高考必考語法精講精練專題八：動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)(含解析)

1、高考必考語法精講精練語法專題八：動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)是高考必考考點。時態(tài)（tense）是一種動詞形式，同一動詞的不同變化形式表達不同的時態(tài)，英語中有16種時態(tài)。2020年普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱附錄語法項目表中對于時態(tài)列了十項：（1） 一般現(xiàn)在時（2） 一般過去時（3） 一般將來時（4）現(xiàn)在進行時（5）過去進行時（6）過去將來時（7）將來進行時（8） 現(xiàn)在完成時（9）過去完成時（10）現(xiàn)在完成進行時；此外還列了被動語態(tài)，并將其作為單獨一項。2020年高考全國卷I第 61題（語法填空）考查了動詞 arrive的一般過去時arrived;第71題（短文改錯）考查 了 think

2、變?yōu)檫^去時thought;第75題（短文改錯）考查了被動語態(tài)，刪掉been;第79題（短文改錯）考查了將動詞過去時的found變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在時的find。2020年高考全國卷I第 62題（語法填空）考查了 allow的一般過去時的被動語態(tài) was allowed;第74題（短文 改錯）考查了將過去時had變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在時的have; 77題（短文改錯）考查了將 using變?yōu)楸粍觰sed。2020年高考全國卷I第 64題（語法填空）考查了remove的一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)are removed;第74題（短文改錯）考查了將動詞 goes變成一般過去時 went。各種時態(tài)構成表：（以do為例）一般時態(tài)進行時

3、態(tài)元成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)現(xiàn) 在do/doesis/am/are doinghas/have donehas/have been doing過 去didwas /were doinghad donehad been doing將 來shall/will doshall/willbedoingshall/willhavedoneshall/will have been doing過去將來would dowould be doingwould have donewould have been doing一、一般現(xiàn)在時：動詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù).構成：使用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。11)直接力口 s

4、： work f works, take f takes(2)以輔音加“y告尾，變小i,再加escarry arries以 “o, s, x, ch, sh吉尾的動詞力口esgofgoes, dress fdresseswatchfwatches finish ffinishes.功能：1)表現(xiàn)在的事實、狀態(tài)或動作。例如：I have a dream.She loves music.Marys parents get up very early. 表習慣性動作或職業(yè)，常與 often, sometimes, usually , always, every week, occasionally

5、, frequently , seldom等時間副詞連用。例如：I always take a walk after supper.She writes to me very often.Shejs an English teacher.(3)表客觀真理，格言警句或事實。例如：The earth moves around the sun.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.Two and two makes four.No man but errs.(4)表示將來發(fā)生的動作：A.在由 when, after, before, as, a

6、s soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until , unless, as long as, where, whatever, wherever等引導的狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來發(fā)生的動作。例如： Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow.Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you.Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.Ill be right here waiting for yo

7、u wherever you go.B.按時間表將要發(fā)生的動作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時表達將來時概念。例如：The play begins at 6:30 this evening. When does the plane take off? He leaves for that city next week.According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o clock.二.一般過去時：動詞的過去式.表示過去某個特定時間或某一段時間發(fā)生的動作或情況。例如：We visited the school last spring.I went to s

8、chool by bike when I was in middle school.China was founded in 1949.在表示時間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時。例如：She told me she would t go with us ifrained the next day.They would not leave until she came back.His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.三.一般將來時：shall / will + 動詞原形.表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在

9、的狀態(tài)。例如：He will graduate from the college next year.We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.將來時的其它結構。例如：I .is/am/are going to do sth.(美國 口語中常讀作 be gonna)Im going to buy a new car this fall.He is going to sell his house.注意：be going to與will的對比：下列情況須用willI will be sixteen years old next year.It

10、will be the 20th of August tomorrow.When he comes, I will give him your message.is/am/are + to do sth.表示計劃安排做某事或征求意見。例如： Am I to take over his work? We are to meet at the gate.is/am/are about to do sth.即將做某事。例如： The talk is about to begin.四.一般過去將來時：would +動詞原形.表示過去某時之后將出現(xiàn)的情況，通常用于賓語從句中。例如： He said th

11、at they would meet me at the station. She told me that she would come to see me.表示過去習慣性動作(不管什么人稱都用would)。例如： Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma. The old couple would go for a walk after supper.注意句型：was/were about to do sth. when 正要做某事，這時=was/were on the point of doing sth. when（whs

