高級(jí)翻譯學(xué)院高級(jí)英漢漢英口譯課件

1、Session 8主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)第1頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Active vs. Passive They arrived at the summit on the fifth day. The fifth day saw them at the summit. (Halliday) A behavioral pattern vs. A psychological patternWhat people have done to the world vs. What the world reflects of peoples behaviour第2頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Active vs. Passive 一進(jìn)房間他

2、就聞到了一股濃烈的花香。 一進(jìn)房間一股濃烈的花香撲鼻而來(lái)。Psychological process of apperception vs. The role of the real world on apperception第3頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Voice enables us to look at actions in a sentence from two perspectives, without any change to the fact.(Quirk) eg. The butler murdered the master.

3、 The master was murdered by the butler.第4頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Passive the opposite of Active(J. Vendryes) Active voice emphasizes the action itself. Passive voice emphasizes the condition after the action is taken.第5頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Active Voice vs. Passive Voiceeg. My brother broke the teapo

4、t. (active, dynamic) The teapot was broken by my brother.(passive, condition of the teapot) The teapot was broken.(passive, condition) The teapot is broken.(passive, stative)第6頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。English vs. ChineseEnglish: 1) more variations of verb forms 2) clear division between man and nature 3) distinction

5、between being subjective and objective 4) no strong need to emphasize doerChinese: 1) few variations of verb forms 2) unity of man and nature 3) no clear distinction between being subjective and objective 4) always emphasizes doer第7頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis: 1. 我生于北京，在廣州參加工作。 I was born in Beijing, a

6、nd joined the workforce in Guangzhou. I was born in Beijing, and got employed in Guangzhou. 2. 老虎被 他們打死了。 老虎被打死了。 老虎打死了。第8頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Passive Voice: A Closer Look1. Syntactic Passive: passive voice in the form and structure as being passive 2. Notional Passive passive voice not in the form and structure

7、as being passive, but offering a passive notion(Jesperson)第9頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Syntactic Passive1. 施動(dòng)者方面的原因 1）說(shuō)不清施動(dòng)者 eg. Tom was killed in World War 2. 2）不必說(shuō)出施動(dòng)者 eg. China fought against Russia in the womens volleyball match and Russia was beaten. 3）不愿意說(shuō)出施動(dòng)者 eg. Some rude comments on the plan were made at the b

8、oard meeting.第10頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Syntactic Passive2. 受動(dòng)者方面的原因 1）心理上的原因 eg. Madame Currie will long be remembered as the discoverer of radium. 2）信息結(jié)構(gòu)上的原因 eg. Unfortunately, this message was not put across by the speaker.第11頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Syntactic Passive3. 修辭的需要 subject, cohesion, etc.4. 文體的需要 science, journalism, bu

9、siness, etc. 第12頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Notional Passive1. 由及物動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的謂語(yǔ)表示事物特征。 eg. The new book reads well. The dish smells wonderful. The rice is cooking. The suggestion needs further consideration.2. 由系動(dòng)詞+介賓短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示事物狀態(tài)。 eg. The railway is under construction.第13頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Translating Active Voice into Passive Voic

10、e (C E)1. 無(wú)主句 10% - 40% Chinese sentences are without a subject. eg. 裝配和調(diào)試的時(shí)候應(yīng)該把所有零件清洗干凈。 When being assembled and adjusted, all parts should be cleaned. 第14頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)2. 泛指人稱句 Sometimes Chinese sentences take a generic person as the subject. eg. 眾所周知，改革開

11、放二十年來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展取得了顯著的成績(jī)。 It is well known that marked success has been attained in economic development since China implemented the policy of reform and opening-up some 25 years ago.第15頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)3. 話題評(píng)說(shuō)句 eg. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們正在研究。 This problem is being considered (by us)

12、. eg. 這些工作中遇到的困難應(yīng)當(dāng)給予高度重視。 Great attention should be given to the difficulties in the work. eg. 長(zhǎng)江上已經(jīng)建起了上百座大橋。 Over 100 bridges have been built across the Yangtze River. 第16頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)4. “由”字句 eg. 這個(gè)任務(wù)由小劉完成。 This task will be completed by Xiao Liu. eg. 所有被

13、邀請(qǐng)出席會(huì)議的國(guó)家都由政府首腦代表。 All the countries that are invited to attend the meeting will be represented by the heads of their governments.第17頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)5. “把”字句 eg. 你把她嚇得哭了起來(lái)。 She was scared to tears (by you). eg. 把我冷得直哆嗦。 I was made shivering by the cold air.第18

