建筑施工安全監(jiān)理外文翻譯--中國(guó)糟糕的建筑安全管理識(shí)別元素-其他專業(yè)

1、中文5027字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文翻譯譯文學(xué)生姓名： 院 系： 電子工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級(jí)： 指導(dǎo)教師： 完成日期： 20 年 月 日 出處：Safety Science, 2004, 42(7): 569-586中國(guó)糟糕的建筑平安管理識(shí)別元素Identifying elements of poor constructionsafety management in China C.M. Tam a,*, S.X. Zeng a,b, Z.M. Deng a a起止頁(yè)碼：569586出版日期期刊號(hào)：2003年 9月 第001版出版單位：上海交通大學(xué)摘要:建設(shè)由于其獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)是最危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)之一。按國(guó)際

2、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量，在中國(guó)的地盤平安紀(jì)錄不佳。本文旨在探討中國(guó)建筑行業(yè)平安管理的現(xiàn)狀，探索在建筑地盤容易發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng)，并確定施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)平安的影響因素。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，承包商平安管理的行為表現(xiàn)至關(guān)重要，包括提供個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備，定期平安會(huì)議，平安培訓(xùn)。影響平安性能的主要因素包括高層管理人員的平安意識(shí)差，缺乏培訓(xùn)，工程經(jīng)理的平安意識(shí)差，不愿投入資金，缺少平安意識(shí)和實(shí)際操作。這項(xiàng)研究還提出，政府應(yīng)該在嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法和組織的平安培訓(xùn)課程發(fā)揮更關(guān)鍵的作用。關(guān)鍵詞：建設(shè);職業(yè)事故;平安因素分析1 簡(jiǎn)介 由于其獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)，建筑在世界各地是最危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)之一，Jannadi和Bu-Khamsin，2002年。施工平安始終是一個(gè)從業(yè)

3、者和研究者需要嚴(yán)格注意的問題。由于已確定一些影響建造業(yè)的平安性能的因素，包括： 工人態(tài)度Hinze，1981，建筑公司的規(guī)模，平安政策，工程協(xié)調(diào)，經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力Hinze和Raboud，1988;管理培訓(xùn)Gun， 1993年; Jaselskis和Suazo，1994年;和平安文化Tam and Fung，1998年; Glendon and Stanton，2000; Tam等，2001。通過采取措施以防止職業(yè)傷害，提高了平安性能且得到了廣泛的探索，1986勞費(fèi)爾和萊德貝特;哈珀和凱恩，1998年。其中一些研究，1984Fellner和Sulzer-Azaroff和Hyodynmaa1988;萊蒂

4、寧，Ruohomaki，1996年顯示，通過發(fā)布并反應(yīng)給目標(biāo)的平安指數(shù)明顯比沒有反應(yīng)時(shí)更高。哈基寧1995年主張高層管理人員的平安管理1小時(shí)的培訓(xùn)方案。該方案的成功應(yīng)用是管理層需要注意的平安問題。一項(xiàng)研究說明，83的工程實(shí)現(xiàn)注意后零事故目標(biāo); Hinze和Wilson保護(hù)工人權(quán)利，1993年，2000年。至于施工平安，中國(guó)的戰(zhàn)績(jī)相比國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是可憐的。1999年923個(gè)地區(qū) IV級(jí)及以上每次事故造成兩人死亡或嚴(yán)重受傷3-19;或0.1-0.3萬(wàn)元人民幣的直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失意外發(fā)生在新農(nóng)村建設(shè)， 1097建筑工人失去他們的生命“中國(guó)建設(shè)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒，2000年。在1999年施工總勞動(dòng)人口為24286000，

5、代表這些等級(jí)的I-IV的每10萬(wàn)名工人就有3.8人嚴(yán)重意外傷亡率。在這些重特大事故的死亡率是每10萬(wàn)名工人傷亡4.5人。這一數(shù)據(jù)嚴(yán)重低估了總死亡率，因?yàn)樗劳霾皇亲鳛樗袉我坏牡膱?bào)告。 據(jù)估計(jì)，美國(guó)的實(shí)際病死率是根據(jù)NIOSH的，2003年每10萬(wàn)人15.2本文介紹了一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)化的問卷調(diào)查方法并采訪中國(guó)建筑行業(yè)的平安管理目標(biāo)得出如下結(jié)果：檢查行業(yè)平安管理的現(xiàn)狀;探索建筑工地容易發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng);確定施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)平安的影響因素; 提高平安性能并提出建議2 在中國(guó)施工平安背景2.1 政府在施工平安中的作用建設(shè)監(jiān)督部在中國(guó)建筑行業(yè)的整體責(zé)任是實(shí)施新的戰(zhàn)略和政策，包括制定開展方案，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建筑市場(chǎng)和建設(shè)單位，并起到