12、n引導的從句要用一般過去時）例如： He was about to go out when the telephone rang. I was about to go shopping when it rained. She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.五, 現(xiàn)在進行時：is / am / are + 現(xiàn)在分詞1 The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?The workers are building a new bridge across the river.表現(xiàn)階段

13、正進行的動作。例如： He is taking physics this semester. We are preparing for our final examination this week. Dont you think you eat too much? Youre putting on weight. go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用于進行時態(tài)時表示即將開始的動作。例如: Look! The bus is coming. The old man is seriously ill

14、, and he is dying. Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.與always, forever, continually, constantly 等副詞連用，表示說話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞或厭惡。例如： He is always thinking of others. The boy is continually making noises. The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.過去進行時： was /were + 現(xiàn)在分詞.表示過去某一時刻或階段正在

15、發(fā)生的動作。例如： I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.When I arrived, they were watching TV . They were doing housework this time last week.用于條件狀語從句中表示過去將來進行的動作。例如： She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping. I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.過去某時將發(fā)生的事。例如： Th

16、ey told me that they were leaving for New York. He was going out when I arrived.將來進行時： shall / will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞.表示將來某個時刻正在進行的動作。例如： What will you be doing this time tomorrow? I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.用將來進行時詢問別人的計劃、打算比用一般將來時更顯禮貌。例如： Will you be having supper with us this evening? Will

17、 you be coming to see us tomorrow?.將來進行時表示對即將發(fā)生的動作的推測。例如：She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.現(xiàn)在完成時： have / has + 過去分詞.表示過去所發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結果。常與 yet, just, before, recently , lately , ever, never 等表時間的副詞搭配使用。例如： He hasnt seen her

18、lately. I havent finished the book yet.表示一個從過去某個時間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動作，常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：so far （迄今為止）,up till now （直到現(xiàn)在），for a long time （很長時間），in the past / in the last few years （在 過去的幾年里），these days （這些日子）。例如：He has worked here for 15 years.I have studied English since I came here.The foreigner ha

19、s been away from China for a long time. So far, I havent received a single letter from my brother.3.某些非延續(xù)性動詞（即：動作開始便終止的動詞）,在現(xiàn)在完成時中不能與表示一段時間狀語搭配。.常見的非延續(xù)動詞：die, arrive , join , leave, go, refuse, fail, finish , buy, marry , divorce, awake , buy,borrow , lend 等。.這類動詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時，而是不能接常由for引導的時間狀語。.但若是用在否

20、定句中，非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如：She has gone away for a month.（誤）She has been away for a month （正）The man has died for two years.（誤）The man has been dead for two years.（正）How long have you bought the book? （誤）How long have you had the book.（正）4.幾組對比：He has gone to Shanghai.他去上海了。He has been to Shan

21、ghai.他去過上海。She has gone她已走了。She is gone她缺席了。 （or她死了。）The door has been closed 門關上 了。（動作）The door is closed.門是關著的。（狀態(tài)）九.過去完成時：had + 過去分詞.表示過去某個動作或某個具體時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即過去的過去例如：They had got everything ready before I came.The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.過去完成時常用于hardly /sc

22、arcely . when, no sooner . than （就“）等固定句型結構中。例如：She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her pa

23、rents.注意：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首時要用部分倒裝 。intend （打算），mean （打算），plan （計劃）hope （希望），want （想要）等動詞的過去完成時用來表示本打算/本計劃/本希望/本想要做而沒有”做的事。例如：I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they h

24、ad to cancel it because of the bad weather.十.將來完成時：shall / will have +過去分詞。表示將來某時之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。例如：They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.H一. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時：have / has + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞.表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。例如：I have been waiting for an hour

25、 but she hasnt come.He has been running after her for 8 years.I have been learning English since six years ago.表示一個從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可以包括現(xiàn)在在內的一個階段內，重復發(fā)生的行動，例如： She has been playing tennis since she was eight.表某種感情色彩。例如：Ive been wanting to see you for so many years.Whos been telling you such nonsense.現(xiàn)在完成時與

