級(jí)七詞義變化新

1、第七章詞義的變化1詞義變化的方式1.詞義的擴(kuò)大2.詞義的縮小3.詞義的升格P1224.詞義的降格5.委婉語(yǔ)2Euphemism P123英文euphemism（委婉語(yǔ)）一詞系源自希臘語(yǔ)。詞頭“eu-”的意思是“good”（好），詞干“phemism”的意思是“speech”（言語(yǔ)），整個(gè)字面意義是“word of good omen”（吉言）或（好的說(shuō)法）Euphemism-a figure of speech, a round way to say something, or to use good words to express something unpleasant3Some exa

2、mplesSenior citizens are respected in our country There are several pensioners in my school These special men support their family by themselves4Take deathfor example如：to go West，to pass away，to be gone，to be at rest，to be in Heaven，to fall asleep，to breathe ones last，to be in Abrahams bosom，to go t

3、o see Confucius，to have the curse，to shake the dew off the lily 1. He worked until he breathed his last 2.The child is now in Abrahams bosom(heart of sb.) 3. His grandfather was gone last night with all his family at his dying bed5委婉語(yǔ)也同樣出現(xiàn)在教育生活中Underachievers是學(xué)習(xí)上一無(wú)建樹的學(xué)生，他們是exceptional students，成績(jī)差的學(xué)

4、生是 below average student或working on his own level，而can do better with help則指反應(yīng)比較遲鈍的學(xué)生。學(xué)生上課是參加classroom learning experience，學(xué)生考試作弊則冠以to depend on others to do his her work。6詞義的變化方式1.The shift of meaning 詞從“字面意義”(literal meaning)轉(zhuǎn)移到“比喻意義”。(figurative meaning)指的事物類別完全不同了，詞義發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)移，詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移是詞義變化的重要方式。詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移方式

5、：(從修辭學(xué)方面講，應(yīng)稱為修辭方法) See P. 1287詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移Different types of rhetorical devices隱喻：Metaphor-a figure of speech, it is the comparison of two objects without using words “l(fā)ike, as ,as if ”. 隱喻是以相似和聯(lián)想為基礎(chǔ)的。它不直接提出本體與喻體相比，而是巧妙地通過(guò)人們熟悉的形象、特征、動(dòng)作或哲理去暗示人們尚不熟悉或不易把握的對(duì)象。It differs from the simile .而明喻也是以相似和聯(lián)想為基礎(chǔ)的。它直接提出本體

6、與喻體相比，用 as, as if, as though , like etc. 來(lái)表示。8Examples of simile:e.g. as busy as a bee as cunning as a foxas timid as a hare as strong as a horseas cool as a cucumber as quiet as a mouse 9 Examples of metaphor: e.g.1. A The news is as a dagger to his heart.B. The news is a dagger to his heart. 2. A.

7、 John fought like a loin. B. John was a lion in the battle. 3. A. Learning is like climbing up a mountain. B. Learning is climbing up a mountain.4. Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.5. A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. 6. Exams are the harvest season

8、of a student.7. The world is like a stage.8. The world is a stage. People are the actors and actress on the stage.10Four major groups of metaphors I. Personification. A figure of speech, and the inanimate objects have the characteristic of human being. may belong to this type.P.128.產(chǎn)生形象感和生動(dòng)感。111, Th

9、e sun kissed the green fields.2.The youth were singing, laughing and playing the music instruments. The trees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touched by merry mood.3.The thirsty desert drank up the water.4.The birds greet me with its sweet singing.12II.Anthropomorphic metaphor.與人有關(guān)的比喻,

10、表示人體各個(gè)部分的詞幾乎都有隱語(yǔ)。E.g. eye, foot, mouth, lip etc. may be applied to a wide range of objects . the eye of a needle the eye of axe the eye of a potato the eye of the hurricanethe eye of a flower the eye of a peacocks tailtooth of a comb the mouth of a river /volcanothe leg of a table the hand of a cloc

11、k the apple of ones eye Adams apple13III.Animal metaphor: a large group of animal names can be transferred into words indicating persons.An ass-a stupid foolish personA cat-a nasty personA rat-a low worthless disloyal manA lion-a famous and important personA fox-a person who deceives others by means

12、 of clever tricks.A tiger-a person like such animal in fierceness ,courage.A donkey-a foolish slow-thinking person or one who refused to do as he is told.A black sheep-a person regarded with disfavor or shame compared to others in a group.A dark house-a person whose abilities are hidden or unknownAn

13、 owl-a Solemn person, wise-looking A monkey-a child who id full of annoying playfulness and tricks.A parrota person who repeats, often without understanding, the words or actions of another.A dog-a person who is royal and faithful14 IV. Synaesthetic (Synesthetic) metaphor 聯(lián)想 used to refer to a direc

14、t association between the form and the meaning of language. That is to say, this types of metaphor is based on the similarity of two things.Warm or cold temperature Warm or cold voice ( metaphorical use)Loud musicLoud colors ( m.)Sweet teaSweet sound and music ( m.)A stormy day a stormy quarrel (m.)

15、A golden crown a golden opportunity (m.)A stony ground a stony face (m.)15II. Metonymy-(轉(zhuǎn)喻，借代) 不直接說(shuō)出要說(shuō)的人或事物的本來(lái)名稱，而借用和該人或愛事物密切相關(guān)的詞去代替。Metonymy 的作用在于：突出描述對(duì)象的特征，引發(fā)讀者聯(lián)想。Metonymy-a very common, useful and effective language device. Metonymy is also an important factor in the shift of meaning that involve

16、s substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it.16（1）according to names of persons:Uncle Sam-the United States governmentJohn Bull _the English nation . the English people, or a typical Englishman. Shakespeare -Shakespeares plays17（2）according to names of anima

17、ls:the British Loin -Englandthe Bear- the Soviet Union18（3）according to names of parts of the body:foot-infantry.Heart-feelingHead-mind, brain It never entered his head to help me.Brainmind, intelligenceHe is nice, but he hasnt got much brain.To give tongue-to speak out loudlyTo see eye to eye with

18、-to agree completely . have the same position19（4）according to locations of government, business, etc.White House_the official home of the President of the US. Whitehallthe British governmentDowning street-the government of Great Britain.Hollywood, Wall Street, the Pentagon 20（5）according to the con

19、tainer for the thing contained:The kettle is boiling.He drank a cup.His favorite dish is fried steak.He must have been spoilt from the cradle.21（6）according to the material for the thing made.The pen is stronger than the sword.Copper-coin made of copper or bronzeSilver-silver coins or silver money Iron-a heavy object used for making clothing smooth.The grey hair should be respected.What is learned from the cradle is carried to the grave.22III Synecdoche-（提喻）is a figure of speech that i