6、監(jiān)督施工平安的主導(dǎo)作用。中央部的作為省級(jí)建設(shè)部門和獨(dú)立的直轄市的鏡子來(lái)監(jiān)督他們?cè)谑┕て桨仓兴鶕?dān)負(fù)的責(zé)任見圖1。建設(shè)管理部門(建設(shè)部)中央直屬建設(shè)公司分工施工管理(系建設(shè)的省份和獨(dú)立市)省和獨(dú)立市直屬建設(shè)公司分工施工管理(部門和縣建設(shè)城市)建設(shè)公司(承包商)圖1 施工平安管理的治理層次根據(jù)施工平安的有關(guān)法例，如建筑法，施工平安和施工企業(yè)勞動(dòng)保護(hù)法的檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，建設(shè)部每年聘請(qǐng)約50位平安審核員來(lái)開展全國(guó)平安審計(jì)中的職權(quán)。審計(jì)的范圍包括施工企業(yè)，勞動(dòng)保護(hù)措施，建筑工地的平安隱患，不同省份或主要城市的平安管理制度。2.2 施工企業(yè)的平安管理系統(tǒng) 由法律規(guī)定的勞動(dòng)保護(hù)，職業(yè)病和在中國(guó)建造業(yè)的意外，例如，有

7、50名員工或以上的建設(shè)用地，主要承建商設(shè)立一名專職平安檢查員;面積超過10,000平方米必須有2-3個(gè)平安檢查員，施工面積超過50,000平方米時(shí)主要承建商必須建立一個(gè)平安的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)。2.3 建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理平安檢查自1989年以來(lái)，中國(guó)已經(jīng)開始采用建筑監(jiān)督檢查表，工程主管工程師的職責(zé)之一是監(jiān)督施工平安。施工監(jiān)理方案在1996年建設(shè)工程監(jiān)督發(fā)行以來(lái)，已在中國(guó)廣泛實(shí)行。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，監(jiān)事的作用是通過介紹施工平安的名義在各施工階段的檢查和控制以加強(qiáng)施工監(jiān)理。根據(jù)目前建筑法“于1997年發(fā)行的第32條，監(jiān)理的職責(zé)是確保符合工程建設(shè)法規(guī)，監(jiān)督執(zhí)行工作，監(jiān)督施工平安，制定監(jiān)督方案，并通知政府一切違反有關(guān)法定立法

8、的情況。2.4 建筑公司的所有權(quán)類型在中國(guó)，所有的大型施工企業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)的方案經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的國(guó)有機(jī)構(gòu)。自1978年通過的改革開放政策實(shí)施以來(lái)，傳統(tǒng)的方案經(jīng)濟(jì)體制已逐步取代了在中國(guó)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。大量的農(nóng)民從傳統(tǒng)的種植和養(yǎng)殖工程中解放出來(lái)，并組成家族企業(yè)和農(nóng)村建設(shè)工作隊(duì)RCT。這與經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速擴(kuò)張是密切相關(guān)的，隨著高容量的建設(shè)活動(dòng)，使得中國(guó)成為世界上最大的建筑市場(chǎng)。截至1999年，RCT的比例已到達(dá)51，10的國(guó)業(yè)國(guó)有企業(yè)，26城市集體企業(yè)為合眾，其它包括上市分享控股，13外商投資企業(yè)的，這表達(dá)了中國(guó)的建筑施工企業(yè)的所有制形式的巨大變化。 McVittie等人研究以往有規(guī)模的企業(yè)和事故發(fā)生率Hinze