14、頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis我們兩國(guó)人民貿(mào)易的交往可以追溯到很久以前。Trade contacts between our two peoples can be traced back to long time ago. 第19頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一，深深地印在中國(guó)人的民族意識(shí)中。Solidarity and unity have been inscribed in the hearts of the Chinese people as part of their national identity.第20頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples A

15、nalysis在美國(guó)的對(duì)華政策上，現(xiàn)在顯然經(jīng)濟(jì)利益放在比較重要的位置上。In terms of the China policy of the US, obviously economic interest is now placed on a more important position.第21頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis品牌名稱是能看得見、能說(shuō)出來(lái)、能寫出來(lái)的，而品牌標(biāo)識(shí)是只能看得見而不能說(shuō)出來(lái)的。A brand name can be seen, spoken out and written out, whereas a brand logo can only be

16、 seen instead of being spoken out. 第22頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis秦朝的時(shí)候，修建了交通要道，統(tǒng)一了文字和貨幣，并且把長(zhǎng)城連接了起來(lái)。During the Qin Dynasty, a road system was developed, writing and coinage were standardized and the Great Walls were joined into one.第23頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供經(jīng)濟(jì)援助，應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格遵守受援國(guó)的主權(quán)，不附帶任何政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)條件。Econom

17、ic assistance to the developing countries should be granted in strict observance of the sovereignty of the recipient countries with no political or economic conditions attached.第24頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis這兩份文件都是花了大工夫的，我看都是比較成熟的。Much effort has been put into the drafting and in my opinion, both docum

18、ents are well thought out.Both documents have been drafted with great efforts and seem quite well-done.第25頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Translating Passive Voice into Active Voice (E C)1. 被動(dòng)句正譯（謂詞）2. 還原主語(yǔ)或調(diào)整句式3. 動(dòng)詞譯為名詞4.謂詞后由by引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化成由“因?yàn)椤?、“由于”等引?dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句第26頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis (It )It is hoped that 希望It is reported tha

19、t 據(jù)報(bào)道It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō)It is supposed that 據(jù)推測(cè)It must be admitted that 必須承認(rèn)It must be pointed out that 必須指出It will be seen from this that 由此可見第27頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples Analysis (It )It is asserted that 有人主張It is believed that 有人認(rèn)為/相信It is generally considered that 大家認(rèn)為It is well known that 大家知道 （眾所周知） It w

20、ill be said that 有人會(huì)說(shuō) It was told that 有人曾經(jīng)說(shuō)第28頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisImplementation of international human rights standards must be pursued with great efforts.貫徹人權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工作必須大力進(jìn)行。第29頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisIn the past two centuries, China was repeatedly invaded by foreign powers.在過(guò)去的兩百年中，中國(guó)曾不斷遭受外國(guó)列強(qiáng)侵略

21、。第30頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisThe novel of Mr. Ba Jin has been translated into and published in many languages.巴金先生的小說(shuō)已經(jīng)翻譯成多種文字出版。第31頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisThe opening of China in foreign trade, investment and technology will transform her economy very soon. These forecasts have been received with mi

22、xed feelings by Southeast Asian countries.中國(guó)在對(duì)外貿(mào)易、引進(jìn)外資和技術(shù)方面實(shí)行的開放政策，不久就會(huì)使它的經(jīng)濟(jì)改觀。面對(duì)這一預(yù)測(cè)，東南亞國(guó)家的心情是復(fù)雜的。第32頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisI believe that our differences are greatly overshadowed by issues which bind us and strengthen our relationship.我認(rèn)為，同那些把我們聯(lián)結(jié)在一起并使我們之間關(guān)系更加緊密的問(wèn)題相比，我們之間的分歧也就算不了什么了。第33頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Exa

23、mples AnalysisIf religious leadership assumes a stronger and constructive role, then positive steps could be made in overcoming the tensions among groups of different faiths.如果宗教領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人能夠發(fā)揮更強(qiáng)有力的建設(shè)性作用，那么，（我們）應(yīng)該采取積極的步驟來(lái)克服不同信仰團(tuán)體之間的緊張關(guān)系。第34頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisThe problems of refugees should be dealt wit

24、h in an integrated manner.難民問(wèn)題的處理應(yīng)采用綜合的方法。第35頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisThe relationship between the two countries was characterized by mutual understanding.這兩國(guó)關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)是相互諒解。第36頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisNatural disasters can be defined as great and sudden misfortunes or terrible accidents that can do great harm to human beings.自然災(zāi)害的定義是，能夠給人類帶來(lái)巨大傷害的大規(guī)模突發(fā)災(zāi)禍或可怕的事故。第37頁(yè)，共41頁(yè)。Examples AnalysisIt is a long way from Beijing to London. The distance has sometimes seemed to b