世界上第一代博物館屬于自然博物館

1、Chapter 2 Translation on Lexical LevelV. The Translation of Empty Words1Possible Translations世界上第一代博物館屬于自然博物館，它是通過(guò)化石、標(biāo)本等向人們介紹地球和各種生物的演化歷史。 The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduce to people the evoluti

2、onary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The first generation of museums belong in natural museums, which give people introductions to the evolutionary history of the earth and kinds of organisms by way of fossils, specimens and so on.2Possible Translations第二代屬于工業(yè)技術(shù)博物館，它所展示的是工業(yè)文明帶來(lái)

3、的各種階段性結(jié)果。 The second generation belong in industrial and technological museums, which illustrate various phased achievements that industrial civilizations bring us.The second generation are those of industrial technologies which present the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different sta

4、ges of industrialization. 3Possible Translations這兩代博物館雖然起到了傳播科學(xué)知識(shí)的作用，但是，它們把參觀者當(dāng)成了被動(dòng)的旁觀者。 Those two generations of museums serve to spread scientific knowledge, but they have viewed visitors as passive bystanders.Despite the fact that those two generations of museums help to propagate scientific know

5、ledge, they nevertheless treat visitors merely as passive viewers. 4Possible Translations中國(guó)科技館正是這樣的博物館！ The Chinas Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of them.它汲取了國(guó)際上一些著名博物館的長(zhǎng)處，設(shè)計(jì)制作了力學(xué)、光學(xué)、電學(xué)、熱學(xué)、聲學(xué)、生物學(xué)等展品，展示了科學(xué)的原理和先進(jìn)的科技成果。 5Possible TranslationsIt has drawn strengths from many internati

6、onally famous museums, designed and manufactured exhibition works for mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, and demonstrated scientific principles and advanced sci-tech fruits.It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those museums with interna

7、tional reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, it demonstrates scientific principles and presents the most advanced scientific and technological achievements. 6Revision Questions We can classify four-character phr

8、ase into four. WHAT are they?Suppose our translation aim is to transmit the essence of our Chinese culture into English speaking readers. WHICH translation method should we choose, literal or free translation?WHAT is our chief strategy for advertising translation?In class we have summarized four tec

9、hniques for the translation of four-character phrases. WHAT are they?7Introduction to Empty Words從語(yǔ)法功能上來(lái)看，漢語(yǔ)的詞可分為兩類，即實(shí)詞和虛詞。實(shí)詞表示具體概念，能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)句子成分，包括名、動(dòng)、形、數(shù)、副、代、量。虛詞不表示具體概念，不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)句子成分，包括助、連、介、嘆。盡管虛詞無(wú)具體概念，但與實(shí)詞連用，能更清楚、更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)語(yǔ)言符號(hào)之間的關(guān)系、語(yǔ)氣和情感。漢語(yǔ)虛詞通常一詞多譯。8Examples on the translation of empty words1、“的”的英譯“的”字可

10、譯成名詞、代詞、名詞加從句、名詞加分詞、謂動(dòng)加狀語(yǔ)、代詞加名詞、形容詞加名詞、從句等。凡是存在的未必全是合理的。Whatever exists is not all right他說(shuō)他的，你干你的。 Let him say what he likes；you just get on with your work 9Examples on the translation of empty words2、“得”的英譯（1）“得”表示許可的英譯：表示許可時(shí)，多以“不得“的形式出現(xiàn)。一般可譯作英語(yǔ)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可按照英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用法來(lái)譯。這筆錢非經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)不得動(dòng)用。This fund may not be dra

11、wn on without permission 10Examples on the translation of empty words（2）“得”表示可能、能夠的英譯：漢譯英時(shí)，可利用can (could)，be able to，be capable of，也可借助帶后綴-able或-ible表示可能的形容詞。這次踢主場(chǎng)，咱們可輸不得。This time we are the host team，and we cant afford to lose the game（3）“得“表示程度、結(jié)果的英譯：表示程度、結(jié)果的“得“英譯時(shí)，方法比較多。 11Examples on the transl

12、ation of empty words例子多得不勝枚舉。Instances are too numerous to list3、“著”、“了”、“過(guò)”的英譯（時(shí)態(tài)助詞）（1）“著”的英譯：“著”表示持續(xù)，一般與英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行體對(duì)應(yīng)。她聽(tīng)著音樂(lè)睡著了。She fell asleep while listening to music 12Examples on the translation of empty words（2）“了”的英譯：“了”的基本意義是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的完成，多與過(guò)去時(shí)或完成體對(duì)應(yīng)。水位已上升到了警戒水位。The water level has risen to the warni

13、ng stage此外，“了”附加在形容詞后表示既成事實(shí)，英譯時(shí)，可用比較級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)換。長(zhǎng)大后，他出息了好多。He became more agreeable when he grew up13Examples on the translation of empty words(3) “過(guò)”的英譯: “過(guò)”表示一度或曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為或狀態(tài)，表明主語(yǔ)的一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，多與英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成體對(duì)應(yīng)。他經(jīng)歷過(guò)的世事太多了，不可能不痛感于斯。He has seen only too much of life to feel it keenly4、“把”的英譯 14Examples on the translation of

14、 empty words他們還沒(méi)把保稅倉(cāng)庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)做好。They havent got the design of the bonded warehouse ready.那位“香港小姐”的風(fēng)采把大家迷倒了。 The elegant demeanor of the Miss Hong Kong enchanted all present 不要把書(shū)上的一切都奉為金科玉律。Dont accept all youve read from books as infallible as law 15Examples on the translation of empty words5、表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)氣詞的

15、英譯在對(duì)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的語(yǔ)氣詞進(jìn)行英譯時(shí)，除采用表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的英語(yǔ)詞匯外，還可以利用倒裝或強(qiáng)調(diào)句式等句法手段。他可不就是白手起家的么。 Indeed he simply built up from nothing他們不僅搶劫了你的錢財(cái)，還把東西都砸了呢。 Not only did they rob you，they smashed everything，too16Examples on the translation of empty words6、時(shí)間副詞的英譯很多情況下，漢語(yǔ)時(shí)間副詞可轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)。這幾年我們一直強(qiáng)調(diào)科技在農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展中的作用。For years we have been stres

16、sing the important role of science and technology in the development of agriculture升旗儀式就要開(kāi)始了。 The flag-raising ceremony is about to start17Examples on the translation of empty words7、表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的語(yǔ)氣副詞的英譯 這類詞有“可、倒、競(jìng)、偏、也、決不、究竟、只好、難道”等。漢譯英時(shí)，除譯成表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞匯外，還可借助疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句、倒裝句或把被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分置于主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的位置上等手段。 你可來(lái)了!So you are here

17、 at last.他偏偏兩天就把活干完了。To everyones surprise,he finished the work in two days.18Examples on the translation of empty words8、連詞的英譯（1）譯為關(guān)系從句：英語(yǔ)關(guān)系從句可表示轉(zhuǎn)折、條件、假設(shè)等關(guān)系。關(guān)系從句的適當(dāng)運(yùn)用，可使譯文更自然、流暢。無(wú)論誰(shuí)去，我都沒(méi)意見(jiàn)。Whoever goes, I shall have no objection.（2）譯為“and”：漢語(yǔ)中的許多連詞都可譯成and。他會(huì)世界語(yǔ)，而且說(shuō)得很好。He speaks Esperanto, and that very well.19Examples on the translation of empty