9、Raboud，1988發(fā)現(xiàn)其間的關(guān)系，事故發(fā)生率降低為企業(yè)增加大小的潛在因素，包括一定程度的規(guī)劃和組織大型企業(yè)與小企業(yè)在內(nèi)部健康和平安專業(yè)知識(shí)存在的資源共享，獲得有關(guān)健康和平安的外部支持，效勞和使用各級(jí)政府的檢查和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的效果。隨機(jī)比擬與對(duì)照在中國(guó)的國(guó)有企業(yè)，員工的平均人數(shù)分別為735和150“中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒，2001年。然而，前者的死亡率是后者“中國(guó)建筑業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒，2000年的三倍。國(guó)有企業(yè)的死亡率是每10萬(wàn)人和2.0和 6.0的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)，這與建筑公司在中國(guó)的業(yè)務(wù)性質(zhì)密切相關(guān)。幾乎所有大小不同的中國(guó)建筑公司在建筑市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)同樣的工作，類似的工程，結(jié)果在存在昂貴的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和微薄的利潤(rùn)及管理，特別

10、是大型國(guó)有企業(yè)，它需要一個(gè)龐大的營(yíng)業(yè)額來(lái)維持其正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。盡管上述各方在施工平安中扮演著良好的角色，在中國(guó)建筑工地的平安性能仍然是令人失望的。職業(yè)事故沒有得到有效的預(yù)防。比照1998年和1999年的數(shù)字，施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的重特大事故增加了21.2，而死亡人數(shù)增加了15.1。3 影響平安性能的根源各種因素影響建造業(yè)的平安管理。這些因素可分為人為因素，組織，管理，技術(shù)，工業(yè)關(guān)系等。由于在文化，管理和市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的差異，這些因素對(duì)施工平安有不同的影響。4 研究方法在上述根底上，設(shè)計(jì)了一項(xiàng)問卷調(diào)查，通過合并25種影響平安施工的因素，調(diào)查的目的是探討中國(guó)的建筑施工平安管理的地位。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查是在200個(gè)大、中型上市建設(shè)公

11、司的質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證體系下進(jìn)行的，作為ISO 9000認(rèn)證的公司已經(jīng)接受了他們從理論上說的質(zhì)量體系，平安管理，從而可以更好地履行平安。采用結(jié)構(gòu)式問卷調(diào)查和訪談，收集必要的信息和數(shù)據(jù)，發(fā)出問卷包括平安檢查員，經(jīng)理和董事，在詞典中列出了ISO 9000認(rèn)證的企業(yè)，建筑公司，負(fù)責(zé)平安的平安代表。問卷調(diào)查方面總結(jié)如下： 平安管理制度 平安行為和平安的措施 施工意外對(duì)公司的影響 影響平安管理的因素 政府的支持已收到六十份完成的問卷，回應(yīng)率為30，一個(gè)建筑公司建造業(yè)的平均回應(yīng)率通常不符合問卷的填寫。此外，建設(shè)行政主管部門的政府官員被采訪如何重點(diǎn)負(fù)責(zé)施工平安，由政府發(fā)出的平安政策和程序，平安標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，影響平安管理的

12、因素。在調(diào)查中，所有的200家建筑公司是ISO 9000認(rèn)證，代表比例按如上圖片在所述的平均公司的平安管理。其中60家單位作出回應(yīng)，他們分為兩類：52個(gè)國(guó)有87和8個(gè)上市的共享控股企業(yè)13的所有權(quán)。所有的應(yīng)訴企業(yè)，52家87聘用超過1001人，四家公司6.5在501和1000人之間的，四家公司6.5，低于500人。5 結(jié)果討論5.1 平安手冊(cè)和程序使用平安手冊(cè)的目的是溝通工程的平安政策，確定平安因素，確定責(zé)任和控制平安管理制度。作為管理系統(tǒng)的骨干，本手冊(cè)定義了平安程序與說明，并規(guī)定了具體的要求。受訪者被問及他們是否有一個(gè)平安手冊(cè)和平安程序， 62的受訪者聲稱他們沒有記錄平安手冊(cè)，而有38的受訪

13、者有這方面的平安程序，所有的受訪者表示，他們已經(jīng)記錄了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，這就形成了局部ISO 9000的過程控制程序第4.9條的平安管理程序：1994。不過，大局部受訪者92聲稱大多數(shù)工人不知道程序，這意味著他們的質(zhì)量管理體系定義一個(gè)平安程序，但不是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)化的平安管理系統(tǒng)與平安手冊(cè)。5.2 提供個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備為工人提供個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備PPE的現(xiàn)狀。提供的最常見個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備為手套，平安帽和護(hù)目鏡。然而，許多工人認(rèn)為平安帽使得他們的操作不方便。5.3 平安會(huì)議和培訓(xùn)定期平安會(huì)議是必要用以溝通各方面的平安信息。 36的受訪者聲稱他們有定期的平安會(huì)議，且對(duì)平安問題進(jìn)行了討論，并在其他如建設(shè)規(guī)劃會(huì)議中提出。然而，87的

