實(shí)用英文寫作How to Support an Agrument

1、How to Develop a Paragraph共二十二頁(yè)Basic Structure of a Typical ParagraphTopic sentence (one sentence only) ：highlight the central point of this paragraph, serve to support an argument.中心(zhngxn)句（只寫一句）：突出段落的中心(zhngxn)思想，用來(lái)支持一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。Supporting sentences ：sentences for the extension, explanation and justifi

2、cation of the topic sentence ( 3 sentences if the main body is composed of 3 paragraphs, and 4 to 5 sentences if 2 paragraphs).支持句：拓展、解釋和論證中心句的句子（如果主題部分由三段組成，每段要寫三句；如果主體部分由兩段組成，每段要寫四到五句）。共二十二頁(yè) When you write an argument, you must try to convince your reader that your points are correct. To do so you

3、 must provde strong support for your arguments. Here are some ways of supporting an argument: 1) Supporting an argument by definition.2) Supporting an argument by giving relevant and accurate reasons or facts as evidence.3) Supporting an argument by giving examples.4) Supporting an argument by givin

4、g a quotation.5) Supporting by comparison and contrast.6) Supporting by extension (延伸中心(zhngxn)句) and explanation.7) Supporitn by sorting (分類).共二十二頁(yè)Supporting by definitionHow to make a definition:Method 1: the genus / difference definitionExample: An apple is a kind of fruit that is eatable.Fruit i

5、s the genus (i.e. a larger class) to which apples belong. that is eatable is the difference.共二十二頁(yè)Method 2: Definition by exampleAn entrepreneur is someone like my friend Jack Kolln, who bought a rundown farm, planted four acres of grapes, taught himself wine-making, and built the first winery in cen

6、tral Pennsylvania.共二十二頁(yè)Supporting by Giving ExamplesRevolution which overthrow despotic 專制(zhunzh)暴君的 government by violent means often end by establishing another kind of despotism. A good example is the French Revolution of 1798, which began as an expression of democratic will, and ended by establ

7、ishing Napolean as Emperor of the French.共二十二頁(yè)Supporting by Giving QuotationsSolomon said, Spare the rod and spoil the child. Children dont change. They are the same now as they were in his time.共二十二頁(yè)Supporting by Mentioning a SourceRecent references in the New Scientist indicate that lung cancer is

8、 ten times higher among smokers than non-smokers.According to statistics published recently in China that up to 55% of fatal road accidents involve alcohol.As Professor Hones points out that in an increasingly technological society, some form of tertiary training is fast becoming essential.共二十二頁(yè)More

9、 sentence patternsThe results of a recent public opinion poll revealed.The work of scientists in this country confirms the view that.Experimental work undertaken in this country suggests that.Official reports indicate that.Studies in this field have shown that.An article in the New Scientist recentl

10、y demonstrated this point.共二十二頁(yè)Another example: Do the positive effects of advertising outweigh its negative effects?1. One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products. 主體部分第一段：廣告的一個(gè)(y )主要功能是幫助消費(fèi)者找到并購(gòu)買合適的產(chǎn)品。2. Meanwhile, advertising serves to stimula

11、te consumption and contributes to economic development. 主體部分第二段：同時(shí)，廣告可以刺激消費(fèi)，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)。3. Despite its importance, there is no denying that every now and then, advertising leads consumers into an impulsive purchase, thereby causing wasteful spending. 主體部分第三段：盡管廣告如此重要，但無(wú)可置疑的是，有時(shí)廣告會(huì)誤導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者亂買東西，從而導(dǎo)致浪費(fèi)。共二十二

12、頁(yè)Body Pargraph 1:One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products. Supporting sentence 1: Common knowledge is that advertising refers to presenting information relating to a product of service by a variety of media, such as television, radio, newspape

13、rs, magazines, brochures, and so forth. 大意：廣告就是通過(guò)不同的媒體，比如電視(dinsh)、收音機(jī)、報(bào)紙、雜志、小冊(cè)子，諸如此類，發(fā)布有關(guān)產(chǎn)婆或者服務(wù)的信息。這一句話用的是definition和examples，即解釋中心句意思和舉例的方法，來(lái)解釋廣告一般借助什么媒體。共二十二頁(yè)Supporting sentence 2: With the presence of advertising, a consumer is able to acquire the latest information in the market, such as proper