26、現(xiàn)在完成進行時對比：現(xiàn)在完成時強調結果”，而現(xiàn)在完成進行時強調動作的延續(xù)例如：I have thought of it.（我已想到 了 這一點。）I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點。 ）Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已將門油漆過了。）Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）注意：表示狀態(tài)的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。例如，我們可以說：I have known him for years.但是不能說：I havebeen knowing him for years.這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行

27、時的動詞還有：love, like, hate等等。十二.過去完成進行時：had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示過去某個時間之前一直在進行的動作。例如：She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.I had been waiting for him before he arrived.十三. 過去將來進行時：would be + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示從過去某時看將來某個時侯正在進行的動作。例如：He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.He said th

28、at he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.十四. 過去將來完成時：would have + 過去分詞表示從過去某個時間看將來某時之前動作已經(jīng)完成。例如：He said that they would have arrived by seven oclock.I thought she would have told you something by then.十五. 將來完成進行時：shall / will have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示某一動作從某時間開始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時間，是否繼續(xù)下去由上下文決定。例如：By the

29、 end of next year, we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.十六.過去將來完成進行時：would have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示從過去的某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去將來的某一時間。動作是否繼續(xù)進行，由上下文決定。例如：He said

30、that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.被動語態(tài)一.被動語態(tài)的構成：被動語態(tài)由be動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成,其中be動詞本身沒有意義，但有人稱、 單復數(shù)以及時態(tài)的變化。（不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)）常見各種時態(tài)對應的被動語態(tài)：（以do為例）一般時態(tài)完成時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)現(xiàn)

31、 在is /am/are donehas/have been doneis/am/are being done無過 去was/were donehad been donewas /were being done無將 來shall /will bedoneshall/will have been done無無過去將來would be donewould have beendone無無二.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：由情態(tài)動詞 must/can/could/may/might/should/would+be done 構成。例如：The task must be finished before thi

32、s weekend.He should be punished because he told lies.The book may be taken away by someone.三.被動語態(tài)的用法：1.不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或沒有必要指明誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)中的介詞短語bysb.通常省略。例如：The streets are swept every day.His car has been stolen.Rice is grown in many countries.This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere.帶雙賓語的及物動

33、詞變成被動語態(tài)有兩種變法，指人的間接賓語用作被動語態(tài)的主語更常見。例如： He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.f A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者fShe was given a beautiful gift (by him).get +過去分詞表被動，表示一種結果或狀態(tài)。常見結構有：getkilled/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：He got killed in the traffic accident last

34、 week.Don tget cheated by her beauty.He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.have sth done以及get sth done (主要用于口語中)常常表示安排別人把事情做好或談論意 外的、不好的事情。例如：d begtetrit repaired. I need to have my hair cut. Your watch is broken,you If you don t get out of my house, I wilh ave you arrested

35、 .We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.Joe had his leg broken in a fight.have sth to be done表示主動提出請求幫助別人做某事。例如： I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought?I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents? Do you have anything to be

36、typed,sir?四.主動形式表被動意義：l.look, feel, taste, sound, smell, appear, seem, prove, turn, stay, become, fall , get, keep, grow等系動詞+形容詞或名詞構成系表結構。例如：The ice feels cold.His plan proved practical.表示開始、結果、運動的動詞，如 begin, finish , start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。例如：Work began at 7clock this morni

37、ng.The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.形容詞easy, hard, fit, nice, dangerous, difficult等后面接動詞不定式，且不定式和句中 主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系時，常用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例如： This kind of water is fit to drink. The text is easy to understand.某些動詞如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主語的某種性質時，常用主動 表被動。例如： The clothes washes well.

38、Your pen wAtes smoothly.其他的主動表被動的情況。例如：The book is worth reading.My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.Who is to blame?高考英語短文改錯及語法填空分析與訓練時態(tài)與語態(tài)考點規(guī)律分析：動詞時態(tài)考點主要涉及一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去的區(qū)別，其命題方式通常是在 一個一般現(xiàn)在時的背景下誤用某個一般過去時；或者反過來，在一個一般過去時的背景下誤用某個一般現(xiàn)在時。從所涉及的動詞來看，主要涉及be和have兩

39、個常用動詞。有時也涉及其他時態(tài)，如一般將來時，現(xiàn)在完成時等，但很少見。語法填空主要涉及動詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài)的變化。時態(tài)語態(tài)單句改錯之真題訓練：We were driving along a narrow ro ad when the car stop and had returned to the car! Bill is standing at the side of the car.Two months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to theToday, it is much easier to