14、受訪者認(rèn)為高層管理人員很少參加平安會(huì)議。受訪者被問及他們是否提供了第一線工人的平安培訓(xùn)，24的受訪者聲稱提供系統(tǒng)的培訓(xùn); 65的受訪者稱沒有提供定期的培訓(xùn);及其他11受訪者稱很少提供任何培訓(xùn)。在建造業(yè)，建筑工人流動(dòng)性高和他們經(jīng)常切換到另一個(gè)公司。建筑工人的過渡性質(zhì)使得它很難培訓(xùn)工人，缺乏有效的勞動(dòng)培訓(xùn)在平安管理中事關(guān)重大。5.4 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)意外的影響問卷為建筑公司現(xiàn)場(chǎng)意外的最顯著的影響因素是什么，其可能的答案是本錢上升打斷了施工進(jìn)度，損害公司的聲譽(yù)，對(duì)工人施加心理負(fù)擔(dān)。如顯示的結(jié)果，68的受訪者認(rèn)為，作為影響最嚴(yán)重的工地意外損害公司的聲譽(yù)且打斷了建設(shè)，提高本錢和工人心理負(fù)擔(dān)，強(qiáng)加于工人的時(shí)間表。5.

15、5 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重事故的概率建筑現(xiàn)場(chǎng)表現(xiàn)出其獨(dú)特的危險(xiǎn)特性，例如，工人都擠在一個(gè)重型機(jī)器和設(shè)備高度使用和運(yùn)行在的戶外現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。問卷探討的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)將導(dǎo)致死亡事故的嚴(yán)重事故的概率上升。問受訪者選擇最有可能發(fā)生嚴(yán)重意外的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可以從多個(gè)由作者編寫的意外，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致死亡的結(jié)果可以看出，高處落物被認(rèn)為是最危險(xiǎn)的92Larsson and Field，2002年。降序排列的其他意外被擊中墮下物料的概率，土方坍塌，使用重型機(jī)器和觸電的結(jié)果具有可比性與觸電排名除外的平安統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，在中國(guó)建筑行業(yè)，結(jié)果說明，除觸電事故的頻率與死亡和嚴(yán)重受傷成正相關(guān)。從高處墜落事故和死亡記錄下降，事故總量的比例到達(dá)50，這是明顯比其他任何意外嚴(yán)重

16、。 524名建筑工人48由于從高處墜落失去了他們的生命，1999年。5.6 相對(duì)重要性因素受訪公司最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人缺乏平安意識(shí)和平安意識(shí)差排名，第一和第三的工程經(jīng)理，分別為0.93和0.89，RII。這說明領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在施工平安管理中發(fā)揮了非常重要的作用，以高層管理人員的設(shè)置定義平安政策和資源分配適當(dāng)?shù)钠桨箔h(huán)境。最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的態(tài)度在培養(yǎng)良好的平安文化中起著重要的作用Seppala，1995年。然而，在實(shí)踐中，并不是所有的企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人高度重視平安管理，因?yàn)槿缙渌麡I(yè)務(wù)的盈利驅(qū)使，進(jìn)度和質(zhì)量目標(biāo)始終為自己的時(shí)間和資源Hakkinen，1995年的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。由此可以看出，從對(duì)問卷的答復(fù)，只有一小局部高層管理人員參加平安會(huì)

17、議。由于承辦商必須在指定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成的工作并完成一定的工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，大多數(shù)人專注于眼前的問題，只查看他們的首要任務(wù)，為滿足生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度，配額和本錢目標(biāo)及質(zhì)量要求，只有實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)后，他們將給予一定的考慮到平安Tam 等，2001。6 政府規(guī)定的要求政府應(yīng)在建筑行業(yè)平安管理中發(fā)揮重要作用Kartam等，2000。在這次調(diào)查中，受訪者被要求提供他們的意見，在開放式的格式上，政府可以支持平安管理的方式，圖8顯示的結(jié)果。62的受訪者表示完成態(tài)度作為主要工具。然而，根據(jù)受訪者，在施工部負(fù)責(zé)施工平安的官員，根據(jù)現(xiàn)行的政府政策提供財(cái)政援助是不可行的。 31的受訪者認(rèn)為，政府應(yīng)該進(jìn)行有效的檢查。目前沒有進(jìn)行有效的檢查