14、ties of a product or service, and thereby make a wiser buying decision. （大意：有了廣告的存在，消費(fèi)者可以獲得市場(chǎng)最新的信息，包括產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)的特點(diǎn)，由此作出更明智的購(gòu)買決定。）這一句話用extension（延伸的方法(fngf)闡述廣告所具備的作用；用examples（舉例）的方法(fngf)來(lái)解釋廣告可以給消費(fèi)者提供什么重要信息。共二十二頁(yè)Supporting sentence 3: By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purch

15、asing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market. 大意：相對(duì)而言，如果(rgu)沒(méi)有廣告的話，消費(fèi)者因缺乏對(duì)市場(chǎng)上更好產(chǎn)品的認(rèn)識(shí)，有可能購(gòu)買一件不能滿足自己需要的產(chǎn)品。這一句話用的是 contrasting (對(duì)比）的手法，闡述如果沒(méi)有廣告消費(fèi)者會(huì)受到的影響。共二十二頁(yè)One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers

16、 to find and buy suitable products. Common knowledge is that advertising refers to presenting information relating to a product of service by a variety of media, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, brochures, and so forth. With the presence of advertising, a consumer is able to acquire

17、 the latest information in the market, such as properties of a product or service, and thereby make a wiser buying decision. By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternat

18、ives in the market. 共二十二頁(yè)Body paragraph 2: Topic sentence: Meanwhile, advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic development. Supporting sentence 1: As said before, advertising is responsible to introduce a product, but in reality, it does more than that. 大意：正如上面所提到(t do

19、)的，廣告的責(zé)任在于介紹一個(gè)產(chǎn)品，然而事實(shí)上，它的作用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止這些.這一句話用的是explanation即解釋中心句 意思的方法。共二十二頁(yè)Supporting sentences 2 & 3Advertising describes a product in such an impressive way and with adding so many visual that it always succeeds in attracting the eye of the audience and driving them into a final purchase. Besides, adve

20、rtising reminds intended customers of their existing needs or creates fresh needs, keeping them aware that only by purchasing a product can their needs be met. 大意：廣告用給人影響深刻的方法描述產(chǎn)品，并增添許多視覺(jué)上的吸引，以至于它經(jīng)?？梢猿晒Φ匚M(fèi)者的視線，驅(qū)使他們購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品。此外，廣告還提醒目標(biāo)(mbio)顧客他們現(xiàn)在的需要或者產(chǎn)生新的需要，讓他們意識(shí)到只有購(gòu)買某一產(chǎn)品，他們的需要才能得到滿足。這一句話用的是sorting，即分類

21、的方法，說(shuō)明廣告因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)不同的原因而促使人們消費(fèi)。共二十二頁(yè)Supporting Sentence 4By these two approaches, advertising encourages spending and contributes to economic development. 大意：通過(guò)這兩種途徑，廣告帶動(dòng)消費(fèi)并促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。這一句話用的是extension，即擴(kuò)展的方法，解釋廣告對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)的影響。到目前為止，第二段話就寫完了。除了examples（舉例(j l)）和contrasting（對(duì)比）的方法之外，其他的方法都用了。共二十二頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph 3Topic se

22、ntence: Despite its importance, there is no denying that every now and then, advertising leads consumers into an impulsive purchase, thereby causing wasteful spending. Supporting sentence 1: It is a shared convention in the advertising industry that some properties of a product are highlighted while the others are simplified. 大意：廣告業(yè)有一個(gè)共同的傳統(tǒng)，即突出產(chǎn)品的一些(yxi)特性，而對(duì)其他特性輕描淡寫。這一句話用的是explanation（解釋）的方法，解釋廣告誤導(dǎo)的性質(zhì)。共二十二頁(yè)Supporting Sentence 2:A product, when promoted well, will be highly desired by many, as customers are misguided to ignore the products downsides.大意：一個(gè)產(chǎn)品，當(dāng)推廣好是時(shí)候，會(huì)受到很多人的歡迎，因?yàn)轭櫩鸵呀?jīng)(y jing)被誤