40、be healthy than it is in the past.Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you.I had always wanted to return to the village after movi

41、ng away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again.They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together.I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang.My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.I am happy wit

42、h any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set.I d like very much to come but I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a veryI remembered her words and calm down.They did not want me to do any work at home; they w

43、ant me to devote all my time to. He said he is busy. On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly.But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son.At once I

44、 apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started.Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor house.We were living in a big family. We tr

45、eat each other as brothers and sisters.I am always young when I was staying with them.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.（ 2020 全國 I , 73） .but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.時態(tài)語態(tài)單句改錯之模擬訓練：Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.I ph

46、one the other students a moment ago.We often played together when we are children.What are you doing when I called you?I see you in the park. You were talking to a pretty girl.She doesn t hear the doorbell, for she was watching TVWe ll stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow.Please let m

47、e know if you will have any trouble.He hurt his back when he is playing football with his classmates.I l write to him when I finished the book.Charles worked hard since leaving school.12.In fact, I am very thin when I was young. He s kind to me. Though he is very busy, he still came to see me. How l

48、ong have you been here? How did you like our city?.As is known to us all, the earth turned around the sun.I m interested in English, so I spoke it better than the others do.Don t worry about it. I promise you I come to help you. Now everything is dear. Even a small piece of bread cost one yuan.Remem

49、ber to turn off the lights before you will leave.I forget to tell him the news. Shall we telephone him now?時態(tài)語態(tài)單句改錯之提升訓練：He said that he will see you off at the airport the next day.When he will come back , I ll let you kow.He said that he has had the bike for two years.I work on a farm in North Chi

50、na in the 1970s.A new bridge was being built in our city at present.I finished my homework before I left school.I feel regretful now that I donw he islwasiindny high school.If I am you, I would do it.She buys a bike yesterday.I come here in two days.I don t think we met before.He taught here since h

51、e came to this town.She said she would call me but I didnert SteOad from hI am tired because I had been working all day.Look! Here the bus coming.I meet him in other time.By this time tomorrow we have finished the work.Sometimes I will get up at eight in the morning.We have to cancel the match if it

52、 will rain tomorrow.I didn t seen my best friend for nearly two years.時態(tài)語態(tài)單句語法填空之真題訓練：.(2020 全國 I , 62)I(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.(2020 全國 n , 43)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow (be) often acceptable.(2020 全國出, 42)Sometimes chopsticks are qu

53、ite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might (make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.(2020 全國出，49)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and (be) too violent for use at the table.(2020 北京，21)Jack(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.(2020 北京，25)I(read) half of the

54、English novel, and I ll try to finish it at theweekend.(2020 北京, 30)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will(reward) success in the end.(2020 四川，IMJ讀 D)Night milk quickened the start of sleep and(cause) the mice to sleep longer.(2020 四川，61)The giant panda(love) by

55、people throughout the world.(2020 浙江,14)When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to applyfor the one that(reflect) my interest.(2020 全國 I , 64)When fat and salt(remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.學習札記：參考答案及解析時態(tài)語態(tài)單句改錯之真題訓練:stop 改為 stopped. is 改為

56、 was.hurry 改為 hurried.第二個is改為was.had 改為 have.cost 改為 costs.去掉will.is 改為 was9. have 改為 hadlearn 改為 learnedwas 改為 isam 改為 washad 改為 havecalm 改為 calmeddid 改為 dois 改為 was.passes 改為 passed.was 改為 is.apologize 改為 apologized.talked 改為 talk. find 改為 found.treat 改為 treated.am 改為 was.using改為used be used for被用

57、來做“，為固定短語。.goes 改為 went時態(tài)語態(tài)單句改錯之模擬訓練：tell改為told ,因句中有表過去的時間狀語just now（剛剛）。phone改為 phoned,因句中有表過去的時間狀語a moment ago。are改為were,因主句謂語為一般過去時。are改為were,因從句謂語為一般過去時。see 改為 saw,因下文用了were talking。doesn 改為 didnt因下文用了 was watching。去掉if從句中的will ,因條件狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義。去掉will ,因條件狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義。is改為 was,因主句中的 hurt為一般過去時。finished改為finish ,