18、，因?yàn)椴豢赡苡凶銐虻臋z查員在所有時(shí)間訪問所有工作場(chǎng)所和所有可能出現(xiàn)新的危險(xiǎn)MacCollum，1995年。在目前情況下，通過政府的管理是最可行的方法，是提供平安培訓(xùn)和嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行適當(dāng)法律框架的前提。7 結(jié)論由于建設(shè)獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)所以它是最危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)其之一。按照國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國(guó)的施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的平安紀(jì)錄不佳。每年的報(bào)告記錄大約有1000人死亡在建筑工地和大量的職業(yè)事故，但是這些數(shù)字只顯示了大量未報(bào)告的死亡人數(shù)和事故的冰山一角。在大多數(shù)中國(guó)施工企業(yè)的平安管理需要關(guān)注如下所示： 承建商沒有記錄適當(dāng)?shù)钠桨补芾碇贫鹊男杳鞔_平安手冊(cè);這是令人驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有小局部承建商為工人提供足夠的必要的個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備; 高層管理人員很

19、少出席平安會(huì)議可以看出他們對(duì)平安管理有敷衍的態(tài)度 只有少數(shù)承建商提供系統(tǒng)的平安培訓(xùn)，大局部68的受訪者視為最影響工地意外的因素，而其中一些5認(rèn)為工人嚴(yán)重的心理負(fù)擔(dān)是影響平安的因素，這印證了對(duì)施工組織管理的消極態(tài)度的看法。雖然有許多因素影響平安性能因素，受訪者認(rèn)為主要因素是：高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的平安意識(shí)差;缺乏訓(xùn)練;工程經(jīng)理的平安意識(shí)差;不愿投入平安資源;盲目操作在分析的根底上，可以得出結(jié)論，該行業(yè)應(yīng)該更積極地組織培訓(xùn)課程從而提高工人的平安意識(shí)。關(guān)于建筑企業(yè)之間的惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，政府應(yīng)采取以下措施：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建筑市場(chǎng)，將其分割成不同的階層，例如，根據(jù)大，中，小型工程類別注冊(cè)市場(chǎng)根底的承建商，上層建筑，地盤平整，排水

20、，土建等，以減少在某些領(lǐng)域競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的承包商數(shù)量。 建立一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑u(píng)審制度，投標(biāo)價(jià)格的形成作為評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。此外，過去對(duì)平安的表現(xiàn)、質(zhì)量和管理的態(tài)度應(yīng)包括在內(nèi)。參考文獻(xiàn)：1 Blank, V.L.G., Laflamme, L., Andersson, R. 平安科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)263，19972 Center to Protect Workers_ Rights，全國(guó)議會(huì)上工效，平安，衛(wèi)生建設(shè)，19933 Chen, J.J. 中國(guó)建筑業(yè)與外國(guó)投資，建筑研究與信息26，19974 “中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒，中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)出版社北京，20015 Ding, C.B., Deng, Q., Yao, C.W. 中國(guó)的平安建設(shè)

21、,中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)年鑒出版社，2000 6 Fellner, D.J., Sulzer-Azaroff, B. 中國(guó)平安研究，19847 Glendon, A.I., Stanton, N.A. 對(duì)平安文化的觀點(diǎn)，平安科學(xué)34，20008 Gun，R.T. 法規(guī)在預(yù)防職業(yè)傷害的作用，平安科學(xué)16，47-66，19939 Hakkinen, K. 提高高層管理人員平安意識(shí)，平安科學(xué)20，299-304，1995 10 Mattila, M., Hyodynmaa, M. 促進(jìn)建筑平安的方法，中國(guó)職業(yè)事故，255-267，198811 Tam, C.M., Fung, I.W.H. 香港在平安性能上的

22、平安管理策略，建筑管理與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)161，49-55，199812 Tam, C.M., Fung, I.W.H. A.P.C. 建筑管理與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)194，393-403，200113 Zhang, X. 建造業(yè)的專業(yè)素質(zhì)分析，建筑經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)2,16-19，2001Identifying elements of poor constructionsafety management in ChinaC.M. Tam a,*, S.X. Zeng a,b, Z.M. Deng a a Department of Building and Construction, City University of Ho

23、ng Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong b Aetna School of Management, National University of Fenland, Received 9 April 2002; received in revised form 23 April 2003; accepted 12 May 2003Abstract:Construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature. Measured by interna

