevators .and ramps occupy substantial volume in the skip. The need for clear decks, without interruption by transverse bulkheads. and tween decks for vehicle parking results in a unique structura

34、l arrangement.Barge-carrying shipsThis type of ship represents a hold step in the trend toward cargo containerization and port time reductions. Cargo is carried in barges or lighters, each weighing up to 1000 metric tons when loaded. The lighters are carried below and above deck and handled ,by gant

35、ry cranes or elevator platforms.These are among the fastest, largest, and most expensive ships for the carriage of general cargo. For their size, their payload capacity is less than that of the conventional break-bulk cargo ship. However, they can be loaded and unloaded much faster and with a consid

36、erable saving in man-hours.Because the lighters can be waterborne and operated as regular barges, these large ships can serve undeveloped ports advantageously.Using potable fixtures that can be erected quickly, barge-carrying ships can be adapted for the transport of varying amounts of standard cont

37、ainers in addition to or in place of lighters. Bulk cargo shipsA large proportion of ocean transportation is effected by bulk cargo ships.Dry bulk cargo includes products such as iron ore, coal. limestone, grain, cement, bauxite gypsum, and sugar. Most oceangoing dry bulk carriers are loaded and unl

38、oaded using shore side installations, Many dry bulk carriers operating in the Great Lakes have shipboard equipment for the handling of cargo (self-unloaders), and an increasing number of oceangoing ships carrying this type of cargo are being fitted with self-unloading gear.By far the largest amount

39、of liquid bulk cargo consists of petroleum products, but ocean transportation of other bulk liquid products is increasing in importance; for example, various chemicals, vegetable oils, molasses, latex, liquefied gases, molten sulfur, and even wine arid fruit juices. Practically all liquid bulk carri

40、ers have pumps for unloading the cargo. Even combination bulk carriers, which may carry simultaneously or alternatively dry and liquid bulk cargo, usually have ship board pumps for unloading liquids.Practically all bulk carriers have the machinery compartment, crew accommodation, and conning station

41、s located aft. An exception is the Great Lakes self-unloader with crew accommodations and bridge forward.The tendency in bulk carriers is toward larger ships, with speeds remaining about constant at moderate level (1618 knots or 3033 km/h for ocean-going ships, lower for Great Lakes vessels).The oce

42、angoing ore carrier is characterized by a high double bottom and small volume of cargo hold because of the high density of the ore. Storing the cargo high in the ship decreases stability and prevents excessively quick rolling.The oceangoing combination bulk carrier permits low-cost transportation be

43、cause of its flexibility. It is able to carry many types of bulk cargoes over a variety of sea lanes. This type of ship carries bulk cargoes, such as petroleum product, coal, grain, and ore. The double bottom in bulk carriers is shallow and the volume of cargo holds is large compared to the size of

44、the ship.The tanker is the characteristic, and by far the most important, liquid bulk carrier both in numbers and tonnage. Tankers carry petroleum products only exclusively, The very large tankers are used almost entirely for the transport of crude oil, A few tankers are built especially for the tra

45、nsportation of chemical products, and others are prepared for alternative loads of grain.Bulk liquid carriers, with standing, rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical cargo tanks separated from the hull, are used for the transportation of molten sulfur and liquefied gases, such as anhydrous ammonia an

46、d. natural gas. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also carried in ships with membrane tanks, i.e. where a thin metallic linear is fitted into a tank composed of ship structural and load-bearing insulation. The transportation of molten sulfur and liquefied gases requires special consideration regarding

47、insulation and high structural soundness of cargo tanks including the use of .high-grade, costly materials for their construction.Passenger-cargo shipsThe accommodations for passengers in this type of ship are located to assure maximum comfort. Generally a passenger-cargo ship serves ports that have

48、 an appeal for the tourist trade and where rather special, high freight-rate cargo is handled. Because of the service needs of passengers, a ship of this type requires a much larger crew than a merchant ship of comparable size engaged exclusively in the carriage of cargo.The living accommodations for passengers consist of staterooms with 1-4 berths, each room with bath and toilet. A few rooms may be connected and suites may include a li