醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)資料：Intelligence_or_Mental_Abilities

1、Intelligence or Mental AbilitiesMental AbilityThe capacity to carry out a mental task to arrive at the desired sort of solutionIntelligence : a general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior. Two Kinds of IntelligenceFluid Intelligence - the ability to

2、think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples: solving puzzles and coming up with problem solving strategies. Both types of intelligence increase throughout childhood and adolescence.Fluid intelligence peaks in

3、 adolescence and begins to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40Two Kinds of IntelligenceCrystallized Intelligence learning from past experiences and learning. Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. This type of intelligenc

4、e is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. This type of intelligence becomes stronger as we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding. Theories of intelligence or mental ability1.Spearmans General IntelligenceTheorized that a general intelligence factor (G) underlies other, more speci

5、fic aspects of intelligence(S)Based this on how he noticed people who did well on one test tended to do similarly well on others. Agreed with Terman that a single overall IQ score was best.2.Theory of multiple intelligence Howard GardnerHoward Gardners theory that there is not one intelligence, but

6、rather many intelligences, each of which is relatively independent of the others. Linguistic Intelligence (“word smart”)Logical-mathematical intelligence (number/reasoning smart)Spatial intelligence (picture smart) Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence (body smart)Musical intelligence (music smart) Interp

7、ersonal intelligence (people smart) Intrapersonal intelligence (self smart) Naturalist intelligence (nature smart) 3.Triarchic theory of intelligence Robert SternbergSternbergs theory that intelligence involves mental skills, insight and creative adaptability, and environmental responsiveness. Disag

8、rees with Gardner in calling these intelligences. Instead believes these are talents or abilities. Said Intelligence is a general qualityStresses both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a certain social and cultural climate. Also called Successful Intelli

9、genceAnalytical (or Componential) intelligence is the type measured by IQ tests. It is concerned with the way you handle abstract concepts and generalized and theories. Creative (or Experiential) intelligence is the ability to respond to new situations and find new solutions to problems. Practical (

10、or Contextual) intelligence is the ability to solve real life problems as they arise, otherwise known as commonsense or streetwise.Sternbergs Types of IntelligenceIntelligence TestsThe Stanford-Binet The first test developed to measure intelligence was designed by two Frenchmen, Alfred Binet and The

11、odore Simon. The test , first used in Paris in 1905, was designed to identify children who might have difficulty in school. Intelligence ScaleThe first Binet-Simon Scale consisted of 30 tests arranged in order of increasing difficulty. With each child, the examiner started with the earliest tests an

12、d worked down the test until the child could not longer answer questions. Mental ageA child who scores as well as an average 4-year-old has a mental age of 4.A child who scores as well as an average 12-year-old has a mental age of 12.Intelligence testsIntelligence quotient : a numerical value given

13、to intelligence that is determined from the scores on an intelligence test on the basis of a score of 100 for average intelligence. Interest in intelligence emerged from observing his two daughtersBelieved mental abilities develop with ageThe rate at which people gain mental competence is characteri

14、stic of the person and is constant over timeStanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleThe current one is designed to measure four kinds of mental abilities:Verbal reasoning; abstract/visual reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and short-term memory. Test items vary with the subjects age.Welchsler Adult Intelli

15、gence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III)An individual intelligence test developed especially for adults; measures both verbal and performance abilities.The WAIS was developed in the late 1930s by David Welchsler. Welchsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III)The WAIS-III is divided into two

16、 parts, one stressing verbal skills, the other performance skills. Verbal skillsThe verbal scale includes tests of information ( Who wrote Paradise Lost? ); tests of simple arithmetic (Sam had three pieces of candy, and Joe gave him four more. How many pieces of candy did Sam have then?)Tests of com

17、prehension ( What should you do if you see someone forget a book on a bus?)Performance skillsThe performance scale also measures routine tasks. People are asked “ find the missing part” , to copy patterns, and to arrange three to five pictures so that they tell a story.Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III)An individual intelligence test developed especially for school-aged children; measures verbal and performance abilities and also yields an overall IQ score. Group testsWritten intelligence tests administered by one examiner to many people at one