24、tional standards, construction site safety records in China are poor. This paper aims to examine the status of safety management in the Chinese construction industry, explore the risk-prone activities on construction sites, and identify factors affecting construction site safety. The findings reveal

25、 that the behavior of contractors on safety management are of grave concern, including the lack of provision of personal protection equipment, regular safety meetings, and safety training. The main factors affecting safety performance include poor safety awareness of top management, lack of training

26、, poor safety awareness of project managers, reluctance to input resources to safety_ and _reckless operations_. The study also proposes that the government should play a more critical role in stricter legal enforcement and organizing safety training programs. Keywords: Construction; Occupational ac

27、cident; Safety; Factor analysis1. IntroductionAll over the world, construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature (Jannadi and Bu-Khamsin, 2002). Construction safety is always a grave concern for both practitioners and researchers. A number of causes influencing safety

28、performance in the construction industry have been identified that include workers_ attitudes (Hinze, 1981); construction company size, safety policy, project coordination, and economic pressure (Hinze and Raboud, 1988); management training (Gun, 1993; Jaselskis and Suazo, 1994); and safety culture

29、(Tam and Fung, 1998; Glendon and Stanton, 2000; Tam et al., 2001). Measures taken to prevent occupational injuries and improve safety performance have been extensively explored (Laufer and Ledbetter, 1986; Harper and Koehn, 1998). Some of these studies (Fellner and Sulzer-Azaroff, 1984; Mattila and

30、Hyodynmaa, 1988; Laitinen and Ruohomaki, 1996) reveal that when goals are posted and feedback is given, the safety index is significantly higher than that when no feedback is given. Hakkinen (1995) advocated a training program called _one hour for safety management_ for top management. The applicati

31、on of the program was successful in drawing managements attention to safety issues. One study indicates that 83% of projects achieve the zero accident goals after applying the _Zero Accident Program_ (Center to Protect Workers_ Rights, 1993; Hinze and Wilson, 2000).As regards construction safety in

32、China, the record is poor in terms of international standards. In 1999, 923 site accidents of Grade IV 1 and above (each accident involves two fatalities; or 319 severe injuries; or 0.10.3 million RMB Yuan in direct economic losses) were recorded at countryside construction, in which 1097 constructi

33、on workers lost their lives (China Statistical Yearbook of Construction, 2000). The total construction workforce was 24,286,000 in 1999, representing a rate of these Grade IIV serious site accidents of 3.8 per 100,000 workers. The fatality rate in these serious accidents is 4.5 per 100,000 workers.

34、This seriously underestimates the total fatality rate, as single fatalities are not all reportable. (It is estimated that the actual fatality for USA is 15.2 per 100,000 workers according to NIOSH, 2003.) This paper describes the findings from a structured questionnaire survey and interviews on safe

35、ty management to the Chinese construction industry with the following objectives: to examine the status of safety management in the industry; to explore the risk-prone activities on construction sites; to identify the factors affecting construction site safety; and to propose suggestions for improvi

36、ng safety performance.2. Background of construction safety in China2.1. Role of government in construction safetyThe Ministry of Construction takes the overall responsibility in overseeing the construction industry in China. It takes the leading role in implementing the new strategies and policies i

37、ncluding preparing development programs, regulating construction markets and construction institutions, and monitoring construction safety. The role of the central Ministry is mirrored by the provincial construction departments and those of the independent municipalities. They are charged with the r

38、esponsibility for construction safety (see Fig. 1).Fig. 1. Governance hierarchy for construction safety managementUnder powers in the relevant legislation on construction safety, such as Construction Law, Inspection Standards for Construction Safety and Inspection Standards for Labour Protection in

39、Construction Enterprises, the Ministry of Construction annually hires about 50 safety auditors to conduct nationwide safety audits. The scope of the audits includes the safety management system of the construction firms, labour protection measures, safety pitfalls on construction sites and so on in

40、different provinces or major cities.2.2. Safety management system of construction firmsProtection of labour from occupational diseases and accidents in the construction industry of China is defined by law; for example, for construction sites having 50 employees or more, main contractors have to nomi

41、nate a full-time safety inspector; for sites with an area exceeding 10,000 m2 there must be 23 safety inspectors; wherever the site exceeds 50,000 m2, the main contractor has to establish a safety management team.2.3. Construction project supervisors inspection on safetySince 1989 China has begun ad

42、opting the Construction Supervision Scheme_. One of the project-supervisor engineer_s responsibilities is to monitor construction safety. Since the issuance of the Regulation on Construction Project Supervision in 1996, the construction supervision scheme has been extensively practiced in China. Acc

43、ording to the system, the role of the supervisors is to enhance construction supervision by introducing checks and control at various construction stages on behalf of the clients. Under clause 32 of the current Construction Law issued in 1997, the supervisors_ duties are to ensure construction works

44、 in compliance with the construction regulations, to supervise execution of the work, to monitor construction safety, to prepare supervision plans and to notify the government in the case of any violation of the relevant statutory legislations.2.4. Types of ownership of construction firmsIn China, a

45、ll large construction firms were state-owned establishments under the traditional planned economy system. Since the adoption of the reform and opening policies in 1978, the traditional planned economy system has been gradually replaced by the market economy in China. A great number of peasants were

46、liberated from traditional cultivation and farming works and organized themselves into ruralvillage- enterprises and rural construction teams (RCT). This was closely associated with the rapid economic expansion, which results in high volumes of construction activities and renders China the largest c

47、onstruction market in the world. As at 1999, the proportion of RCT has reached 51%, with that of state-owned enterprises (SOE) at 10%, urban collective-owned (UCO) at 26%, and others (including public-listed sharing-holding, foreign-funded enterprises) at 13% (see Fig. 2), which represents a great c

48、hange in the form of ownership of construction enterprises in China.Previous research has revealed that there is a relationship between sizes of firms and accident rates (Hinze and Raboud, 1988). A study by McVittie et al. (1997) indicated that accident rates decrease as the sizes of firms increase.

49、 The underlying factors include the degree of planning and organization in large firms versus that of small firms, the presence of in-house health and safety expertise or resources, the degree of unionization, access to and use of external support services relating to health and safety, levels of go

50、vernment inspection and the effects of economies of scale. Comparing SOEs with RCTs in China, the average numbers of employees are 735 and 150 respectively (China Statistical Yearbook, 2001). However the fatality rate for the former is three times that of the latter (China Construction Statistical Y

51、earbook, 2000). This trend contradicts to the findings of McVittie et al. (1997), representing the exceptional behavior of construction safety in China. The fatality rate for SOEs was 6.0 per 100,000 workers and 2.0 for RCTs. This is closely associated with the operational nature of construction fir

52、ms in China. Almost all Chinese construction firms of different sizes compete for similar jobs in the construction market and manage similar projects, which results in _excessive competition_ and thin profit margins, especially for large SOEs which need to maintain a sizable business turnover.Fig. 2

53、. Categories of construction firms of various ownerships in 1999In spite of the well-defined roles of the above parties in construction safety, the safety performance on construction sites is still disappointingly poor in China. Occupational accidents have not been effectively prevented. When compar

54、ing the figures of 1998 and 1999, the serious accidents on construction site had increased by 21.2% while the number of fatalities had increased by 15.1%.3. Root causes affecting safety performanceThere are various factors influencing safety management in the construction industry. These factors can

55、 be grouped into people_s role, organization, management, technology, industrial relationship and so on. Due to differences in culture, management and the market structure, these factors have diverse influence on construction safety. The related literature to date on safety management is tabulated i

56、n Table 1, based upon a literature search in our libraries.Table 1Previous researches on safety management4. Research methodologyBased on the above, a questionnaire survey was designed by incorporating 25 factors affecting construction safety. The objective of the survey is to explore the status of

57、construction safety management in China. The survey was conducted in 200 large and medium-sized construction firms listed in the Dictionary of Quality System Certificated Enterprises. As ISO 9000 certified companies have embraced safety management in their quality systems, they should, theoretically

58、, perform better in safety. The results of the survey can be expected, therefore, to give a better picture of safety management than in the average company. Structured questionnaire surveys and interviews were used to collect the necessary information and data. Questionnaires were sent to the safety

59、 representatives including safety inspectors, managers and directors, who were responsible for safety, of the construction firms listed in the Dictionary of ISO 9000 Certified Enterprises. The areas of investigation of the questionnaires are summarized as follows: safety management system; safety be

60、haviors and safety measures; impact of site accidents on companies; factors affecting safety management; and government support.Sixty completed questionnaires have been received, a response rate of 30%, an average response rate for the construction industry as construction firms are normally found n